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"Ekstraksi premolar dalam perawatan ortodonti membantu proses uprighting gigi molar 3 impaksi sehingga dapat erupsi dengan baik. Tujuan: mengukur perubahan angulasi gigi molar 3 rahang bawah yang impaksi mesioangular sebelum dan sesudah perawatan ortodonti. Metode: penelitian ini menggunakan 25 radiograf panoramik berusia 10-21 tahun sebelum dan sesudah perawatan ortodonti. Hasil: uji Wilcoxon dan uji T berpasangan (p<0,05) menunjukkan tidak ada perubahan angulasi molar 3 yang bermakna pada kedua sisi (p>0,05) dan cenderung mengalami peningkatan angulasi dengan meskipun secara statistik perbandingan perubahan keduanya tidak berbeda bermakna (p>0,05). Peningkatan angulasi paling banyak terjadi pada kelompok usia dewasa (17-21 tahun). Kesimpulan: ekstraksi premolar dalam perawatan ortodonti tidak memengaruhi angulasi gigi molar 3 impaksi secara bermakna.

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Premolar extraction in orthodontic treatment helps uprighting process of impacted third molars so that they could erupt well.

Aim: to measure mesioangular impacted lower third molars angulation change during orthodontic treatment.

Methods: this study used 25 panoramic radiograph aged 10-21 years old before and after orthodontic treatment.

Result: Wilcoxon test and paired Ttest (p<0,05) showed there were no significant change in lower third molars angulation on both sides (p>0,05) and tended to experience the increase in angulation though statistically comparison between them were not significant (p>0,05). These increase happen the most in the adult group (17-21 years old).

Conclusion: premolars extraction in orthodontic treatment does not affect impacted third molars angulation significantly."

"Pengukuran inklinasi insisif atas dan pola skeletal vertikal menggunakan berbagai bidang referensi sefalometri seperti bidang SN, FHP, dan maksila. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil pengukuran dan skor interpretasi sudut inklinasi insisif atas antara sudut I?SN dengan I?MxP dan pola skeletal vertikal antara sudut FMPA, SNMP, dan MMPA. Pengukuran dilakukan pada 25 sefalogram. Terdapat perbedaan hasil pengukuran dan skor interpretasi yang bermakna (p<0,05) antara sudut I?SN dan I?MxP, dan antara FMPA, SNMP, dan MMPA. Pengukuran inklinasi insisif dan pola skeletal vertikal dengan menggunakan bidang referensi sefalometri berbeda dapat memberikan hasil interpretasi yang berbeda.

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Upper incisor inclination and vertical skeletal pattern measurements use various cephalometric reference planes such as SN plane, FHP, and maxillary plane. This study aims to analyze the difference of measurement results and interpretation scores of upper insicor inclination between I?SN and I?MxP and vertical skeletal pattern between FMPA, SNMP, and MMPA. Measurements were conducted on 25 cephalograms. There was significant measurement results and interpretation scores difference (p<0.05) between I?SN and I?MxP, and between FMPA, SNMP, and MMPA. Upper incisor inclination and vertical skeletal pattern measurements using various cephalometric reference planes can give different interpretation results."

"Pendahuluan: Kehadiran jenis braket sistem self-ligating pasif menambah variasi jenis braket yang digunakan dalam perawatan ortodonti saat ini, sehingga timbul pertanyaan mengenai efektifitasnya terhadap perawatan ortodonti. Salah satu parameter yang menentukan efektifitas tersebut adalah durasi waktu perawatan yang dibutuhkan untuk memperbaiki maloklusi, misalnya kecepatan penutupan ruang secara en-masse menggunakan elastomeric chain. Tujuan: Mengetahui efektifitas perawatan ortodonti yang dilakukan menggunakan sistem braket self-ligating pasif dan sistem braket konvensional selama tahap penutupan ruang secara en-masse. Metode: Penelitian prospective randomized controlled clinical trial dengan teknik split mouth ini dilakukan selama 11 bulan. Sebelas subyek (3 pria dan 8 wanita usia minimal 15 tahun) dengan pencabutan premolar satu rahang atas dan akan memasuki tahap space closure diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Setiap subyek dipasangkan braket konvensional di satu sisi rahang dan self-ligating pasif di sisi lainnya, dimana penentuannya dilakukan secara random, kemudian diberikan gaya sebesar 150 g dengan powerchain pada kawat SS .019 x .025. Pengukuran jarak penutupan ruang dan kehilangan penjangkaran dilakukan pada T0, T1 (4 minggu), dan T2 (8 minggu). Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan rata-rata kecepatan penutupan ruang yang signifikan antara kelompok sistem braket self-ligating pasif dan kelompok sistem braket konvensional (p=0,010) dimana kelompok braket self-ligating pasif memiliki kecepatan yang lebih besar dibandingkan kelompok braket konvensional, namun tidak terdapat perbedaan rata-rata kehilangan penjangkaran yang signifikan secara statistik antara kedua kelompok tersebut. Kesimpulan: Sistem braket self-ligating pasif memiliki efektifitas yang lebih baik karena dapat mempercepat durasi waktu perawatan ortodonti.

