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"Latar Belakang: Hipertensi merupakan salah satu faktor risiko kejadian penyakit kardiovaskular. Hipertensi pada remaja dapat terus berlanjut pada usia dewasa dan menyebabkan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang lebih tinggi. Faktor risiko hipertensi pada remaja multifaktorial. Tujuan: Mengetahui prevalens dan faktor yang memengaruhi kejadian hipertensi pada remaja siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) di Jakarta Pusat. Metode: Studi potong lintang pada 313 anak usia 12-18 tahun siswa SMP. Data riwayat hipertensi dalam keluarga, ras/suku, berat lahir, aktifitas fisis, merokok dan konsumsi alkohol diperoleh dari kuesioner. Pada subjek penelitian juga dilakukan pemeriksaan berat badan, tinggi badan dan tekanan darah. Kriteria hipertensi berdasarkan The Fourth Report of National High Blood Pressure Education Programme Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescent. Hasil: Di antara 313 remaja dengan rerata usia 13,97±1,02 tahun, prevalens hipertensi adalah sebesar 9,6%. Pada analisis bivariat didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara riwayat hipertensi dalam keluarga (ayah hipertensi; p = 0,012, IK 95% = 1,20-6,02) dan berat badan lebih/obesitas (p<0,001; IK 95% = 2,99-14,42) dengan hipertensi. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa berat badan lebih/obesitas mempunyai risiko enam kali mengalami hipertensi dibandingkan remaja dengan berat badan normal. (OR = 6,5; IK 95% = 2,99-14,43). Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara jenis kelamin, berat lahir rendah, ras/suku, aktivitas fisis, dan merokok dengan hipertensi. Simpulan: Prevalens hipertensi pada remaja dalam penelitian ini cukup tinggi. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara riwayat hipertensi dalam keluarga dan berat badan lebih/obesitas dengan hipertensi. Pencegahan berat badan lebih atau obesitas diharapkandapat menurunkan prevalens hipertensi pada remaja.

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Background: Hypertension in adolescent has been often associated with other cardiovascular risk factors. Contributing factors of hypertension in adolescent are multifactorial.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of hypertension in Junior High School adolescents in Central Jakarta and its potentially associated factors, such as gender, family history of hypertension, race/ethnic, low birth weight, overweight/obesity, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

Methods: A cross sectional study involved 313 children aged 12-18 years, where were randomly selected from Junior High Schools in Central Jakarta, during March – May 2014. Information about family history, race/ethnic, birth weight, physical activity levels, smoking and consumption of alcohol was gathered by questionnaire. Body weigth, heigth and blood pressure were measured. Hypertension was defined according to The Fourth Report of National High Blood Pressure Education Programme Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescent.

Results: The study included 313 adolescents with mean age 13.97±1.02 years. Prevalence of hypertension was 9.6%. Bivariate analysis showed that family history of hypertension (parental hypertension; p = 0.012; CI 95% = 1.20-6.02) and overweight/obesity (p<0.001; CI 95% = 2.99-14.42) were significantly associated with hypertension. The multivariate analysis indicated that overweight/obese adolescents displayed six times more chance of having hypertension than adolescents with light/normal weight (OR = 6.5; CI 95% = 2.99-14.43). Gender, low birth weight, race/ethnic, physical activity, and smoking were not significantly associated with hypertension.

Conclusions: The prevalence of hypertension in the sample studied was high. Overweight/obesity and family history of hypertension were significantly associated with hypertension. The prevention of overweight and obesity can decrease the prevalence of hypertension."

