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"Metode paling efektif eliminasi E. faecalis adalah kombinasi NaOCl, EDTA, dan CHX.Namun penelitian menunjukkan presipitasi mengandung para-chloroaniline (PCA) akibat reaksi NaOCl dengan CHX.Oleh karena itu alexidine (ALX) diteliti sebagai alternatif irigan CHX Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan daya antibakteri ALX 2% dan CHX 2% terhadap biofilm E. faecalis.Biofilm E. faecalis ATCC 29212 pada membran selulosa nitrat dipapar ALX 2% dan CHX 2%.Sebelum tahap real-time PCR ditambahkan PMA (100 um). Jumlah bakteri hidup lebih rendah secara signifikan pada CHX 2% dibandingkan ALX 2% dan kontrol (P ≤ 0,05). Hasilnya dapat disimpulkan bahwa daya antibakteri ALX 2% lebih rendah dibandingkan CHX 2%.

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Most effective methods to eliminate E. faecalis is combination NaOCl, EDTA, and CHX. However studies reported formation para-chloroaniline (PCA) after a reaction of NaOCl and CHX. Therefore Alexidine was studied to be a possible replacement of CHX. Objective of this studies is to evaluate antibacterial efficacy of ALX 2% and CHX 2% against E. faecalis biofilm. Membrane cellulose nitrat containing biofilm E. faecalis ATCC 29212 transferred to each antimicrobial. Before qPCR, PMA was added (100 um). Significantly fewer live bacteria in 2% CHX than 2% ALX and control group (P ≤ 0.05). It was concluded that antibacterial effect ALX 2% is lower than 2% CHX against biofilm E. faecalis."

"Background: Recently, honey has been widely used as a sweetener. Along with the people's awareness to control the intake of calorie, the consumption of lowcalorie sweetener is increasing as well. How much these sweeteners contribute to caries process, however, are still unknown. Objective: To compare the changes of viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva after consuming water containing honey and low calorie sweetener. Method: Each research subject aged 20-22 years old was asked to consume 150 ml water that contained 17 grams of honey or 2,5 grams of low-calorie sweetener in different day, and waited for 10 minutes before conducting the viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva?s test. Results: The data was analyzed by Wilcoxon test with 0,05 level of significance. The results obtained were the significant decreases in values of viscosity and buffering capacity of saliva before and after consuming water containing honey and water containing low-calorie sweetener, significant decrease in pH value before and after consuming water containing honey, no significant decrease in pH value before and after consuming water containing low-calorie sweetener. In addition, there were no significant differences in values of viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity between the groups consuming water containing honey and low-calorie sweetener. Conclusion: There were significant differences in viscosity and buffering capacity of saliva before and after onsuming water containing honey and water containing low-calorie sweetener. Meanwhile, there was significant difference for the pH value before and after consuming water containing honey, while there was no significant difference for the pH value before and after consuming water containing low-calorie sweetener. However, there were no significant differences in viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva after consuming water containing honey and water containing low-calorie sweetener."

"Latar Belakang: Bahan pemanis yang biasa digunakan oleh masyarakat Indonesia adalah gula sukrosa. Namun belakangan ini madu juga mulai dikenal dan dijadikan sebagai bahan pemanis. Kandungan karbohidrat yang tinggi di dalam kedua bahan pemanis ini dianggap dapat mempengaruhi proses karies gigi. Dengan mengidentifikasi kualitas saliva, dapat diketahui pengaruh kedua bahan pemanis ini terhadap karies gigi.Tujuan: Membandingkan perubahan nilai viskositas, pH, dan kapasitas dapar saliva setelah konsumsi air madu dan air gula sukrosa.Metode: Tiga puluh orang subyek yang berusia 20-22 tahun mengkonsumsi air madu dan air gula sukrosa pada hari yang berbeda, masingmasing sebanyak 150 ml. Subyek menunggu selama 10 menit sebelum dilakukan uji viskositas, pH, dan kapasitas dapar saliva.Hasil Penelitian: Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Wilcoxon dengan tingkat kemaknaan p = 0,05. Setelah mengkonsumsi air madu dan air gula sukrosa, terjadi penurunan nilai viskositas, pH, dan kapasitas dapar saliva. Tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada perbandingan nilai uji viskositas, pH, dan kapasitas dapar saliva antara setelah mengkonsumsi air madu dan setelah mengkonsumsi air gula sukrosa.Kesimpulan: Pada penelitian ini didapatkan adanya penurunan yang bermakna pada nilai viskositas, pH, dan kapasitas dapar saliva setelah mengkonsumsi air madu dan air gula sukrosa. Namun, pada perbandingan nilai viskositas, pH, dan kapasitas dapar saliva setelah mengkonsumsi air madu dan setelah mengkonsumsi air gula sukrosa, tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna di antara keduanya.

