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"Penelitian sistem komunikasi di dalam organisasi di lingkungan budaya Jawa di PT Gopek Cipta Utama, Slawi, Kabupaten Tegal, Propinsi Jawa Tengah, yang didirikan oleh sebuah keluarga peranakan Cina/Tionghoa, ini dilakukan pada tahun 2001. Penelitian difokuskan pada peran nilai budaya Jawa dan budaya bisnis Cina/Tionghoa peranakan, serta teori organisasi. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan ilmu komunikasi, serta pendekatan sistem, sosiologi dan antropologi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem komunikasi di dalam organisasi itu memiliki pola-pola: a) komunikasi selalu dilakukan secara tertulis, dan terdokumentasi; b) komunikasi menggunakan media tulis tersebut selalu diikuti dengan konfirmasi lisan; dan c) dalam komunikasi lisan dilakukan dengan sopan santun yang longgar, menurut kacamata budaya Jawa. Di dalam sistem komunikasi informal, nampak adanya d) pola komunikasi horisontal di semua tingkatan, baik manajemen, pelaksana, maupun pekerja, yang mengikuti pola hubungan antar unit dalam proses produksi,. yang mencerminkan nilai kepastian pesan komunikasi, dan nilai kesetaraan antar aktor komunikasi.Fenomena itu menunjukkan bahwa terbentuknya sistem komunikasi di dalam organisasi PT Gopek Cipta Utama itu diakibatkan oleh interaksi yang panjang dari perilaku para aktor komunikasi yang masing-masing dipandu oleh nilai-nilai yang dipegangnya. interplay antar nilai budaya itu menghasilkan nilai penghindaran konflik sebagai equilibriumnya, berupa budaya organisasi menghindari konflik dan tetap untung, dan diimplementasikan di dalam sistem komunikasi di dalam organisasi tersebut sebagai nilai kepastian pesan komunikasi, dan nilai kesetaraan antar aktor komunikasi. Secara religi, yang membentuk nilai penghindaran konflik itu, adalah ajaran Islam abangan dalam masyarakat Jawa, yaitu Tantularisme yang mengajak manusia untuk hidup bersatu di dalam keanekaragaman (bhineka tunggal ika) meskipun tidak ada kebenaran yang mendua (tan liana dharma rnangrwa), dan pemahaman tentang asal dan tujuan manusia (sangkan paraning durnadi), yang mengarah ke toleransi tanpa batas. Sedangkan dalam ajaran Budhisme, Konfusianisme, dan Taoisme, antara lain penghindaran dari penderitaan (samsara), toleransi, belaskasihan, kejujuran, kesopanan dan kepantasan, serta mengikuti jalan alam (tao) dengan memelihara harmoni dengan alam.Pada tataran konsep, budaya Jawa dan Cina memiliki dasar yang berbeda, dan tampak bertolak belakang, tetapi menghasilkan nilai/sikap yang sama, yaitu penghindaran konflik. Dalam budaya Jawa konsep kekuasaan didasarkan pada penguasaan sumberdaya politik yang cenderung menggunakan kekerasan, sedangkan dalam budaya Cina didasarkan pada penguasaan ilmu pengetahuan yang cenderung anti kekerasan. Keduanya mengajarkan nilai penghindaran konflik dengan latar belakang yang berbeda. Pada konsep sosial atau hubungan antar manusia, budaya Jawa menempatkan kehidupan sosial masyarakat sebagai acuan utama, sebaliknya dalam budaya Cina acuan utamanya ialah keluarga (familiisme). Konsep kemasyarakatan Jawa mengajarkan nilai penghindaran konflik dalam kerangka memelihara harmoni sosial di masyarakat, sedangkan budaya Cina dalam kerangka memelihara hubungan keluarga dalam arti luas, serta konsep perang Sun Tzu, yang mengajarkan penghindaran. konflik berdasar kehati-hatian dan keseksamaan perencanaan. Teori organisasi memiliki konsep kontingensi konflik untuk mengelola konflik di dalam organisasi. Interaksi dan kedua set nilai dalam organisasi PT Gopek Cipta Utama itu mencapai equilibrium pada mengkristalnya nilai penghindaran konflik, dan diimplementasikan dalam sistem komunikasinya dalam bentuk kepastian pesan komunikasi, dan kesetaraan aktor komunikasi. Kepastian pesan banyak diilhami oleh nilai perbaikan nama-nama dalam Konfusianisme, sedang nilai kesetaraan antar aktor komunikasi cenderung dibentuk oleh nilai-nilai yang ada pada konsep kekuasaan, baik dari budaya Jawa, Budaya Cina, maupun teori organisasi.Dari penelitian ini nampak bahwa aktor-aktor komunikasi memang bagian dari komunikasi itu sendiri, yang partisipasinya memiliki peran yang besar dalam pembentukan nilai-nilai bersama. Dalam penelitian komunikasi di dalam organisasi, kernungkinan kits bisa melakukan penelitian percobaan dalam usaha meningkatkan sinergi organisasi, melalui rekayasa budaya komunikasi tertentu. Pada perencana organisasi dianjurkan agar jangan terlalu sering merubah struktur organisasi dengan maksud agar energi pemeliharaan kelompok (instrinsic energy) dapat diminimalkan dan sinergi yang optimum bisa dicapai. organisasi atau kelompok memerlukan waktu panjang untuk membentuk nilai-nilai bersamanya.