"Latar belakang: Tuberkulosis (TB) adalah penyakti menular yang disebabkan oleh organisme Mycobacterium Tuberkulosis (MTB). Tuberkulosis menempati peringkat pertama penyebab kematian yang disebabkan oleh infeksi tunggal. Penegakan diagnosis TB sulit pada anak karena tidak ada gejala yang spesifik dan khas terhadap TB, disertai dengan sulitnya mengambil sampel untuk pemeriksaan baku emas dan sifat paucibacillary dari organisme MTB. World Health Organization (WHO) tahun 2022 dan Kementrian Kesehatan RI pada tahun 2023 mengeluarkan pedoman untuk membantu tenaga medis menegakkan diagnosis TB pada anak. Sampai saat ini belum ada penelitian yang menilai akurasi keduanya. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian yang menilai akurasi diagnosis kedua alur tersebut.Tujuan: Mengetahui sensitivitas, spesifisitas dan akurasi alur diagnosis TB berdasarkan WHO 2022 dan Kemenkes 2023 terhadap baku emas GenXpert. Metode: Penelitian merupakan uji diagnostik dengan data sekunder yang melibatkan anak berusia 0-18 tahun dengan tersangka TB yang berobat ke RSCM pada 1 Januari 2023-1 Januari 2024. Gambaran klinis, hasil pemeriksaan penunjang dan diagnosis akhir dicatat. Uji diagnostik dilakukan dengan membandingkan hasil akhir diagnosis berdasarkan alur WHO 2022 dan Kemenkes 2023 dengan baku emas pemeriksaan GenXpert. Hasil pemeriksaan dianalisis statistik dengan SPSS 25. Hasil: Penelitian melibatkan 290 pasien dengan tersangka TB. Dari 132 pasien (45,5%) yang mendapatkan pengobatan TB, hanya 46 pasien (15,9%) yang memiliki hasil GenXpert positif. Didapatkan sensitivitas alur WHO 2022 dan Kemenkes 2023 dibandingkan dengan GenXpert masing-masing adalah 76,09% dan 58,7%. Sedangkan spesifistasnya sebesar 69,93% dan 77,05%. Alur Kemenkes 2023 memiliki PPV, PLR, NLR, dan akurasi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan WHO 2022.Kesimpulan: Alur diagnosis TB berdasarkan Kemenkes 2023 memiliki spesifisitas dan akurasi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan WHO 2022 dalam menegakkan diagnosis TB pada anak. Alur diagnosis TB berdasarkan Kemenkes 2023 dapat digunakan sebagai pilihan alur untuk menegakkan TB pada anak.

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Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) organism. TB ranks first among the causes of death due to a single infection. Diagnosing TB in children is challenging because there are no specific and distinctive symptoms of TB, along with the difficulty in obtaining samples for gold standard tests and the paucibacillary nature of the MTB organism. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2022 and the Indonesian Ministry of Health (Kemenkes) in 2023 issued guidelines to assist healthcare professionals in diagnosing TB in children. To date, there has been no research assessing the accuracy of both guidelines. Therefore, research is needed to assess the accuracy of diagnosis in both pathways.

Objective: To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of TB diagnosis pathways based on WHO 2022 and Kemenkes 2023 guidelines compared to the gold standard GenXpert test.

Methods: The study is a diagnostic test involving secondary data of children aged 0-18 years suspected of TB and treated at RSCM from January 2023 to December 2023. Clinical descriptions, results of supporting examinations, and final diagnoses were recorded. The diagnostic test was conducted by comparing the final diagnosis results based on the WHO 2022 and Kemenkes 2023 pathways with the gold standard GenXpert test. The examination results were statistically analyzed using SPSS 25.

Results: The study involved 290 patients suspected of TB. Out of 132 patients (45.5%) who received TB treatment, only 46 patients (15.9%) had positive GenXpert results. The sensitivity of the WHO 2022 and Kemenkes 2023 guidelines compared to GenXpert was 76.09% and 58.7%, respectively. Meanwhile, the specificity was 69.93% and 77.05%, respectively. The Kemenkes 2023 pathway had higher PPV, PLR, NLR, and accuracy compared to WHO 2022.

Conclusion: The TB diagnosis guideline based on Kemenkes 2023 has better specificity and accuracy compared to WHO 2022 in diagnosing TB in children. The TB diagnosis guideline based on Kemenkes 2023 can be used as an option for diagnosing TB in children."