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Abstrak :
Disfungsi dasar panggul disebabkan tersering oleh trauma otot dasar panggul persalinan. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) adalah serum darah yang disertifugasi sehingga mengandung konsentrasi platelet dan growth factors yang tinggi. Terapi PRP mudah dilakukan dan aman untuk proses regenerasi trauma otot levator ani pascasalin. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran PRP dalam mendukung pemulihan trauma otot dasar panggul pascasalin. Studi prospektif, penyamaran tunggal, uji acak terkendali merupakan studi yang melibatkan wanita hamil anak pertama, dilakukan di kamar bersalin di Rumah Sakit tempat rujukan berjenjang, Puskesmas Lingkungan Suku Dinas, dan praktik bidan mandiri. Subjek diinjeksi dengan PRP autologus atau plasebo pada otot levator ani selama perineorafi pascasalin. Pemeriksaan utrasonografi transperienal dan perineometri dilakukan untuk menilai luas hiatus genital dan kekuatan otot levator ani pada kehamilan trimester 3, 40 hari pascasalin, dan 3 bulan pascasalin. Uji Mann-Whitney dan Wilcoxon signed-rank digunakan untuk analisis. Dari total 116 subejk, 58 subjek memenuhi syarat untuk analisis. Penurunan kekuatan otot pada 3 bulan pascasalin bermakna secara statistik dari 41.45 (Interquartile Range, IQR = 18.05) menjadi 30.88 (IQR = 18.33) cmH2O pada kelompok kontrol, namun pada kelompok intervensi penurunan dari 37.45 (IQR = 13.89) menjadi 35.83 (IQR = 18.81) cmH2O (uji Wilcoxon, p = 0.001 vs p = 0.29). Sub-kelompok kasus ballooning menunjukkan peningkatan luas hiatus genital pada kelompok intervensi dari 26/59 (IQR = 7.53) menjadi 20.25 (IQR = 8.47) cm2, secara kontras terjadi perburukan pada kelompok kontrol dari 22.45 (IQR = 6.59) menjadi 26.8 (IQR = 7.16) cm2 (uji Wilcoxon, p = 0.047 vs p = 0.508). Selain itu, secara bermakna kekuatan otot levator ani menurun dari 47.1(IQR = 24.9) menjadi 34.7 (IQR = 33.8) cmH2O pada kelompok kontrol dibandingkan dengan kelompok intervensi yang mengalami penurunan dari 38.5 (IQR=17.2) menjadi 35.45 (IQR = 16.3) cmH2O (uji Wilcoxon, p = 0.038 vs p = 0.878). Simpulan: Platelet rich plasma dapat menjadi terapi alternatif menjanjikan untuk trauma mikro atau ballooning otot dasar panggul pada wanita pascasalin anak pertama. ......Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is mostly caused by childbirth pelvic floor muscle trauma. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is centrifugated blood which contains concentrated platelets and high level of growth factors. PRP can be a feasible and safe therapy for post-partum levator ani muscle trauma regeneration process. This study aims to explore the role of PRP in supporting pelvic floor muscle recovery after childbirth trauma. A prospective, single blind, randomized control trial was enrolling primigravid women at 21 health facilities in Jakarta, Indonesia, from November 2016 to July 2019. Subjects were injected with autologous PRP or placebo at levator anal muscles (LAM) during perineorraphy after childbirth. Transperineal ultrasound and perineometry was used to asses the levator hiatal area and LAM strength at third trimester of pregnancy,40 days post-partum and three months post-partum. Mann- Whitney