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Introduction: The presences of passive self - ligating bracket system add variety of bracket type used in today's orthodontic treatment, so that raised question in regard to the effectiveness of the treatment. One of the parameters that determines the effectiveness of the treatment is the time required to fix malocclusion, e.g. rate of en - masse closing space using elastomeric chain.

Objectives: To study the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment using passive self - ligating system and conventional system during space closure stages.

Methods: Prospective randomized controlled clinical trial with a split mouth technique was carried out for 11 months. Eleven subjects (3 men and 8 women with age minimum of 15 year old) with the extraction of the first premolars, where it will enter the space closure stage were included in this study. Each subject was bonded with conventional bracket on one side of the arch and with passive self - ligating on the other side which was determined randomly, was given a force of 150 g with power chain on .019 x .025 SS wire. The measurement of space closure and loss of anchorage were performed at T0, T1 (4 weeks), and T2 (8 weeks).

Result: There was significant differences of the average rate of closing space between passive self - ligating system and conventional system group (p = 0.010), for which a group of passive self - ligating system has a greater speed compare than conventional group, though there was no difference in loss of anchorage between the two groups.

Conclusion: The passive self - ligating system is more effective because it can reduce the duration of orthodontic treatment."

"Prevalensi kejadian maloklusi cukup tinggi. Seorang ortodontis dituntut bekerja efektif dan efisien waktu. Braket self-ligating di klaim memfasilitasi pergerakan gigi lebih baik, friksi lebih kecil sehingga lebih efektif dan efisien waktu. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan kecepatan penutupan ruang pencabutan gigi premolar pertama rahang bawah antara sistem ligasi konvensional dan sistem self-ligating pasif menggunakan closed-coil spring serta melihat kehilangan penjangkaran antara kedua sistem.Desain penelitian ini prospective randomized controlled clinical trial dengan teknik split-mouth. Dua puluh dua regio rahang bawah sampel siap untuk dilakukan retraksi enmassedipasangkan braket MBT Agile 3M slot.022" pada keseluruhan satu regio, regio dan braket Damon Q standar torque Ormco pada regio sebelahnya, aktivasi closed-coil spring. Pengukuran kecepatan penutupan ruang dan kehilangan penjangkaran dihitung dari model cetakan gigi pada 4 dan 8 minggu.Hasil menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna kecepatan penutupan ruang serta kehilangan penjangkaran antara kedua kelompok dimanaself-ligating pasif lebih cepat menutup ruang dengan rata-rata penarikan 4 minggu 0,58mm dan 8 minggu 0,74mm, serta lebih tahan terhadap kehilangan penjangkaran. Dapat disimpulkan braket self-ligating pasif cukup efisian dan efektif pada tahap penutupan ruang. Teknik split-mouth efektif melihat perbandingan kecepatan penutupan ruang serta kehilangan penjangkaran dengan meminimalkan variasi antar individu.

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Malocclusion prevalence is high, an orthodontist needs to be efective and efficient in treating malocclusion. Self-ligating brackets are claimed more effective and efficient, which have less friction in ortodontic movement than conventional brackets. The objective of this study is to compare the rate of mandibular en-masse space closure retraction and loss of anchorage between pasif self-ligating brackets and conventional brackets using closed-coil spring.The design of this study was prospective randomized controlled clinical trialwith splitmouth technique. Twenty two mandibular quadrant that ready for en-masse space closure retraction was placed with conventional bracketsMBT Agile 3M slot.022" in a whole quadrant, while the contra lateral was placed with pasif self-ligating brackets Damon Q standar torque Ormco. The en-masse space closure retraction rate and loss of anchorage measurement was made in study model in 4 and 8 weeks.The results were there was significant difference between pasif self-ligating and conventional brackets regarding the en-masse space closure retraction rate and loss of anchorage rate. Self-ligating brackets were faster in en-masse space closure with mean rate 0,58mm in 4 weeks and 0,74mm in 8 weeks and more resistant in loss of anchorage. Split-mouth technique was effective to compare the rate of mandibular en-masse retraction and loss of anchorage between self-ligating bracket and conventional bracket using closed-coil spring, where individual variability was minimized."

