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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Tindakan intrusi molar pertama rahang atas menggunakan penjangkar miniscrew yang diletakkan di sisi bukal dan palatal sering digunakan dan memiliki tingkat keberhasilan yang cukup tinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan distribusi tekanan pada tindakan intrusi molar pertama rahang atas menggunakan miniscrew yang diletakkan dengan ketinggian 3 mm, 5 mm, dan 7 mm dari cementoenamel junction, serta sudut 45° dan 90° dari sumbu gigi. Model tiga dimensi struktur kraniomaksila dibuat dari hasil pemindaian tengkorak kering. Terdapat empat Region of Interest (ROI) yang ditentukan yaitu akar molar pertama rahang atas, alveolar molar pertama rahang atas, miniscrew, dan alveolar miniscrew. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) distribusi tekanan pada tindakan intrusi molar pertama rahang atas, baik pada kelompok ketinggian maupun sudut pemasangan miniscrew, di semua ROI. Gambaran tekanan pada molar pertama rahang atas dan alveolarnya terkonsentrasi di daerah akar palatal dan trifurkasi. Gambaran tekanan pada alveolar miniscrew menunjukkan perbedaan distribusi spektrum warna pada kelompok sudut pemasangan. Tindakan intrusi molar pertama rahang atas dipengaruhi oleh ketinggian dan sudut pemasangan miniscrew.

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ABSTRACT Miniscrew-assisted upper first molar intrusion had been developed recently with high rate of success. The placement of two miniscrews, buccally and palatally, is usually done to deliver such force. This research was conducted to analyse the difference of stress distribution of upper first molar intrusion using two miniscrews, placed at 3 mm, 5 mm, and 7 mm from cementoenamel junction, and 45° and 90° from the tooth axis. A three-dimensional solid model of craniomaxillary structure was rendered and the region of interests (ROI) were defined at the first molar roots, its alveolar, miniscrews, and the bone surrounding the miniscrews. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences (p<.05) of Von Mises mean values in the ROIs between all groups of height and angle of placement. Visual analysis showed that the stress distribution in first molar roots were concentrated at the trifurcation and palatal root apex area, while in the bone surrounding the miniscrews, the highest stress distribution was located diversely among separate angles of placement groups. The stress distribution of upper first molar intrusion using miniscrews anchorage was affected by heights and angles of miniscrews placement.

Abstrak :
Pendahuluan: Pergerakan gigi ortodonti akan merangsang terjadinya proses inflamasi sehingga mengeluarkan mediator inflamasi. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) adalah salah satu mediator inflamasi yang dikeluarkan selama pergerakan ortodonti dan berperan dalam resorpsi tulang. Proses inflamasi ini terjadi pada semua pergerakan ortodonti termasuk pada penggunaan sistem self-ligating. Walaupun sistem self-ligating diklaim banyak memiliki keuntungan, termasuk efeknya pada ligamen periodontal, akan tetapi belum ada penelitian secara biomolekular yang membandingkan mediator inflamasi dalam ligamen periodontal. Metode: Duabelas pasien dari klinik ortodonti, FKG-UI, dengan kasus nonekstraksi dan indeks iregularitas pada insisif mandibula sebesar 4-9 mm, mendapatkan perawatan ortodonti dengan sistem self-ligating pasif (Damon Q, Ormco) dan sistem konvensional preskripsi MBT (Agile, 3M). Cairan krevikular gingiva diambil dari sisi labial regio insisif mandibula pada 0 jam (sebagai kontrol), 24 jam, dan 4 minggu. Kadar PGE2 diperiksa menggunakan ELISA. Hasil: Walaupun secara statistik tidak terdapat perbedaan kadar PGE2 pada pemakaian braket self-ligating dibandingkan dengan konvensional pada 0 jam, 24 jam (p=0,815), dan 4 minggu (p=0,534), namun secara deskriptif kelompok selfligating memiliki kadar PGE2 lebih tinggi dari konvensional secara konsisten pada 0, 24jam, dan 4 minggu. Pada waktu 24 jam, kadar PGE2 meningkat dibandingkan saat 0 jam, pada kedua sistem, dan kadar PGE2 pada kelompok self-ligating pasif (302,55±26,33 pg/ mL) lebih besar daripada kelompok konvensional (264,43±83,08 pg/mL). Pada waktu 4 minggu, kadar PGE2 menurun dibandingkan dengan waktu pengambilan 0 jam dan 24 jam, pada kedua kelompok sistem, dan kadar PGE2 pada kelompok self-ligating (236,17±42,63 pg/mL) lebih besar dari kelompok konvensional (208,267±81,83 pg/mL). Kesimpulan: Penelitian kami menyimpulkan bahwa sistem self-ligating memberikan respon selular yang berbeda dibandingkan sistem konvensional. ......Introduction: Inflammation process, as a result of orthodontic tooth movement, will trigger the release of inflammatory mediator. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is one of the inflammatory mediator that is released during the orthodontic movement and plays an important role in bone resorption. These inflammatory process occurred in all orthodontic movement included in orthodontic treatment using self-ligating system. Although self-ligating system?s advantages have been claimed, including the effect of the system in periodontal ligament, there are still no research in biomolecular level comparing the mediator release in periodontal ligament. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine PGE2 concentration in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during initial alignment of anterior mandible, using two different system brackets, passive self-ligating and conventional bracket. Methods: Twelve patients with mandibular incisor irregularities of 4 to 9 mm and prescribed nonextraction cases, from orthodontic clinic, faculty of dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, were having orthodontic treatment. They were divided into 2 groups, each group were using Damon passive self-ligating system (Damon Q, Ormco), and conventionally ligated bracket with MBT?s prescription (Agile, 3M). GCF were taken from labial site of mandibular incisors at 0 hour (served as control), 24 hours, and 4 weeks. PGE2 level was determined using ELISA kit. Results: There was no statistically difference in PGE2 level in self-ligating system group compared with conventional group, at 0, 24 hours, and 4 weeks, but from descriptive view self-ligating group had higher PGE2 levels than conventional at 0, 24 hours, and 4 weeks. At 24 hours, mean of PGE2 level was elevated from 0 hour, in both groups, and mean of PGE2 level was higher in self-ligating group (302,55±26,33 pg/ mL) than conventional group (264,43±83,08 pg/mL). At 4 weeks, mean of PGE2 level was decrease from 0, and 24 hours in both groups, and mean of PGE2 level was still higher in self-ligating group (236,17±42,63 pg/mL) than conventional group (208,267±81,83 pg/mL). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that self-ligating giving difference cellular response than conventional systems during orthodontic tooth movement

Abstrak :
Model studi digital 3D diperkenalkan seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi digital. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menilai keandalan model studi digital yang dipindai dengan menggunakan perangkat pemindai laser yang dikembangkan oleh STEI ITB. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan model studi digital 3D dengan model studi konvensional. Dua belas subyek dengan geligi berjejal ringan sampai sedang dicetak sebanyak dua kali dengan menggunakan alginat dan polyvinylsiloxane. Cetakan alginat dicor untuk menghasilkan model studi konvensional dan cetakan polyvinylsiloxane dipindai untuk menghasilkan model studi digital. Kemudian dilakukan pengukuran lebar mesiodistal gigi dan indeks ketidakteraturan Little (LII) pada model studi konvensional secara manual dengan kaliper digital dan pada model studi digital secara digital. Lalu analisa Bolton dilakukan pada masing-masing studi model menggunakan data pengukuran lebar gigi. Setiap pengukuran dilakukan dua kali untuk menguji variasi antar pengukuran (uji intra-observer). Pengukuran pada model studi konvensional dan digital dibandingkan dengan menggunakan uji t tidak berpasangan. Ditemukan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara pengukuran lebar mesiodistal gigi pada model studi konvensional dengan model studi digital (p>0.05). Uji t tidak berpasangan juga tidak menemukan perbedaan bermakna antara model studi konvensional dan digital pada analisa Bolton (p=0.603) dan LII (p=0.894). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengukuran pada model studi digital sama akurat dengan model studi konvensional. ...... Three-dimensional digital study models were introduced following advances in digital technology. This study was carried out to assess the reliability of digital study models scanned by laser scanning device assembled by STEI ITB. The aim of this study was to compare digital study models and conventional models. Twelve sets of dental impressions were taken from patients with mild to moderate crowding. The impressions were taken twice, one with alginate and the other with polyvinylsiloxane. The alginate impressions were made into conventional models and the polyvinylsiloxane impressions were scanned to produce digital models. Mesiodistal tooth width and Little?s irregularity index (LII) were measured manually with digital callipers on the conventional models and digitally on digital study models. The Bolton analysis was performed on each study models. Each method was carried out twice in order to check for intra-observer variability. The reproducibility (comparison of the methods) was assessed by using independent samples t test. Mesiodistal tooth width between conventional and digital models were not significantly different (p>0.05). Independent samples t test did not identify statistically significant differences for Bolton analysis and LII (p=0.603 for Bolton and p=0.894 for LII). The measurements on digital study models are as accurate as the measurements on conventional study models.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Kasus kehilangan gigi molar pertama yang disertai dengan mesial tipping dari gigi molar kedua sering ditemui, sehingga penegakan gigi merupakan salah satu mekanika yang sering dilakukan oleh klinisi. Namun, sebagian besar literatur yang tersedia mengenai penegakan gigi merupakan laporan kasus yang memaparkan mengenai hasil perawatan dengan mekanika tertentu, sesuai dengan pengalaman masing-masing klinisi. Efisiensi dalam perawatan ortodonti, khususnya penegakan gigi, dapat dicapai apabila pergerakan gigi dapat diprediksi. Tujuan: Menganalisis gambaran distribusi stress pada ligamen periodontal gigi molar kedua, pada model 3D mandibula, serta menganalisis perpindahan inisial gigi molar kedua (dalam arah bukolingual, vertikal, dan mesiodistal) ketika diaplikasikan gaya penegakan gigi dengan menggunakan initial archwire, helical uprighting spring, T-loop, serta dengan retromolar miniscrew. Metode: Konstruksi model tiga dimensi mandibula dilakukan dalam satu kuadran, dengan konfigurasi kehilangan gigi molar pertama dan gigi molar kedua tipping 30º. Empat buah model kerja dibuat sesuai dengan metode penegakan gigi yang akan diuji yaitu dengan initial archwire, helical uprighting spring, T-loop, serta dengan retromolar miniscrew. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna intensitas stress dan perpindahan inisial pada keempat kelompok mekanika yang diuji. Distribusi stress dan perpindahan inisial gigi molar kedua pada penggunaan initial archwire sangat kecil dibandingkan dengan ketiga mekanika lain yang diuji. Pada penggunaan T-loop, helical uprighting spring, dan retromolar miniscrew, area tension terbentuk paling besar di area servikal akar mesial, sedangkan area compression terbentuk pada area servikal akar distal. Pada analisis perpindahan inisial gigi molar kedua, penggunaan helical uprighting spring menunjukkan ekstrusi yang paling besar, diikuti oleh T-loop, dan retromolar miniscrew. Selain itu, terlihat adanya pergerakan akar pada penggunaan retromolar miniscrew, yang tidak ditemukan pada penggunaan mekanika lainnya. Kesimpulan: Intensitas stress ekuivalen paling besar dihasilkan dari penggunaan helical uprighting spring, T-loop, dan retromolar miniscrew secara berurutan. Analisis perpindahan inisial gigi menunjukkan penggunaan retromolar miniscrew menyebabkan mesial root movement, dibandingkan dengan distal tipping mahkota gigi pada mekanika lain.