U-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to analyze. Among 116 primigravid women, 58 women were eligible for analysis. Muscle strength reduction three months after childbirth was found statistically significant from 41.45 (Interquartile Range, IQR = 18.05) to 30.88 (IQR = 18.33) cmH2O in control group, not in intervention group which reduction only from 37.45 (IQR = 13.89) to 35.83 (IQR = 18.81) cmH2O (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.001 vs p = 0.29). In ballooning subgroup case analysis showed hiatal area improvement in intervention group from 26.59 (IQR = 7.53) to 20.25 (IQR = 8.47) cm2, in contrast with worsening in control group from 22.45 (IQR = 6.59) to 26.8 (IQR = 7.16) cm2 (Wilcoxon test, p= 0.047 vs p = 0.508). Also, significant LAM strength reduction was also found from 47.1 (IQR = 24.9) to 34.7 (IQR = 33.8) cmH2O in control group compared to intervention group which only from 38.5 (IQR = 17.2) to 35.45 (IQR = 16.3) cmH2O (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.038 vs p = 0.878). Conclusion: Platelet rich plasma can be a promising alternative therapy for micro trauma or ballooning of pelvic muscle injury in primiparous women.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Prolaps uteri merupakan kondisi yang sering dialami oleh perempuan dan dapat menurunkan kualitas hidup. Penyebab prolaps uteri multifaktorial, pada umumnya berupa faktor klinis.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya variasi gen berupa mutasi gen HOXA11 dan COL3A1 pada penderita prolaps uteri, mengetahui adanya perbedaan ekspresi protein HOXA11, COL3A1, COL1A1, MMP2, MMP9, TIMP, dan p53 pada penderita prolaps uteri dibandingkan pada perempuan tanpa prolaps uteri, serta mengetahui faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan prolaps uteri.Studi potong lintang ini melibatkan 22 pasien prolaps uteri dan 22 tanpa prolaps uteri mulai Juni 2016 sampai Februari 2017 di RSUP dr. Kariadi Semarang. Dilakukan pencatatan data karakteristik berupa usia, paritas, IMT dan berat lahir bayi. Dilakukan pemeriksaan sekuens DNA gen HOXA11 dan Col3A1, pemeriksaan imunohistokimia pada ligamentum sakrouterina untuk menilai ekspresi protein HOXA11, COL1A1, Col3A1, MMP2, MMP9, TIMP, dan p53 pada perempuan menopause dengan prolaps uteri dan tanpa prolaps uteri.Tidak didapatkan variasi berupa mutasi gen HOXA11 pada perempuan dengan prolaps uteri sepanjang fragmen yang digunakan untuk sekuensing DNA. Didapatkan mutasi pada gen COL3A1 pada 10 pasien dengan prolaps uteri dan 6 pasien tanpa prolaps uteri p = 0,719 sepanjang fragmen yang digunakan untuk sekuensing DNA. Ekspresi protein COL1A1, MMP-9 dan p53 lebih tinggi pada kelompok prolaps p < 0,05 . Rerata usia, rerata paritas dan rerata berat lahir bayi, berbeda secara uji statistik pada kedua kelompok.Pada fragmen yang diperiksa tidak didapatkan mutasi gen HOXA11, namun didapatkan mutasi gen COL3A1 pada penderita prolaps maupun perempuan tanpa prolaps uteri. Tampak adanya faktor internal yang berperan untuk terjadinya prolaps uteri selain berbagai faktor risiko klinis. Faktor eksternal berupa usia, berat bayi lahir, dan paritas memiliki hubungan dengan prolaps uteri. Kata kunci: COL1A1, COL3A1, faktor klinis, HOXA11, menopause, MMP2, MMP9, mutasi gen, p53, prolaps uteri, TIMP.