"Latar Belakang: Zoledronat merupakan jenis obat bisfosfonat yang paling kuat dalam menghambat resorpsi tulang. Zoledronat terbukti dapat menghambat pergerakan gigi ortodonti dan memperkuat penjangkaran maksimum, pada studi hewan. Sebagian besar studi masih menggunakan obat zoledronat dalam bentuk injeksi. Sediaan topikal mulai dikembangkan untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang ditimbulkan melalui pemberian obat secara injeksi Gel dan emulsi gel (emulgel) merupakan jenis sediaan obat topikal semi padat. Uji stabilitas suatu produk farmasi perlu dilakukan untuk menilai kemampuan suatu formulasi dalam mempertahankan sifat dan karakteristiknya saat pengemasan selama periode penyimpanan dan penggunaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan stabilitas fisik gel dan emulgel zoledronat yang disimpan pada suhu ruang (28±2°C) dan akselerasi (40°C) selama 8 minggu pengamatan. Metode penelitian: Gel dan emulgel disimpan selama 8 minggu pada suhu 28±2°C dan 40°C. Parameter stabilitas fisik yang dilihat antara lain organoleptis, pH, daya sebar, viskositas dan ukuran globul emulgel. Evaluasi dilakukan pada hari pertama, minggu ke-2,4,6 dan 8. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik pada seluruh parameter antar sediaan gel dan emulgel pada setiap waktu pengamatan. Pada sediaan emulgel yang disimpan di suhu 28±2°C, tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada parameter viskositas, daya sebar dan ukuran globul selama 8 minggu pengamatan. Pada sediaan gel yang disimpan pada suhu 28±2°C, terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada seluruh parameter selama 8 minggu pengamatan. Kesimpulan: Emulgel zoledronat yang disimpan pada suhu 28±2°C selama 8 minggu stabil menurut semua parameter-parameter fisik yang diuji, kecuali pH. Perubahan pada nilai pH masih dekat dengan kisaran normal pH pada rongga mulut. Selain itu, gel zoledronat yang disimpan pada suhu 28±2°C selama 8 minggu dapat disimpulkan tidak stabil.

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Introduction: Zoledronate is the most potent bisphosphonate at inhibiting bone resorption. Zoledronate has been shown to inhibit orthodontic tooth movement and increase maximum anchorage in animal studies. Most studies are still using zoledronate in injectable form. The strategy to overcome problems associated with drug administration by injection is to develop zoledonate that can be administered topically. Gel and emulsion gel (emulgel) are a semi-solid drug preparation. Stability testing of pharmaceutical product must be done to evaluate the capability of a particular formulation to retain its properties and characteristics at the time of packaging throughout its period of storage and use. This study aims to compare the physical stability of zoledronat gel and emulgel stored in room temperature (28±2°C) and accelerated temperature (40°C) for eight weeks. Methods: Gel and emulgel were stored in room temperature (28±2°C) and accelerated temperature (40°C) for eight weeks. The physical stability parameters that were used in this study is organoleptic, pH, spreadability, viscosity and globule size diameter for emulgel preparation. Gel and emulgel were evaluated on the first day, 2nd week, 4th week, 6th week and 8th week. Results: There were statistically significant differences in all stability parameters, except pH, between gel and emulgel prepatations. For emulgel preparations that was stored in room temperature, there was no statistically significant differences in viscosity, spreadability and globule size diameter during eight weeks of observation. For gel preparations that was stored in room temperature, there were significant differences in all stability parameters during eight week of observation. Conclusion: According to the parameters in physical stability test, except pH, zoledronate emulgel stable in room temperature (28±2°C) storage for eight week observation. The changes in pH values was near from normal pH range in oral cavity. Other than that, zoledronate gel was not stable in room temperature (28±2°C) storage for eight week observation."