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Communication System in Organization in Javanese Cultural Environment. (The Role of Values in Javanese Culture, Chinese Descendant Business Culture, and Modem Organization on the Shaping of Communication System in the Organization of PT Gopek Cipta Utama in Slawi, Central Java, Indonesia)Research on communication system in an organization in Javanese cultural environment was carried out in PT Gopek Cipta Utama in Slawi, Tegal district, Central Java Province, Indonesia in the year of 2001. Since the organization is managed by a family of Chinese descendant, the research focused on the roles of values in Javanese culture and Chinese business culture, and modem organization. The research conducted in communication science approach and supported by system, sociology and anthropology perspectives.The results of the research showing that the communication system of the organization have certain patterns, i.e.: a) the communications always practiced by written materials and be documented, b) the communication practiced by written materials are followed by spoken confirmations, and c) in the spoken communications conducted in the loosely manner in the view of Javanese culture. In the informal communication system, there is a d) horizontal communication pattern in all levels, both of management, supervisor, and employee, following the pattern of inter-unit connection in the production process. The patterns projecting the value of communication message assurance and communication actors equality.The phenomena showing that the shaping of communication system in the organization was the consequences of the long interaction of behavior of the communication actors in the. frame of the their values, respectively. The interplay of the cultures resulting the value of conflict avoidance and profit making in the organization culture, and implemented in its communication system as the value of communication message assurance and communication actors equality_ Discussion on the values playing in the shaping conflict avoidance value, start with value in the highest level, of religions and theory. Religion shaping the basic values in Javanese culture is the abangan Islamic tenet of Tantularism, directing human being to life in unity in differsity (bhineka tunggal ike) although the truth is one (tan hang dharma mangrwa), and comprehension of origin and destination of man (sangkan paraning manungsa),--having a- trend to be infinite tolerant-to the differentiations. in the Chinese culture, the basic values are from Budhism, Confucianism, and Taoism tenets, i.e. avoidance from anguish (samsara), tolerance, mercy, honesty, good manner and properness, and following the way of nature (tao) by harmony with the nature maintenance.In the concept level, Javanese and Chinese cultures having the different base, and seem opposite each other, but resulting the same attitude/value of conflict avoidance. In the Javanese culture power concept based on authorizing of political resources that tend to apply violence, while in Chinese culture based on knowledge mastering that tend to prevent violence. The two concepts tenet conflict avoidance value with different background. In the social or human relationship concept, the Javanese culture placed social life in the prime reference, oppositely the Chinese culture placed family in the prime reference. The Javanese social concept tenet conflict avoidance in the frame of social harmony maintenance, while the Chinese culture in the frame of good relationship maintenance of family widely views, and Sun Tzu war concept tenet for conflict avoidance based on carefulness and accuracy of planning. The organization theory it self, have a conflict contingency concept for managing conflict in organization. The interaction of the two sets of value in PT Gopek Cipta Utama organization, gaining equilibrium in the crystallization on conflict avoidance value, and implemented in the communication system by the values of communication message assurance, and communication actors equality. Communication message assurance seem inspired by the value of names accuracy for everything for accuracy in it's handling. While value of communication actors equality rather to be shaped by values in power concept, both from Javanese and Chinese cultures, and theory of organization.The research uncover phenomena that individuals, as communication actors is a part of the communication it self, and his or her participation shaping an equilibrium, the values shared together, by a long time process. The research result may be used as a reference for other research in the attempt for increasing the organization synergy, such as by a certain cultural engineering. To the organization planner, the research results propose for not too frequent altering organization structure in order to minimizing the allocation of intrinsic energy for optimizing synergy of organization."