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Background: Usually, the Indonesians use sugar as their main sweetener. But nowadays, honey also begins to be recognized and used as a sweetener too. Because of their high carbohydrate content, people assume that both of these sweeteners can influence the tooth caries process. By identifying the quality of saliva, we can get the information about the effects of these sweeteners in tooth caries process.Objective: To compare the changes of viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva after consuming water containing honey and water containing sugar.Method: Thirty subjects aged 20-22 years old consumed 150 ml of water containing honey and water containing sugar in different day. Subjects waited until 10 minutes before the researcher run the test of viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva.Results: The data was analyzed using Wilcoxon test with 0,05 as the level of significance. In this research, the result showed that the value of viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva decreased after consuming water containing honey and water containing sugar. But, there were no significant differences in viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva between consumption of water containing honey and water containing sugar.Conclusion: The value of viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva decreased significantly after consuming water containing honey and water containing sugar. However, the comparison between the values of viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity after consuming water containing honey and water containing sugar were not significant."

"Latar Belakang: Tolok ukur baik tidaknya adaptasi tepi restorasi adalah tidak adanya kebocoran pada perbatasan restorasi dan gigi Restorasi resin komposit dapat menimbulkan kebocoran mikro akibat kontraksi saat polimerisasi sehingga terdapat celah antara dinding kavitas dengan resin komposit Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan tingkat kebocoran mikro dinding restorasi kelas I antara antara RK bulk fill dengan aktivasi sonik bulk fill tanpa aktivasi sonik dan inkremental Metode: Kavitas kelas I dipreparasi pada dua puluh tujuh gigi premolar rahang atas kemudian dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok Kelompok pertama ditumpat dengan RK bulk fill dengan aktivasi sonik kelompok kedua dengan RK bulk fill tanpa aktivasi sonik dan kelompok ketiga dengan RK yang diletakkan secara inkremental Selanjutnya spesimen direndam dalam air distilasi selama 24 jam dan kemudian dilakukan uji thermocycling yang diikuti perendaman dalam biru metilen 1 selama 24 jam Gigi selanjutnya dibelah longitudinal dan dilakukan pengamatan menggunakan mikroskop stereo pembesaran 12x dan dinilai dalam skala ordinal 0 4 Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji Kolmogorov Smirnov Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik di antara tiga kelompok Kesimpulan Tidak ada satupun dari kelompok RK bulk fill dengan aktivasi sonik bulk fill tanpa aktivasi sonik dan yang diletakkan secara inkremental yang dapat menghilangkan kebocoran mikro pada preparasi kavitas kelas I

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Background: A good marginal adaptation of a restoration can be measured by the absence of microleakage at the interface area Resin composite undergo contraction during polymerization which may result in gap formation between the wall cavity and composite and resulting microleakage The purpose of this study is to analyze the microleakage of class I cavity preparations that were filled with sonic activated bulk fill resin composite bulk fill resin composite without sonic activation and composite that were filled incrementally

Methods: Standardized class I cavities were prepared on 27 extracted human upper premolars and randomly assigned to three groups The first group were filled with sonic activated bulk fill resin composite the second group were filled with bulk fill resin composite without sonic activation and the third group were filled incrementally The specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours and then subjected to thermocycling followed by immersion in 1 methylene blue dye for 24 hours The teeth were sectioned longitudinally and evaluated for microleakage under 12x magnification stereomicroscope and scored in ordinal scale 0 4 Statistical analysis was performed with the Kolmogorov Smirnov test

Results: There was no statistically significant difference among the three groups Conclusion None of the the techniques was capable of eliminating the microleakage in class I cavity preparations "

"Latar Belakang: Restorasi resin komposit masih memiliki kekurangan, yaitu terjadinya kebocoran mikro akibat kontraksi saat polimerisasi sehingga dapat menyebabkan kegagalan restorasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan tingkat kebocoran mikro dinding restorasi kelas I antara RK packable (RP) dan RK flowable dengan kandungan filer tinggi (RF). Metode: Kavitas kelas I dipreparasi pada tiga puluh dua gigi premolar kemudian dibagi menjadi dua kelompok. Kelompok pertama ditumpat dengan RP, kelompok kedua dengan RF, keduanya ditumpat secara inkremental. Selanjutnya spesimen dilakukan uji thermocycling dan diikuti perendaman dalam biru metilen 1% selama 24 jam. Gigi kemudian dibelah bukolingual dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop stereo pembesaran 14x dan dinilai dalam skala ordinal (0-4). Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Kelompok RP dan RF (p=0,699). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kebocoran mikro menggunakan RP maupun RF yang ditumpat secara inkremental. Namun secara substansi, RF menunjukkan kebocoran mikro lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan RP.