"Latar Belakang: Prosedur bonding braket dengan teknik transiluminasi menjadi salah satu alternatif teknik penyinaran pada segmen posterior gigi yang dinilai memiliki akses dan pandangan yang terbatas. Hingga saat ini, masih terdapat perbedaan pendapat mengenai tingkat keberhasilan bonding braket dengan teknik ini. Belum ada standarisasi mengenai arah penyinaran, waktu penyinaran dan besar intensitas light-curing unit dalam bonding braket dengan teknik transiluminasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan nilai kuat rekat geser pada polimerisasi bahan adhesif dengan teknik transiluminasi pada prosedur bonding braket logam gigi premolar terhadap berbagai intensitas light-curing unit LED. Metode: Dua puluh empat gigi premolar dibagi secara acak kedalam 3 kelompok menggunakan light-curing unit LED dengan intensitas 1000, 1300 dan 3200 mW/cm2. Waktu penyinaran disesuaikan dengan petunjuk teknis alat. Penyinaran braket dilakukan dari arah oklusal dan lingual gigi premolar pada semua kelompok. Spesimen direndam dalam larutan akuades setelah bonding kemudian disimpan didalam inkubator dengan suhu 37°C selama 24 jam. Uji kuat rekat geser dilakukan menggunakan mesin uji universal dengan beban automatic 5kN dan crosshead speed 0.5 mm/menit. Hasil: Nilai rerata kuat rekat geser braket logam pada kelompok LED intensitas 1000, 1300 dan 3200 mW/cm2 secara berurutan adalah 9,33±2.12 MPa, 13,34±2.66 MPa, dan 9,82±2,13 MPa. Kelompok 2 (intensitas 1300 mW/cm2) memiliki nilai kuat rekat tertinggi dibandingkan kelompok lainnya. Uji statistik menunjukan terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara nilai kuat rekat geser braket logam pada LED intensitas 1300 mW/cm2 dengan intensitas 1000 mW/cm2 dan 3200 mW/cm2. Rendahnya nilai kuat rekat geser pada kelompok 3 (intensitas 3200 mW/cm2) pada penelitian ini disebabkan oleh kurangnya pemeliharaan light-curing unit yang digunakan sehingga mempengaruhi output intensitas cahaya. Kesimpulan: Teknik transiluminasi dengan kombinasi arah penyinaran merupakan teknik penyinaran yang efektif dan dapat diterima secara klinis pada prosedur bonding braket premolar. Ketiga intensitas yang digunakan memenuhi nilai kuat geser klinis sehingga klinisi dapat menggunakan ketiga pilihan intensitas LED tersebut. Pemeriksaan dan perawatan berkala pada light-curing unit diperlukan untuk menjaga kualitas dari perangkat yang digunakan.

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Introduction: Transillumination is an alternative technique to light-curing the posterior segment of the tooth which is considered to have limited access and vision in bracket bonding procedure. However, the effectiveness of this technique is still arguable. There is still no standardization regarding the curing direction, times and light intensity of the curing unit in the bonding bracket with the transillumination technique. This study aims to determine the differences of shear bond strength of orthodontic stainless steel braket using transillumination technique with various LED curing intensity in posterior teeth.

Methods: Twenty four premolars were divided into 3 groups using a LED curing unit with various light intensity of 1000, 1300 and 3200 mW/cm2. The curing time was adjusted to the technical instructions of the curing unit. The curing direction was performed from the occlusal and lingual surface of the premolars in all groups. The specimens were placed in distilled water after bonding and then stored in an incubator at 37°C for 24 hours prior to testing. The shear bond strength test was carried out with an universal testing machine at an automatic load 5kN and crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min.

Results: The average value of the shear bond strength of stainless steel brackets in the LED groups with intensities of 1000, 1300 and 3200 mW/cm2 respectively were 9.33±2.12 MPa, 13.34±2.66 MPa, and 9.82±2.13 MPa. The group 2 (intensity of 1300 mW/cm2) had the highest shear bond strength value compared to other groups. There was a significant difference statistically between the shear bond strength of stainless steel brackets on LED intensity of 1300 mW/cm2 with an intensity of 1000 mW/cm2 and 3200 mW/cm2. The lower shear bond strength value of the group 3 (intensity of 3200 mW/cm2) in this study occured due to the lack of maintenance of the curing unit used which affects the light intensity output.

Conslusion: The transillumination technique with a combination of curing directions from occlusal and lingual surface of posterior teeth is an effective and clinically acceptable light curing technique for orthodontic bracket bonding procedures. The three light intensities of LED curing unit used meet the clinical shear bond strength values, therefore clinicians can use all the options above. Regular inspection and maintenance of the light-curing unit is necessary to maintain the quality of the device used."