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ABSTRACT
Uterine prolapse is a condition that decreases the quality of life of women. Multiple factors, mostly clinical, affect the course of uterine prolapse.The aims of the study were to investigate the genetic variation in the form of HOXA11 and Col3a2 gene mutations in women with uterine prolapse. This study also aimed to investigate different expression of HOXA11, COL3A1, COL1A1, MMP2, MMP9, TIMP, and p53 proteins in women with and without uterine prolapse, and to understand risk factors associated with uterine prolapse.A total of 44 women were enrolled in this cross sectional study, 22 of which with uterine prolapse and 22 others without uterine prolapse. This study was conducted between June 2016 and February 2017 in RSUP dr Kariadi, Semarang. demographic data including age, parity, BMI, and birth weight were recorded. HOXA11 and COL3A1 gene sequencing, immunohistochemistry testing of uterosacral ligament were conducted to assess HOXA11, COL1A1, COL3A1, MMP2, MMP9, TIMP, and p53 protein expressions.A mutation in COL3A1 gene along the fragment used in DNA sequencing was found among 10 women with uterine prolapse and 6 women without uterine prolapse although this did not reach statistical significance p .719 . No genetic variation in the form of HOXA11 gene mutation was found in women with uterine prolapse. Higher expression of COL1A1, MMP 9 and p53 proteins were found in prolapse group p .05 . The average of age, parity, and birth weight in two groups were statistically different.Only the COL3A1 gene mutation was detected in women with and without uterine prolapse. Beside, various clinical factors, it was confirmed that some internal factors also play important role in the course of uterine prolapse. Examples of external factors are age, birth weight, and parity. Key word COL1A1, COL3A1, clinical factors, gen mutation, HOXA11, menopause, MMP2, MMP9, p53, TIMP, uterine prolapse.

Abstrak :
Disfungsi dasar panggul adalah komplikasi persalinan per vaginam dengan manifestasi utama prolaps organ panggul (POP), inkontinensia urin dan inkontinensia fekal sehingga menurunkan kualitas hidup. Diduga terdapat peran jaringan ikat kolagen dan elastin, namun biopsi berulang memiliki risiko perdarahan, nyeri serta infeksi. Oleh karena itu, dipikirkan produk metabolitkolagen dan elastin serum untuk mewakili kadar kolagen dan elastin di jaringan penunjang dasar panggul. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan penanda serum produk metabolit kolagen dan elastin untuk memprediksi disfungsi dasar panggul setelah persalinan per vaginam. Penelitian tahap pertama menggunakan desain prospektif kohort satu sisi untuk mengukur angka kejadian disfungsi dasar panggul 3 bulan setelah persalinan. Penelitian dilakukan di Poliklinik Obstetri Departemen Obstetri dan Ginekologi FKUI/RSUPN dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo dan Puskesmas di lingkungan DKI Jakarta, selama periode Januari 2015 sampai Juli 2019. Tahap kedua menggunakan desain nested case control untuk menganalisis hubungan penanda serum kolagen dan elastin serta aktivitas MMP-9 pada kehamilan dan setelah persalinan dengan disfungsi dasar panggul. Penanda metabolit kolagen dan elastin (ICTP, desmosin), remodeling kolagen dan elastin (PINP, PIIINP, tropoelastin), serta MMP-9 diukur pada saat hamil, 24–48 jam, dan 6 minggu setelah persalinan. Tiga bulan setelah persalinan, inkontinensia urin, tekanan dan POP dinilai berdasarkan gejala, pemeriksaan POP-Q dan tes batuk. Data luaran sebelum dan sesudah persalinan dianalisis dengan uji t tidak berpasangan dan uji Mann Whitney. Dari 177 calon subjek, 4 subjek dieksklusi dan 113 subjek drop out. Dari 60 subjek yang diinklusi, 38 (63,3%) mengalami POP derajat 2 dan 25 subjek di antaranya (41,7%) mengalami sistokel derajat 2. Tidak ada