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"ABSTRAKMakalah ini menyajikan analisis mengenai efektivitas kebijakan energiterbarukan dan praktek kebijakannya di Indonesia, dengan mengacu kepadapraktek kebijakan energi terbarukan di Uni Eropa, negara-negara anggota OECD(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) dan negara-negaraBRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China dan South Africa). Tulisan ini membahasfactor-faktor kunci penentu keberhasilan kebijakan pengembangan energiterbarukan dalam konteks Indonesia. Secara keseluruhan, makalah inimemberikan kontribusi untuk memahami kebijakan RE secara umum dan faktorfaktoryang mendorong keberhasilan pelaksanaan RE di Indonesia padakhususnya. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa meskipun berbagai kebijakandan program pengembangkan energi terbarukan telah dibuat oleh PemerintahIndonesia, namun realisasinya masih di bawah target yang ditetapkan, sehinggahal ini membawa implikasi serius terhadap keamanan energi nasional.Berdasarkan identifikasi, faktor utama yang menghambat program pengembanganenergi terbarukan di Indonesia adalah hambatan non-ekonomi.

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ABSTRACTThis paper presents an analysis of the effectiveness of RE policy and policypractice in Indonesia. It is based on RE policy practices in European Union,OECD and BRICS countries. Discussing key important factors of RE policy inIndonesian context, the study reveals that despite various policies and programswhich the Government of Indonesia has made, the realization of RE deploymentis still under the stated target, which can have implication for the national energysecurity. This might be attributed to non-economic barriers. Overall, this papercontributes to the understanding of RE policies in general and factors encouragingsuccessful implementation of RE in particular."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini bertujuan untuk meneliti peran dari tarif tunggal PPh Badanterhadap investasi di Indonesia. Secara khusus, tesis ini bertujuan untukmengevaluasi apakah tarif tunggal PPh Badan dapat meningkatkan investasidengan menggunakan metode kajian pustaka lanjutan. Studi sebelumnyamengungkapkan bahwa tarif PPh Badan mempengaruhi investasi, sebagian besardari studi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antara tarif PPh Badan daninvestasi adalah negatif. Meskipun begitu, tarif PPh Badan bukan merupakan satusatunyafaktor yang mempengaruhi investasi. Oleh karena itu, pembuat kebijakanseharusnya juga mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor penting lain yang dapatmenarik investasi dalam dan luar negeri.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis aims to investigate the role of a single corporate tax rate oninvestment in Indonesia. In particular, it aims to evaluate whether a singlecorporate income tax rate has improved or encouraged investment using extendedliterature review method. Previous studies revealed that corporate tax rate indeedinfluenced investment where the majority of these studies showed that it wasnegatively correlated. However, corporate tax rate was not the only factor thataffected investment; therefore, policy makers should also consider other factorswhich were also important to attract both domestic and foreign investment."

"[Kegiatan ekonomi bawah tanah adalah masalah umum di setiap negara terlepas dari tingkat perkembangan ekonomi dari suatu negara, termasuk Indonesia. Kegiatan ini tidak dihitung dalam perhitungan PDB. Dengan demikian, hasil perhitungan PDB tersebut akan membuat bias kebijakan yang diambil oleh pemerintah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kondisi ekonomi bawah tanah di Indonesia, karakteristiknya dan faktor penyebabnya. Penelitian ini juga akanmenguji hubungan antara ekonomi bawah tanah dan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia serta pendapatan pemerintah dari sektor pajak. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ukuran ekonomi bawah tanah di Indonesia untuk periode 1999–2007 masih relatif tinggi yaitu sekitar 18% - 21% dari PDB. Akibatnya, kondisi ini akan memberikan dampak negatif pada pertumbuhan ekonomi dan juga mengurangi pendapatan pemerintah, terutama dari sektor perpajakan, hal ini akan membatasi kemampuan pemerintah dalam penyediaan barang publik kepadamasyarakat. Ada beberapa cara yang dapat ditempuh oleh pemerintah dalam mengurangi ekonomi bawah tanah, tetapi pemberantasn tingkat korupsi dan peningkatan kualitas pemerintah dalam rangka meningkatkan kepercayaan masyarakat adalah langkah utama yang perlu diambil oleh pemerintah Indonesia;Underground economic activities are a common problem in every country regardless of the level of economic development, including Indonesia. These activities are not counted in GDP measurement; thus, they will skew governmentpolicy decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the current condition of the underground economy in Indonesia, its characteristics, and the causes of its increasing growth. This study will also examine the relationship among the underground economy, Indonesian economic growth, and government tax revenue. The findings show that the size of the underground economy between 1999 and2007 is relatively high at approximately 18% to 21% of GDP. Consequently, the underground economy has a negative impact on economic growth and also reduce government revenue, primarily tax revenue, thereby limiting the government’s ability to provide goods and services. Although, there are several ways to reduce the underground economy, reducing the level of corruption and improving governance in order to increase social trust is the most important action that can tobe taken by the Indonesian government.;Underground economic activities are a common problem in every countryregardless of the level of economic development, including Indonesia. Theseactivities are not counted in GDP measurement; thus, they will skew governmentpolicy decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the current condition of theunderground economy in Indonesia, its characteristics, and the causes of itsincreasing growth. This study will also examine the relationship among theunderground economy, Indonesian economic growth, and government tax revenue.The findings show that the size of the underground economy between 1999 and2007 is relatively high at approximately 18% to 21% of GDP. Consequently, theunderground economy has a negative impact on economic growth and also reducegovernment revenue, primarily tax revenue, thereby limiting the government’sability to provide goods and services. Although, there are several ways to reducethe underground economy, reducing the level of corruption and improvinggovernance in order to increase social trust is the most important action that can tobe taken by the Indonesian government, Underground economic activities are a common problem in every countryregardless of the level of economic development, including Indonesia. Theseactivities are not counted in GDP measurement; thus, they will skew governmentpolicy decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the current condition of theunderground economy in Indonesia, its characteristics, and the causes of itsincreasing growth. This study will also examine the relationship among theunderground economy, Indonesian economic growth, and government tax revenue.The findings show that the size of the underground economy between 1999 and2007 is relatively high at approximately 18% to 21% of GDP. Consequently, theunderground economy has a negative impact on economic growth and also reducegovernment revenue, primarily tax revenue, thereby limiting the government’sability to provide goods and services. Although, there are several ways to reducethe underground economy, reducing the level of corruption and improvinggovernance in order to increase social trust is the most important action that can tobe taken by the Indonesian government]"