"Latar Belakang: Ekspresi penuh dari preskripsi torque bracket dipengaruhi oleh faktor yang berkaitan dengan bracket, kawat, torque play, dan faktor klinis. Hingga saat ini belum ada penelitian yang membandingkan kemampuan ekspresi torque antara berbagai ukuran kawat pada penggunaan bracket passive self-ligating (PSL) dan konvensional melalui simulasi finite element, serta menganalisis interaksi dari faktor-faktor tersebut, sekaligus memberikan gambaran pergerakan gigi dan respon jaringan periodontal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur besar torque play dan menganalisis pola perpindahan inisial gigi, serta distribusi stress antara berbagai ukuran kawat pada penggunaan bracket PSL dan konvensional melalui simulasi finite element. Metode: Model 3D dikonstruksi dengan skenario kasus yang membutuhkan pencabutan premolar pertama dan retraksi masse gigi anterior maksila, menggunakan penjangkaran temporary anchorage device dan gaya retraksi 150 g. Simulasi finite element dilakukan untuk mengukur torque play antara penggunaan kawat stainless steel 0.016 x 0.022", 0.017 x 0.025" dan 0.019 x 0.025", serta mengukur perpindahan inisial pada tepi insisal dan apeks akar insisif sentral maksila, serta distribusi stress pada PDL dan tulang alveolar antara penggunaan ketiga ukuran kawat pada kedua jenis bracket. Hasil: Pada penggunaan kawat 0.019 x 0.025", 0.017 x 0.025", dan 0.016 x 0.022" didapatkan torque play sebesar 7.6º, 11.6º, dan 18.7º untuk bracket PSL, dan 9.5º, 14º, dan 18º untuk bracket konvensional. Retraksi dan ekstrusi tepi insisal terbesar dihasilkan oleh kawat 0.016 x 0.022", sedangkan perpindahan palatal dari apeks terbesar dihasilkan oleh kawat 0.019 x 0.025". Konsentrasi stress terbesar terletak pada area 1/3 servikal pada sisi palatal dan 1/3 apikal pada sisi labial, yang menunjukkan pola perpindahan uprighting atau lingual crown tipping. Penggunaan kawat dengan diameter terbesar dan bracket konvensional menghasilkan stress terbesar pula.Kesimpulan: Torque play antara kawat dan bracket berbanding terbalik dengan ukuran kawat. Besarnya lingual crown tipping berbanding lurus terhadap torque play antara kawat dan bracket, dan dikonfirmasi oleh pola distribusi stress di PDL dan tulang alveolar. Kendali torque yang paling baik didapatkan oleh penggunaan kawat stainless steel 0.019 x 0.025". Perbedaan metode ligasi dan geometri bracket konvensional dan PSL kemungkinan menyebabkan adanya perbedaan besar moment yang dihasilkan.

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Introduction: The full expression of torque prescription of a bracket is influenced by bracket-related factors, wire-related factors, torque play and clinical factors. Finite element analysis (FEA) could be utilized to deepen our understanding and study the interaction between these factors, as well as to produce a simulation of the predicted tooth movement and tissue response. This study aims to measure the amount of torque play, and to analyse the pattern of initial tooth displacement, among different wire sizes and between passive self-ligating and conventional brackets using FEA.

Methods: A 3D model was constructed simulating a case which required first premolar extractions and en masse anterior retraction using temporary anchorage device and 150 g of retraction force on each side. Finite element simulation was performed to measure torque play, to investigate the pattern of initial tooth displacement at the incisal tip and of apex of the central maxillary incisor, as well as to analyse the pattern of stress distribution at the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone, among different stainless steel wire diameters (0.016 x 0.022", 0.017 x 0.025" and 0.019 x 0.025") and between PSL and conventional brackets.

Results: The use of 0.019 x 0.025", 0.017 x 0.025", and 0.016 x 0.022" wires on PSL brackets produced a torque play of 7.6º, 11.6º, and 18.7º, respectively. While the use of the same wire sizes on conventional brackets produced a play of 9.5º, 14º, dan 18º, respectively. The use of 0.016 x 0.022 produced the farthest retraction and extrusion of the incisal tip. However, the greatest apex retraction was produced when 0.019 x 0.025" was used. The largest stress concentration was observed at the 1/3 cervical area on the palatal side and at the 1/3 apical area on the labial side. This shows that there is a pattern of uprighting or lingual crown tipping of the teeth. The use of 0.019 x 0.025" and conventional brackets yielded the greatest amount of stress on the PDL and alveolar bone.

Conclusion: The degree of torque play between wire and bracket was inversely proportional to the wire size, and the amount of lingual crown tipping was directly proportional to the degree of play. This pattern of tooth movement was confirmed by the pattern of stress distribution on the PDL and alveolar bone. Torque expression was better achieved using the 0.019 x 0.025" wire. Differences in the geometry and method of ligation between PSL and conventional brackets possibly generated different force magnitudes."