perbedaan rerata seluruh marker degradasi dan sintesis kolagen 1,3 dan elastin serta MMP-9 antara kelompok POP dan kontrol. Analisis dilakukan dengan analisis kategorik menggunakan titik potong pada variabel yang memiliki AUC > 0.6. Pada hasil analisis bivariat prolaps organ panggul didapatkan hasil yang bermakna adalah yang memiliki nilai variabel p < 0,05 yaitu PINP setelah persalinan dan ICTP setelah persalinan. Setelah itu, dilakukan analisis multivariat dengan mengambil nilai variabel p < 0,25 ditemukan pada biomarker PINP setelah persalinan 106,9 dengan RR = 1,76 (95%CI: 1,14–3,00). Pada hasil analisis bivariat sistokel didapatkan hasil yang bermakna adalah yang memiliki nilai variabel p < 0,05 yaitu PINP kehamilan dan PINP setelah persalinan. Setelah itu, dilakukan analisis multivariat sistokel dengan menggambil nilai variabel p < 0.25 yaitu ditemukan biomarker PINP setelah persalinan 106,9 dengan RR = 2,53 (95%CI: 1,05–6,09). ......Pelvic floor dysfunction is a complication of vaginal delivery with the main manifestations of pelvic organ prolapse (POP), urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence, thereby reducing quality of life. It is suspected that there is a role for collagen and elastin connective tissue, but repeated biopsies carry the risk of bleeding, pain and infection. Therefore, it was considered the metabolic products of serum collagen and elastin to represent the levels of collagen and elastin in the pelvic floor supporting tissues. The aim of this study was to obtain serum markers of collagen and elastin metabolism products to predict pelvic floor dysfunction after vaginal delivery. The first phase of the study used a one-sided prospective cohort design to measure the incidence of pelvic floor dysfunction 3 months after delivery. The study was conducted at the Obstetrics Polyclinic, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, FKUI/RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo and Puskesmas in DKI Jakarta, during the period January 2015 to July 2019. The second phase used a nested case control design to analyze the relationship between serum collagen and elastin markers and MMP-9 activity in pregnancy and after delivery with pelvic floor dysfunction. Markers of collagen and elastin metabolism (ICTP, desmosin), collagen and elastin remodeling (PINP, PIIINP, tropoelastin), and MMP-9 were measured during pregnancy, 24–48 hours, and 6 weeks after delivery. Three months after delivery, urinary incontinence, pressure and POP were assessed on the basis of symptoms, POP-Q examination and cough test. The outcome data before and after delivery were analyzed by unpaired t test and Mann Whitney test. From 177 prospective subjects, 4 subjects were excluded and 113 subjects dropped out. Of the 60 included subjects, 38 (63.3%) had grade 2 POP and 25 (41.7%) had grade 2 cystocele. There was no difference in the mean of all markers of degradation and synthesis of collagen 1,3 and elastin and MMP-9 between the POP and control groups. The analysis was carried out by categorical analysis using cut points on variables that had AUC > 0.6. In the bivariate analysis of pelvic organ prolapse, significant results were obtained which had a variable value of p < 0.05, there were PINP after delivery and ICTP after delivery. After that, multivariate analysis was carried out by taking the variable value p < 0.25 it was found in PINP biomarkers after delivery ≥ 106.9 with RR = 1.76 (95% CI: 1,14–3,00). In the results of bivariate cystocele analysis, significant results were obtained which had a variable value of p < 0.05, there were PINP during pregnancy and PINP after delivery. After that, multivariate analysis of cystocele was carried out by taking the value of the variable p < 0.25, it was found in PINP biomarkers after delivery ≥ 106.9 with RR = 2.53 (95% CI: 1,05–6,09).