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Background: Composite resins undergo contraction during polymerization which may result in microleakage and leads to restoration failure. The purpose of this study is to analyze the microleakage of Class I restorations that were filled with packable composite (RP) and high filler flowable composite (RF) incrementally.

Methods: Standardized Class-I cavities were prepared on 32 extracted human premolars and randomly assigned into two groups. The first group were filled with RP and the second group were filled with RF. The specimens were subjected to thermocycling, followed by immersion in 1% methylene blue dye for 24 hours. The teeth were sectioned bucco-ligually and evaluated for microleakage under 14x magnification stereomicroscope and scored in ordinal scale (0-4). Statistical analysis was performed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

Results: There was no significant difference between group RP and RF (p=0.699).

Conclusion: There is no significance difference between microleakage by RP and RF. But substantially, RF provided less microleakage than RP."

"Latar Belakang: Kebocoran mikro dinding gingiva restorasi resin komposit proksimal sering terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan tingkat kebocoran mikro dinding gingiva antara RK flowable konvensional dan modifikasi dengan teknik precured dan cocured. Metode: 120 kavitas kelas II Black gigi premolar RA dibagi menjadi empat kelompok. Setelah dipreparasi berbentuk boks, kelompok 1 direstorasi dengan teknik precured (liner konvensional dan modifikasi), kelompok 2 dengan teknik cocured (liner konvensional dan modifikasi), kelompok 3 dengan liner RK flowable konvensional (teknik precured & cocured),dan kelompok 4 dengan liner RK flowable modifikasi (teknik precured & cocured). Pengukuran penetrasi zat warna biru metilen 1% dilakukan setelah thermocycling. Gigi kemudian dibelah mesiodistal dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop stereo 2 pembesaran 25x. Analisis data dengan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antarkelompok teknik satu dan dua dengan tingkat kebocoran teknik cocured lebih rendah (p= 0.047) dan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok tiga dan empat (p= 0.985). Kesimpulan: Teknik cocured memiliki tingkat kebocoran lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan teknik precured. Namun tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok dengan liner RK flowable konvensional dan modifikasi.

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Background: Microleakage of composite restoration in proximal often occurs on gingival wall. The purpose of this study to analyze the microleakage of gingival wall in composite restoration using technique cocured and precured with conventional and modification liner.

Methods: Standardized class II were prepared on 60 extracted human upper premolar mesial and distal into 4 groups. Within a box-like cavities, the first group is restored with precured technique (conventional & modification liner), second group is restored with cocured technique (conventional & modification liner), third group is restored with conventional liner (precured & cocured technique), and fourth group is restored with modification liner (precured & cocured technique). The specimens were subjected to thermocycling, followed by immersion in 1% methylene blue dye for 24 hours. The teeth were sectioned mesio-distally and evaluated for microleakage under 25x magnification steremicroscope and score in ordinal scale (0-3). Statistical analysis was performed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

Results: There was significant difference between first and second group, which is microleakage in second group lower than first (p= 0.047). There was no significant difference between third group and fourth (p= 0.985).

