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Abstrak :
Injeksi PGE2 pada mukosa bukal bersamaan dengan tekanan ortodonti dapat mempercepat pergerakan gigi. Namun metode ini mempunyai kekurangan yaitu resorpsi tulang alveolar dan akar gigi yang besar serta rasa sakit. Gel digunakan sebagai media penghantar, menggantikan bentuk injeksi. Stabilitas PGE2 dalam gel, efek aplikasi gel PGE2 pada pergerakan gigi, konsentrasi RANKL pada GCF dan serum serta resorpsi tulang alveolar dan resorpsi akar gigi belum pernah diketahui. Penelitian ini eksperimental laboratorium in vitro untuk uji stabilitas gel PGE2 lyophillized dan in vivo pada Macaca fascicularis. Mukosa bukal kaninus kanan dioleskan gel PGE2, sedangkan kaninus kiri dioleskan gel tanpa PGE2, keduanya disertai tekanan ortodonti, pada awal, jam kedua dan keempat, selama dua menit. Pengolesan gel, pengukuran pergerakan gigi, pengambilan darah dan GCF, dilakukan setiap minggu. Macaca dieuthanasia, dinekropsi lalu dibuat sediaan histologi dan dievaluasi dengan TRAP. Gel PGE2 lyophillized tidak stabil, sehingga dibuat resenter paratus. Gel PGE2 dapat mempercepat pergerakan gigi 1,8 kali, RANKL dan resorpsi tulang alveolar lebih besar dari kontrol, serta resorpsi akar sama dengan kontrol. Gel PGE2 mempunyai prospek sebagai medikasi topikal untuk mempercepat pergerakan gigi ortodontik.

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The injection of PGE2 on buccal mucosa along with orthodontic force could accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. Nevertheless, this method also has adverse effects such as pain, over resorption of the alveolar bone and root structure. PGE2 gel to substitute the necessity of injection. Hence, the effect of PGE2 gel on the rate of tooth movement and RANKL concentration in GCF and blood serum also alveolar bone and root resorption is yet to be determined. This study was an experimental laboratory in vitro to know the stability of PGE2 gel lyophillized and in vivo in Macaca fascicularis. PGE2 gel was applied on buccal mucosa of right canine along with orthodontic force and non- PGE2 gel on left canine on beginning, second, and fourth hour each for two minutes. Gel application, tooth movement measurement, blood sample, and GCF were done every week. Macaca euthanized, and made histology ​​ and evaluated by TRAP. PGE2 gel was made resenter paratus due to instability. Results showed that PGE2 gel enhanced tooth movement 1.8 times, RANKL and alveolar bone resorption were greater than control and root resorption was similar to control. PGE2 gel had a good prospect as topical medication to enhance tooth movement in orthodontics.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Karies gigi masih menjadi masalah kesehatan gigi di Indonesia, sehingga pencegahan menjadi penting. Email gigi merupakan lapisan terluar gigi yang berperan dalam ketahanan gigi terhadap penyebab karies. Biji Kakao Sulawesi Tengah merupakan bahan alam hasil perkebunan unggulan Indonesia, mengandung senyawa alkaloid yang berpotensi meningkatkan ketahanan host email gigi . Penelitian ini merupakan studi biomimetika eksperimental laboratorik in vitro, yang mencakup identifikasi karakteristik senyawaan alkaloid biji kakao klon Sulawesi-1 S1 dan Sulawesi-2 S2 asal Sulawesi Tengah untuk mendapatkan prototype biomimetika, uji khasiat formula alkaloid pada email gigi berupa uji kekerasan email gigi, karakteristik permukaan dan kristal apatit email, serta uji karakteristik permukaan email setelah proses demineralisasi dan remineralisasi email gigi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawaan alkaloid klon biji kakao klon S1 dan S2 asal Sulawesi Tengah teridentifikasi mengandung Teobromin T , Teofilin TF dan Kafein K , dengan komposisi T : TF : K = 6 : 1 : 1 untuk S1 dan T : TF : K = 4 : 1 : 1 untuk S2. Formula alkaloid biomimik S1 lebih bermakna dalam meningkatkan kekerasan mikro email gigi dibandingkan S2. Formula alkaloid biomimik S1 dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik permukaan dan meningkatkan derajat kristalinitas apatit email gigi, serta berkhasiat terhadap remineralisasi email gigi. Dengan demikian alkaloid biji kakao Sulawesi Tengah dalam bentuk formula biomimik, berpotensi sebagai alternatif agen remineralisasi email gigi.

