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"Istilah endofit mengacu pada mikroorganisme yang sebagian atau keseluruhan siklus hidupnya berada dalam jaringan tanaman inang. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengisolasi dan menyeleksi kapang-kapang endofit yang memiliki kemampuan memproduksi senyawa antimikroba. Kapang endofit yang diseleksi adalah hasil isolasi dari empat belas tanaman obat Indonesia. Untuk mendapatkan ekstrak atau larutan uji, isolat-isolat tersebut difermentasi dengan media cair dan hasilnya disentrifugasi. Seleksi dilakukan dengan mengukur diameter zona hambatan yang dihasilkan larutan uji isolat terhadap mikroba uji. Seleksi antimikroba dilakukan terhadap dua galur bakteri yaitu Bacillus subtilis dan Escherichia coli, dan terhadap dua galur jamur patogen, Candida albicans dan Aspergillus niger. Didapatkan tujuh isolat yang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba. Diantaranya empat isolat aktif menghambat pertumbuhan A. niger, dan satu isolat menghambat pertumbuhan C. albicans. Tiga isolat memiliki aktivitas menghambat pertumbuhan B. subtilis, dan dua isolat aktif menghambat E. coli. Terhadap larutan uji dari tujuh isolat yang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba ini kemudian dilakukan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis dengan pelarut n-butanol, etil asetat, dan n-heksana. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji antimikroba terhadap seluruh bercak yang dihasilkan pada pelat KLT. Didapatkan empat bercak yang menunjukkan aktivitas antimikroba. Satu berca.

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The term endophytic refers to the microorganism that during a more or less long period of their life, colonize in their host plants tissues. This research had been done to select the endophytic fungi with ability to produce antimicrobial agents. Endophytic fungi which had been selected were the result of isolation from fourteen Indonesian medicinal plants. In order to get the extract liquid, at first isolates were fermented using liquid media, and then the harvested cultures were centrifuged. The bioassay to determine the antimicrobial activity of the isolates used two strains of bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, and also two strains of pathogenic fungi, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The diameter of the clear zone on the test media produced by the extracts of isolates had been measured to determine the activity of the isolates. Seven isolates showed antimicrobial activity. Four of them were active against A. niger and one of them against C. albicans. Three isolates were active against B. subtilis, and two isolates against E. coli. After the bioassay, the active extracts liquid were eluted with Thin Layer Chromatography method using n-buthanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane as the eluents. Then, the result spots were used to examine their antimicrobial activity. Four spots were recognized to have activity against test microbes. One spot was eluted using n-buthanol, and three spots using ethyl acetate."

"[Dioksin merupakan senyawa berbahaya yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan kulit, hati, hingga menimbulkan kanker. Degradasi dioksin dapat dilakukan oleh mikroorganisme seperti kapang yang menghasilkan enzim ligninolitik. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kapang yang memiliki enzim ligninolitik sehingga berpotensi dalam mendegradasi dioksin. Aktivitas enzim ligninolitik terlihat dari penghilangan warna pada Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) dan Poly S-119. Metode penelitian meliputi seleksi pada medium padat dan cair, pengukuran aktivitas enzim ligninolitik, serta identifikasi isolat. Seleksi kapang pada medium padat dilakukan dengan medium yang mengandung RBBR dan Poly S-119. Seleksi cair dilakukan dengan mengukur degradasi warna dan aktivitas enzim ligninolitik (lakase, mangan peroksidase, dan lignin peroksidase). Isolat hasilseleksi diidentifikasi molekular 28S rRNA menggunakan primer NL-1 dan NL-4. Hasil seleksi padat menunjukkan sembilan isolat dengan zona degradasi, yaitu FIG- KT-540.1; F-IG-KT-539.2; F-IG-PT-6.3; F-IG-PT 1.16; F-IG-PT-2.14; F-IGPT- 2.5; F-IG-PT-2.7; F-IG-PT-3.1; dan F-IG-PT-2.11. Hasil seleksi cair menunjukkan dua isolat memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi warna tinggi yaitu FIG- KT-540.1 sebesar 59% mendegradasi warna RBBR dan F-IG-PT 1.16 sebesar 85% mendegradasi warna Poly S-119. Isolat F-IG-KT-540.1 dan F-IG-PT 1.16 memiliki aktivitas MnP yang tinggi sebesar 0,0132 dan 0,0186 ΔOD/ml sampel/menit. Identifikasi kedua isolat menunjukkan isolat F-IG-KT-540.1 adalah Aspergillus oryzae dengan nilai bootstrap 99 dan isolat F-IG-PT 1.16 adalah Penicillium charlesii dengan nilai bootstrap 98. Kesimpulan yaitu isolat F-IG-KT-540.1 dan F-IG-PT 1.16 yang memiliki kemampuan tinggi mendegradasi warna berpotensi mendegradasi dioksin. Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui sinergi antara kedua isolat dalam mendegradasi dioksin.