Abstrak :
Inkontinensia urin tekanan (IUT) merupakan kondisi bocornya urin saat tekanan intrabdominal meningkat. Tatalaksana konservatif seperti latihan kegel (LK) yang merupakan pilihan pertama dalam penanganan kasus IUT. Namun, terdapat hambatan seperti kepatuhan yang buruk serta ketidakmampuan pasien mengontraksikan otot panggul, ketika menjalani program LK sehingga mengalami kegagalan dan berlanjut pada tindakan operasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyusun buku panduan LK untuk membantu kepatuhan pasien dalam melakukan LK dan menganalisis luaran subjektif, klinis, kepatuhan, serta kekuatan kontraksi otot dasar panggul pada pasien yang berlatih LK selama 12 minggu. Penelitian ini memiliki desain eksplorasi sequential mixed-method research yang terdiri atas penelitian kualitatif dan penelitian kuantitatif. Penelitian kualitatif bertujuan menyusun buku panduan LK baku menggunakan tahapan analyze, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) dan penelitian kuantitatif mengujicobakan buku panduan LK tersebut dalam praktik klinis dan dievaluasi efektivitasnya dalam menangani IUT. Penelitian berlangsung sejak Agustus 2020 sampai September 2022, di berbagai rumah sakit seperti RS dr. CiptoMangunkusumo, RS Fatmawati, RSCM Kintani, RS Buah Hati Ciputat dan Pamulang, RS Prikasih, dan RS YPK Mandiri. Luaran yang dievaluasi pada penelitian kuantitatif adalah gejala subjektif yang diukur berdasarkan kuesioner IIQ-7 dan UDI-6, gejala klinis yang diukur berdasarkan 1-hour pad test, kekuatan otot dasar panggul dengan perineometer, dan kepatuhan pasien. Buku panduan LK berhasil disusun menggunakan metode ADDIE dan diujicobakan pada tahap penelitian kuantitatif. Subjek penelitian adalah 178 pasien IUT dari berbagai rumah sakit dan 148 berhasil mengikuti penelitian hingga selesai. Setelah 12 minggu LK terdapat perbaikan gejala subjektif, gejala klinis, dan kekuatan otot panggul yang bermakna. Tidak ada perbedaan gejala subjektif yang bermakna antara kelompok intervensi dan kontrol. Terdapat perbedaan gejala klinis, kekuatan otot dasar panggul, dan kepatuhan yang bermakna pada kelompok intervensi dan kontrol. Buku panduan LK yang berhasil disusun menggunakan metode ADDIE berhasil meningkatkan gejala subjektif, klinis, kekuatan otot panggul, dan kepatuhan pasien IUT dalam melakukan LK. Jika dibandingkan kontrol, pasien yang menggunakan buku panduan LK memiliki perbaikan gejala klinis, peningkatan kekuatan otot panggul, dan peningkatan kepatuhan yang bermakna. ......Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) is a condition in which urine leaks when intraabdominal pressure increases. Worldwide, many women have suffered from SUI. Conservative management, one of which is Pelvic Floor Muscle Training (PFMT), is the first choice in handling IUT cases. However, various obstacles, such as poor compliance and the inability of women to contract the pelvic muscles, are often encountered by women undergoing the PFMT program. They would be likely to fail and undergo surgery. This study aimed to create a PFMT Guidebook and evaluate the effectiveness in improving subjective, clinical, compliance, and pelvic floor muscle contraction of SUI women after twelve weeks. This study was an exploratory sequential mixed-method research design consisting of qualitative and quantitative research. This qualitative study aims to compile a standardized PFMT guidebook using the ADDIE stage and quantitative research to test the PFMT guidebook in clinical practice and evaluate its effectiveness in dealing with SUI. This process took place from August 2020 untill September 2022 in various hospital centers such as CiptoMangunkusumo Hospital, Fatmawati Hospital, Kintani RSCM, Buah Hati Pamulang and Ciputat Hospitals, Prikasih Hospital, and YPK Mandiri Hospital. The outcomes evaluated in this quantitative study were subjective symptoms measured by the IIQ-7 and UDI-6 questionnaires, clinical symptoms measured by the 1-hour pad test, pelvic floor muscle strength using a perineometer, and patient compliance. ADDIE method helped us to create a PFMT guidebook. There were 178 SUI women from various hospitals recruited. 148 of them successfully followed this study to completion. After 12 weeks of PFMT, compared to the control group, there was no difference in clinical symptoms. There were significant differences in clinical symptoms, pelvic floor muscle strength, and adherence between the intervention and study groups. The PFMT guidebook created using the ADDIE method improved subjective, clinical symptoms, pelvic muscle strength, and SUI patient compliance in performing PFMT. Compared with controls, patients who used the PFMT manual significantly improved clinical symptoms, increased pelvic muscle strength, and increased compliance.