"Three occurrences that in someway interlink to one another have dramatically changed how companies conduct its activities. First is globalization reality, second is the growth of technologies and third, how knowledge is increasingly valued. Spectacular advances and convergence in computer are driving changes in organizations and communication technology - known to be computer mediated communication (CMC) -- and globalization that emerges new network forms in an organization as an integral part of the co-evolution of the new network society. These organizational and social forms are built around material and symbolic flows that link people and objects both locally and globally without regard for traditional, national, institutional, or organizational boundaries. The unity of people that shares or exchanges information - with or without technology - over time for a sustained pursuit is considered as a Community of Practice. This study is relevant in current organizational communication perspectives as the purpose of this research is to gain understanding how Communities of Practice as a computer-mediated-communication network applies knowledge sharing in a global organization. As Communities of Practice eliminates boundaries between countries and members, several questions of inquiry arise in this study. The study used ethnographic inquiry for gathering, organizing and understanding the data as well as discourse analysis for understanding how an organizational communication network is constructed in conversation and/or interactions; through the application of electronic discourse based on Biber's dimensions and using type-token ratio (TTR) for analysis (Davis & Brewer, 1997). Electronic discourse-conferences, e-mail, discussion lists, or forums focuses on how individuals use language to exchange ideas rather than on the medium or channel by which they transfer and deliver their messages. In as much as electronic discourse involves interaction among people, the text implies something about the variety of social interactions among its composers. The particular communities of practice in this study is the Asia Pacific Marketing and Communications business practice, which has more than 40 people from 11 countries and with various levels of expertise and title as members. Although hierarchy does exist, the working relationship is considered as a flat organization to be able to nurture collaboration and sharing. As a community of practice it meets on a weekly basis through a conference call session, conduct monthly training together, and uncounted corresponding through e-mail. The practice also has a technology support database using lotus notes to compile all activities (plan and results) and the "SharePoint" portal as a share-forum. Based on the study it is obvious that the Communities of Practice build its own knowledge management practice and emphasize to its members to leverage knowledge sharing by using various forms. The community groups, or even as individuals, are also provided access to the use of technology and computer mediated communication networks in strengthening the knowledge transfer. But although a Communities of Practice format is intended to have less control, the Communities of Practice in this study sees that the lead person as a representative of a formal hierarchy sometimes apply normative characteristics in a functional role, addition to the function as a senior member to coordinate knowledge dissemination to others. In addition, in this study the context of learning and sharing is very much focused on the work the members do - especially that is considered their interest - and do not go beyond the working knowledge they need for their task. Knowledge management tools provided, in the form of various content portals, are not used at a maximum level. Whereas other forms of technology are more likely used to absorb more information or understanding of the work they do, i.e. using telephone, e-mail and messenger systems. Going back to the historical perspectives on emergence of communication structures in organizations, we can assume that a mediated network through CoP is considered more of the relational tradition. This tradition focuses primarily on the direct communication that establishes and maintains communication linkages. Taken collectively, these linkages create an emergent communication structure that connects different people and groups in the organization irrespective of their formal positions or roles. Also, differences in language and cultural background also restrict the dissemination of knowledge that is consistent and equal across all members. For the members who are raised and trained in a Western culture -- in this case the Australians - they are used to having open format discussions and are not shy of expressing their minds. As for the other many Asians, they would only take part if they were requested to do so or feel that they can actually contribute. Implications of this study are also two-fold. First, on a pragmatic basis, members in organizations have the Freedom to choose how they communicate within the formal and informal networks, and have the right to choose in which network forms they need to engage. The second-level effects also do not always support the intention to be innovative because it actually creates more pressure on task-orientation rather than creativity although it does provide more boundaries crossing communication. This indicates, that cultural understanding is important despite the fact that technology is supposed to decrease cultural differences. On a theoretical perspectives, this study provides a better understanding how organizational communication networks are established, especially emergent models that are informal in a way but correspond closely to the formal communication structures. Further, the increased use of new computer-mediated communication systems has made formal organizational structure as a benchmark against which to use for emergent communication networks."