Conclusion: Cocured technique have lower microleakage than precured technique. But there is no significance difference between conventional liner group and modification liner."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Enterococcus Faecalis merupakan bakteri yang sering ditemukan pada kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. Hal ini berhubungan dengan sifat resistensi dari E.faecalis terhadap antibakteri. Klorheksidin 2 % merupakan bahan irigasi yang terbukti efektif dalam menghilangkan bakteri Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis), akan tetapi klorheksidin memiliki toksisitas terhadap sel tertentu. Teh hijau merupakan salah satu bahan alami yang banyak dikonsumsi di dunia termasuk di Indonesia. Ekstrak teh hijau terbukti memiliki daya antibakteri terhadap E.faecalis. Namun belum banyak penelitian yang meneliti daya antibakteri dari ekstrak teh hijau dan klorheksidin 2% terhadap E.faecalis dalam biofilm dengan menggunakan metode Real-time PCR. Tujuan: Membandingkan daya antibakteri ekstrak teh hijaudengan klorheksidin 2 % terhadapEnterococcus faecalisdalam biofilm. Metode: koloni E. faecalis ATCC 29212 di kumpulkan dengan loop dari biakan 1 malam E.faecalis di BHI agar, lalu dimasukkan kedalam 10 ml saline steril. Densitas dari suspensi di standarisasi dengan 0.5 McFarland untuk mendapatkan jumlah 10 8 CFU/ml. 50 μl suspensi bakteri diokulasi pada membran filter nitrat selulosa yang diletakkan pada permukaan agar lalu inkubasi selama 3 hari untuk membentuk biofilm, Larutanekstrak teh hijau, CHX 2 % dan kontrol dimasukkan kedalam tabung uji. biofilmE. faecalisdi membran nitrat selulosa dimasukkan ke dalam tabung uji dan paparkan masing masing bahan uji. Semua tabung lalu dimasukkan ke dalam inkubator dengan suhu 37 °C selama 10 menit. Kemudian dilakukan penghitungan jumlah E.faecalis yang hidup dengan menggunakan Real-time PCR.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermaknadiantara kelompok ekstrak teh hijau, klorheksidin 2 %,dan kontrol. Kesimpulan:Esktrak teh hijau memiliki daya antibakteri terhadap E.faecalis dalam biofilm, namun tidak seefektif klorheksidin 2%.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Enterococcus faecalis is most commonly isolated bacteria in failed root canal treatment. This is due with resistency of E. faecalis to antimicrobial agent. 2% chlorhexidin is proven to be effecive against Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis). However chlorhexidin is known to have toxicity againts several particular cells. Green tea is one of the most widely narutal comsumed beverage in the world, also in Indonesia. Green tea extract is proven to have antibacterial efficacy against E.faecalis,but not many research has investigated green tea extract and chlorhexidin 2% antibacterial efficacy againtsE.faecalis biofilm by using real-time PCR method. Aim. To compare antibacterial efficacy of green tea extract solution with chlorhexidin 2 % againts E.faecalis biofilm.Methods : E. faecalis ATCC 29212 colonies collected from overnight culture of bacterial grown on BHI agar plate. The density of the suspension was standardized by comparison with 0,5 Mcfarland Standar to give an approximate count of 108 CFU/ml. Aliquos (50μl) bacterial suspension were then inoculated on steril disks place on the surface of BHI agar and incubated at 37°C for 72 h aerobically. After 72 h of incubation, the discs were removed and transferred into 10 ml PBS to loose attached bacterial. Then the disks were transferred to 10 ml of green tea extract solution, chlorhexidin 2% and PBS steril as control then exposed for 10 minutes in an aerobic incubator at 37 °C.thenall living E. faecalis cells was quantified by using Real-time PCR methods.Results : There were significant differences statistically between green tea extract, chlorhexidin 2 % and control groups.Conclusion.Green tea extract was effective againts E.faecalis biofilm butnot as effective as chlorhexidin 2%., Background:Enterococcus faecalis is most commonly isolated bacteria in failed root canal treatment. This is due with resistency of E. faecalis to antimicrobial agent. 2% chlorhexidin is proven to be effecive against Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis). However chlorhexidin is known to have toxicity againts several particular cells. Green tea is one of the most widely narutal comsumed beverage in the world, also in Indonesia. Green tea extract is proven to have antibacterial efficacy against E.faecalis,but not many research has investigated green tea extract and chlorhexidin 2% antibacterial efficacy againtsE.faecalis biofilm by using real-time PCR method.Aim.To compare antibacterial efficacy of green tea extract solution with chlorhexidin 2 % againts E.faecalis biofilm.Methods :E. faecalis ATCC 29212 colonies collected from overnight culture of bacterial grown on BHI agar plate. The density of the suspension was standardized by comparison with 0,5 Mcfarland Standar to give an approximate count of 108 CFU/ml. Aliquos (50μl) bacterial suspension were then inoculated on steril disks place on the surface of BHI agar and incubated at 37°C for 72 h aerobically. After 72 h of incubation, the discs were removed and transferred into 10 ml PBS to loose attached bacterial. Then the disks were transferred to 10 ml of green tea extract solution, chlorhexidin 2% and PBS steril as control then exposed for 10 minutes in an aerobic incubator at 37 °C.thenall living E. faecalis cells was quantified by using Real-time PCR methods.Results. There were significant differences statistically between green tea extract, chlorhexidin 2 % and control groups.Conclusion.Green tea extract was effective againts E.faecalis biofilm butnot as effective as chlorhexidin 2%.]"