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ABSTRACT
Introduction: One of the most frequently encountered clinical situation in adult patients would be the tipping of mandibular second molar which normally occurred due to early loss of the first molar. Previous studies reported different uprighting mechanics were mainly case report and only a few that aimed to describe the efficacy of the various available mechanics. A profound understanding of the efficacy and predictability of the various mechanics would improve tooth movement and prevent unwanted side effects that may arise. The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the stress distribution as well as initial displacement of mandibular second molar using various uprighting mechanics. Methods: A three-dimensional model was constructed and analysed using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) with tipped mandibular second molar set at 30º. Four mandibular models were assembled according to different uprighting mechanics, as follows: initial continuous archwire, helical uprighting spring, T-loop and retromolar miniscrew. Results: Stress distribution and initial displacement resulted from the use of initial archwire were insignificant compared to other mechanics tested. The highest tensile stress were observed on the cervical area of mesial root and the highest compressive stress were observed on the cervical area of distal root on the application of T-loop, helical uprighting spring, and retromolar miniscrew mechanics. Analysis of initial tooth displacement showed that helical uprighting spring caused the largest degree of extrusion, followed by T-loop, and retromolar miniscrew. Root movement was observed on the usage of retromolar miniscrew. Conclusion: Greatest equivalent stress were observed on the usage of helical uprighting spring, T-loop, and retromolar miniscrew in consecutive order. Analysis of initial displacement of the second molar showed that the application of retromolar miniscrew caused mesial root movement, while other mechanics showed distal tipping of the crown.

Abstrak :
Pendahuluan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan gambaran kraniofasial pada masa pubertal yang sama yang dievaluasi dengan metode cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) antara anak dengan celah bibir dan langit-langit unilateral komplit pasca labioplasti dan palatoplasti dibandingkan dengan anak tanpa celah bibir dan langit-langit. Material dan metode: Subyek penelitian yang terdiri dari 14 anak dengan celah bibir dan langit-langit unilateral komplit pasca labioplasti dan palatoplasti dan 14 anak tanpa celah bibir dan langit-langit yang berada pada masa pubertal. Periode pubertal dievaluasi menggunakan metode cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) yang dikembangkan oleh Baccetti et al, 2002.Dilakukan pengukuran sefalometri linier dan angular pada sefalogram lateral dari subyek penelitian meliputi 11 variabel. Uji t tidak berpasangan dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan gambaran kraniofasial antara kedua kelompok. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada: panjang basis kranium anterior (p=.002), panjang keseluruhan basis kranium (p=.001), panjang maksila (p=.000), panjang mandibula (p=.000), tinggi ramus mandibula (p=.000), panjang badan mandibula (p=.002), tinggi wajah anterior atas (p=.004). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada: panjang basis kranium posterior (p=.051), tinggi wajah anterior bawah (p=.206), tinggi wajah posterior (p=.865), pola pertumbuhan/tipe wajah (p=.202). Kesimpulan: Kompleks nasomaksila merupakan area yang paling terpengaruh oleh adanya celah bibir dan langit-langit unilateral

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Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate craniofacial morphology of pubertal children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate following labioplasty and palatoplasty. Materials and methods: A series of 14 consecutively treated subjects with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate following labioplasty and palatoplasty were compared with 14 pubertal stage-matched controls with normal craniofacial structure. Pubertal stage was determined with cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method improved by Baccetti et al, 2002.Lateral cephalograms were used for comparison. An unpaired t-test was run for 14 subjects with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate and 14 normal subjects. Results:: There were significant cephalometric differences in anterior cranial base length (p=.002), cranial base length (p=.001), maxillary length (p=.000), mandibular length (p=.000), mandibular ramus height (p=.000), mandibular body length (p=.002), and upper anterior face height (p=.004). There was no significant cephalometric difference in posterior cranial base length (p=.051), lower anterior face height (p=.206), posterior face height (p=.865), growth pattern/ facial type (p=.202). Conclusion: The maxillary complex was most affected by cleft lip and palate but growth disturbance in chidren with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate were not restricted only at the maxilla.