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ABSTRACT
Dental caries is still a major dental health problem in Indonesia, and preventive measures needs to be done to resolve it. The enamel is the outermost layer of teeth in which play a role in resistance to the cause of dental caries. Central Sulawesi cacao beans are natural materials featured Indonesian plantation crops, contains the alkaloid compounds that could potentially increase the resistance of the host the enamel . The research was a biomimetic study laboratory experiment in vitro, which covered identification of the characteristics of cacao beans s alkaloid compounds of clones Sulawesi 1 S1 and Sulawesi 2 S2 from Central Sulawesi, to obtain biomimetics prototype, to test the efficacy of the alkaloid formula to tooth enamel i.e. enamel microhardhess, surface and apatite crystal characteristics test, and also enamel surface characteristics test after demineralization and remineralization process of tooth enamel. The results of this research showed that the cacao beans s alkaloid compounds of clones S1 and S2 from Central Sulawesi contains Theobromine T , Theophylline TF and Caffeine K , with composition T TF K 6 1 1 for S1 and T TF K 4 1 1 for S2. The S1 biomimic alkaloid formula was more significant in increasing tooth enamel microhardness than S2. S1 biomimic alkaloid formula affected the characteristics of the surface and increased the degree of apatite crystallinity of tooth enamel, as well as efficacious against the remineralization of tooth enamel. Thus Central Sulawesi cacao beans alkaloid in the form of biomimic formula, have potential as an alternative remineralization agents of tooth enamel.

Abstrak :
Disertasi ini merupakan hasil penelitian eksperimental laboratorik yang mencakup: uji fitokimia ekstrak etanol H. sabdariffa L. yang bersifat antibakteri, uji penetapan parameter standar, uji KHM, KBM, zona hambat, uji toksisitas akut dan subkronis, uji sitotoksisitas terhadap sel epitel dan fibroblast serta uji efektivitas ekstrak H. sabdariffa L. terhadap S. sanguinis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol H. sabdariffa L. mengandung golongan senyawa antibakteri fenol, flavonoid, tanin dan saponin. Parameter standar dapat ditetapkan. Hasil KHM dan KBM 0,78%, dan zona hambat H. sabdariffa L. setara dengan klorheksidin. Ekstrak ini aman dan tidak toksik terhadap organ vital tikus pada uji toksisitas akut dan subkronis. Hasil MTT assay menunjukkan ekstrak tidak toksik terhadap sel epitel dan fibroblast. Hasil uji biofilm menunjukkan ekstrak H. sabdariffa L. dapat menurunkan potensi pertumbuhan S. sanguinis pada biofilm.

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This dissertation is the result of laboratory experimental study involving phytochemistry test from ethanol extract of H. sabdariffa L. and to detect the standard parameters, MIC, MBC test, and inhibition zone, the acute and subchronic toxicity tests and the epithelial and fibroblast cytotoxicity tests. The effectiveness of the H.sabdariffa L. extracts in suppression of the S. sanguinis were also measured. This was a quantitative with analytical design study. The result of this study showed that in the ethanol extract H. sabdariffa L. contained phenol, flavonoid, tannin and saponin compounds. These compounds are well known antibacterial compounds. The sensitivity tests showed that the MIC and MBC of H. sabdariffa L. was 0,78%, while the inhibition zone of H. sabdariffa L. was equivalent to chlorhexidine. The acute and subchronic toxicity tests showed that this compound was non-toxic. The MTT assay tests showed that the compound were not toxic to epithelial cell and fibroblast. The biofilm test showed that the extract of H. sabdariffa L.was a potent suppresor of S. sanguinis.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Kajian agen antikaries propolis Trigona spp. telah dilakukan dengan pendekatan analisis kimia dipandu dengan bioassay. Metode ekstraksi berbantuan gelombang mikro (MAE) paling efisien dibanding metode maserasi dan refluks. Profil kimia EEP menunjukkan komposisi kimia yang kompleks dan didominasi oleh komponen dengan kepolaran rendah. Fraksi kloroform merupakan fraksi potensial sebagai agen anti karies dengan karakteristik: MIC = 50 ? 100 g/ml, MBC = 400 ? 800 g/ml, adherence = 6,02% (penurunan sekitar 60% relatif terhadap media tanpa fraksi kloroform), dan dengan komposisi kimia didominasi oleh senyawa bernitrogen.

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ABSTRACT
Study of anticaries agents in propolis Trigona spp. has been done using bioassayguided chemical analysis approach. The microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was the most efficient compared to maceration and reflux methods. Chemical profile of EEP showed a complex chemical composition and dominated by low polarity components. The fraction of the chloroform has a potential as an anticaries agent with its characteristics as follows: MIC = 50 ? 100 g/ml, MBC = 400 ? 800 g/ml, adherence characteristic = 6.02% (approximately 60% decrease relative to the media without chloroform fraction) and its chemical composition dominated by nitrogenous compounds.