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Dioxins are harmful compounds which can damage skin, liver, and cause cancer. It can be degraded by microorganisms such as fungi with its ligninolytic enzymes. The research aim was to obtain fungi that has ligninolytic enzymes which potentially degrade dioxin. Activity of ligninolytic enzymes was showed from decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R and Poly S-119 dye. Methods of the research include selection on solid medium and liquid medium, measurement of ligninolytic activity, and identification of fungal isolates. Selection on solid medium was carried out using RBBR and Poly S-119 dye. Selection on liquid medium was carried out through measurement on the color degradation and activity of ligninolytic enzymes (laccase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase). The potential isolates in liquid selection medium were identified on 28S rRNA with NL-1 and NL-4 primers. The result showed that nine isolates have

the degradation zone in a solid medium. They were F-IG-KT-540.1; F-IG-KT- 539.2; F-IG-PT-6.3; F-IG-PT 1:16; F-IG-PT-2:14; F-IG-PT-2.5; F-IG-PT-2.7; FIG- PT-3.1; and F-IG-PT-2.11. In liquid selection medium, F-IG-KT-540.1 and FIG-

PT 1.16 isolates showed high capability to degrade dyes. Percentage of RBBR degradation in isolate F-IG-KT-540.1 was 59% and percentage of Poly S-119 degradation in isolate F-IG-PT-1.16 was 85%. Both F-IG-KT-540.1 and F-IG-PT 1.16 isolate have high activity of MnP. Activity of MnP of those isolate were 0,0132 and 0,0186 ΔOD/ml/minutes respectively. The result of identification showed that F-IG-KT-540.1 isolate was Aspergillus oryzae with value of

bootstrap 99 and F-IG-PT-1.16 isolate was Penicillium charlesii with value of bootstrap 98. From this research, F-IG-KT-540.1 and F-IG-PT 1.16 isolates which have capability to degrade dyes potential for degrading dioxin. Further research is needed to determine the synergy between isolates F-IG-KT-540.1 and F-IG-PT- 1.16 to degrade dioxin., Dioxins are harmful compounds which can damage skin, liver, and cause cancer.

It can be degraded by microorganisms such as fungi with its ligninolytic enzymes.

The research aim was to obtain fungi that has ligninolytic enzymes which

potentially degrade dioxin. Activity of ligninolytic enzymes was showed from

decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R and Poly S-119 dye. Methods of the

research include selection on solid medium and liquid medium, measurement of

ligninolytic activity, and identification of fungal isolates. Selection on solid

medium was carried out using RBBR and Poly S-119 dye. Selection on liquid

medium was carried out through measurement on the color degradation and

activity of ligninolytic enzymes (laccase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin

peroxidase). The potential isolates in liquid selection medium were identified on

28S rRNA with NL-1 and NL-4 primers. The result showed that nine isolates have

the degradation zone in a solid medium. They were F-IG-KT-540.1; F-IG-KT-

539.2; F-IG-PT-6.3; F-IG-PT 1:16; F-IG-PT-2:14; F-IG-PT-2.5; F-IG-PT-2.7; FIG-

PT-3.1; and F-IG-PT-2.11. In liquid selection medium, F-IG-KT-540.1 and FIG-

PT 1.16 isolates showed high capability to degrade dyes. Percentage of RBBR

degradation in isolate F-IG-KT-540.1 was 59% and percentage of Poly S-119

degradation in isolate F-IG-PT-1.16 was 85%. Both F-IG-KT-540.1 and F-IG-PT

1.16 isolate have high activity of MnP. Activity of MnP of those isolate were

0,0132 and 0,0186 ΔOD/ml/minutes respectively. The result of identification

showed that F-IG-KT-540.1 isolate was Aspergillus oryzae with value of

bootstrap 99 and F-IG-PT-1.16 isolate was Penicillium charlesii with value of

bootstrap 98. From this research, F-IG-KT-540.1 and F-IG-PT 1.16 isolates which

have capability to degrade dyes potential for degrading dioxin. Further research is

needed to determine the synergy between isolates F-IG-KT-540.1 and F-IG-PT-

1.16 to degrade dioxin.]"

"Secara geologi, wilayah Indonesia timur memiliki potensi besar terjadinya proses keterbentukan logam seperti Cr, Ni, Co, Fe, Pt, dan Pd. Kota Sentani Barat merupakan salah satu kota yang terletak di wilayah Indoesia timur dan berpostensi menghasilkan logam, terutama nikel yang terbentuk dari hasil pengayaan mineral pada endapan nikel laterit. Faktor yang menjadikan Sentani Barat berpotensi menghasilkan endapan nikel laterit karena kota ini tersusun dari batuan ultrabasa peridotit dan dunit, serta dilalui jalur tektonik, dan memiliki iklim tropis. Deteksi keberadaan nikel di Sentani Barat dapat dilakukan salah satunya menggunakan metode ground penetrating radar yang memanfaatkan gelombang elektromagnetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penetrasi gelombang elektromagnetik dalam mendeteksi keberadaan endapan nikel laterit. Membedakan zona bedrock, limonit, dan saprolit berdasarkan refleksi gelombang elektromagnetik, serta mengetahui sebaran dan volume nikel di Sentani Barat. Penelitian ini akan memperlihatkan bahwa endapan nikel laterit di Sentani Barat tersusun atas zona top soil, saprolit, dan limonit yang setiap zonanya memiliki nilai konstanta dielektrik berbeda dan berpengaruh terhadap respon dari gelombang radar. Hasil dari penelitian ini pun memperlihatkan sebaran nikel dengan nilai kandungan tertinggi pada wilayah ini yaitu lebih dari 5900 ppm yang terletak di zona saprolit dan persebarannya ke arah baratlaut dengan volume sebesar 1.634.300 m3.

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Geologically, Eastern Indonesia has enormous potential for the mineralization process to form magnetic minerals such as Cr, Ni, Co, Fe, Pt, and Pd. West Sentani is one of the potential cities that preserved magnetic minerals, especially nickel due to the composition of the rocks by ultramafic rocks (peridotite and dunite), also passed by tectonic pathways. To detect the nickel laterite deposits, we can use ground penetrating radar methods. This method applies electromagnetic waves to detect the contrast of electrical properties in nickel laterite deposits. The goal of this research is to analyze the electromagnetic wave’s penetration for determining nickel laterite deposits. Distinguish nickel laterite’s profile (bedrock, saprolite, limonite, top soil) based on electromagnetic wave’s response on radargram. Determine nickel distribution and nickel resource estimation in West Sentani. This research will show the nickel laterite profile in West Sentani consists of top soil, limonite, and saprolite. Every profile or zone has a different relative dielectric permittivity (RDP), so it affects the response of electromagnetic waves. The result also shows the nickel distribution which has the highest value of more than 5900 ppm located on the saprolite zone and heading northwest with resource estimation around 1.634.300 m3."

"Dioksin merupakan polutan toksik yang terbentuk pada proses pembakaran tidak sempurna senyawa organik. Salah satu penanganan pencemaran dioksin dengan biodegradasi menggunakan kapang penghasil enzim ligninolitik. Penghilangan warna Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) dan Poly R-478 digunakan sebagai pendekatan metode untuk menyeleksi kapang pendegradasi dioksin. Penelitian bertujuan mendapatkan isolat kapang potensial pendegradasi dioksin yang memiliki kemampuan tertinggi dalam degradasi warna RBBR dan Poly R-478 serta aktivitas enzim ligninolitik. Metode penelitian ini adalah seleksi kemampuan degradasi warna RBBR dan Poly R-478 pada medium padat dan cair, pengukuran aktivitas enzim ligninolitik (lignin peroksidase (LiP), mangan peroksidase (MnP), lakase), serta identifikasi isolat kapang secara molekular. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 80 isolat kapang yang diseleksi, isolat f-IG-KT-540.1 memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi warna RBBR tertinggi sebesar 58,89% dan isolat f-IG-PT-2.11 memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi warna Poly R-478 tertinggi sebesar 26,48%. Enzim MnP dominan dihasilkan kedua isolat dalam degradasi kedua pewarna dengan aktivitas enzim sebesar 0,0132 (ΔOD/menit/mL) untuk isolat f-IG-KT-540.1 dan 0,0157 (ΔOD/menit/mL) untuk isolat f-IG-PT-2.11. Identifikasi secara molekular pada daerah sekuen 28S rRNA menggunakan primer NL1 dan NL4 serta hasil konstruksi pohon filogeni menunjukkan isolat f-IG-KT-540.1 dan f-IG-PT-2.11 memiliki homologi sekuen sebesar 99% secara berurutan dengan Aspergillus oryzae dan Penicillium charlesii dengan nilai bootstrap mencapai 99 dan 100. Kedua isolat kapang tersebut berpotensi sebagai pendegradasi dioksin.

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Dioxin is a toxic pollutant that cause environmental pollution come from incomplete combustion process of organic compounds. One of the treatment for dioxin pollution is biodegradation using fungi that produce ligninolytic enzyme. Decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) and Poly R-478 is used as a method for screening dioxin-degrading fungi. This research aimed to find potential isolates of fungi in degrading dioxin that had highest RBBR and Poly R-478 decolorization activity and had highest ligninolytic enzyme activity. Methods used in this research consist of screening for RBBR and Poly R-478 decolorization on solid and liquid medium, measurement of ligninolytic enzyme (lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), laccase) activities, and molecular identification of fungal isolates.

The results showed that among 80 fungal isolates selected, isolate f-IG-KT-540.1 decolorize RBBR medium up to 58,89% and isolate f-IG-PT-2.11 decolorize Poly R-478 medium up to 26,48%. MnP enzyme was responsible for both dye decolorization. Isolate f-IG-KT-540.1 had MnP enzyme activity up to 0,0132 (ΔOD/minute/mL) and isolate f-IG-PT-2.11 had MnP enzyme activity up to 0,0157 (ΔOD/minute/mL). Molecular identification based on 28S rRNA sequences using NL1 and NL4 primers and phylogenetic tree construction showed that isolate f-IG-KT-540.1 and f-IG-PT-2.11 have sequences similarity up to 99% with Aspergillus oryzae and Penicillium charlesii, respectively. The bootstrap value of these isolates up to 99 and 100. These isolates were potential fungi for degrading dioxin."