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Abstrak :
Padi yang dapat dibudidayakan di lahan kering diperlukan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan pangan. Analisis morfologis dan molekuler merupakan salah satu cara untuk mengetahui toleransi tanaman terhadap kekeringan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan varietas padi yang tahan kekeringan melalui analisis morfologis serta molekuler. Sampel yang digunakan terdiri dari INPARI 32, INPARI 42, Pare Bakato Kaka, dan Pare Lambem yang ditumbuhkan pada dua perlakuan yaitu kontrol dan kekeringan (germinasi pada PEG 6000 20% dan modifikasi penyiraman). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase perkecambahan, bobot radikula, dan rata-rata jumlah daun (35 HST) pada tiap varietas tergolong toleran, sementara itu untuk skor kelengkungan daun diketahui bahwa Pare Lambem menunjukkan kondisi daun yang tergolong agak peka (skor 5), sedangkan tiga varietas lain tergolong kategori toleran (skor 1). Data tinggi tanaman serta panjang daun pada 7 HST dan 35 HST menunjukkan pola hasil yang sama, yakni Pare Lambem berbeda signifikan pada perlakuan kontrol dan kekeringan berdasarkan uji t (kategori peka), sementara varietas lain termasuk kategori toleran. Berdasarkan tujuh parameter uji, diperoleh kategori toleransi total. Pare Lambem tergolong kategori agak toleran (42,8%), sedangkan varietas lain tergolong kategori toleran (85,7%). Hasil analisis molekuler menunjukkan bahwa fragmen OsDREB2A terdapat pada varietas uji serta memiliki homologi 100% dengan sekuens DREB2A dari kultivar Pokkali. Mutasi sekuens tidak ditemukan pada urutan nukleotida maupun asam amino dari sampel varietas uji terhadap spesies pembanding. Struktur protein pada sampel uji menunjukkan kemiripan dengan model protein dari kultivar Pokkali. Varietas Jawa (peka) menunjukkan perbedaan sekuens nukleotida, asam amino, dan struktur protein terhadap kultivar Pokkali dan sampel uji. ......Rice that can be grown in dry land is needed to increase food security. Morphological and molecular analysis are mechanisms to determine the drought tolerance level of plants. This study aims to determine drought-resistant rice varieties through morphological and molecular analysis. The samples used consisted of INPARI 32, INPARI 42, Pare Bakato Kaka, and Pare Lambem grown in two treatments (control and drought treatment (PEG 6000 20% and water modification)). The results showed that the percentage of germination, radicle weight, and the average number of leaves (35 DAP) in each variety belonged to the tolerant category, while for the leaf curvature scores, it was known that Pare Lambem showed a leaf condition that was classified as sensitive category (score 5), while the other three varieties belonged to the tolerant category (score 1). Data on plant height and leaf length at 7 DAP and 35 DAP showed the same yield pattern, namely Pare Lambem was significantly different in the control and drought treatment samples based on the t-test (sensitive category), while other varieties were in the tolerant category. Based on the seven test parameters, the total tolerance category was obtained. Pare Lambem was classified into the slightly tolerant category (42.8%), while other varieties were classified as tolerant (85.7%). The molecular analysis results showed the presence of OsDREB2A in all tested varieties also had 100% homology with DREB2A sequences from the Pokkali. Sequence mutations were not found in the nucleotide or amino acid sequences of the tested samples against the comparison species. The protein structures of the tested samples showed similarities to the protein model of the Pokkali cultivar. The Java variety (sensitive) showed differences in nucleotide sequences, amino acids, and protein structure against Pokkali and tested samples.

Abstrak :

Padi (Oryza sativa L.) merupakan tanaman penghasil beras yang menjadi bahan makanan pokok penduduk dunia khususnya di Indonesia. Perluasan lahan pertanian masih perlu dilakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan beras. Kendala utama pada lahan sawah yang baru dibuka adalah tingginya konsentrasi FeSO₄ terlarut. Oleh karena itu diperlukan varietas padi yang tahan terhadap kondisi cekaman FeSO₄ secara karakter agronomi dan molekulernya. Karakter agronomi yang dilihat berupa tinggi tanaman, skor leaf bronzing dan jumlah gabah per malai, sedangkan pada molekulernya dilihat ekspresi gen OsFER1 untuk mengetahui varietas yang tahan terhadap cekaman besi. Penelitian dilakukan sejak Agustus 2021 – Juni 2022 di Rumah Kaca dan Laboratorium Instrumentasi Terpadu Departemen Biologi FMIPA Biologi Universitas Indonesia. Konsentrasi FeSO₄ yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 0 dan 400 ppm dengan menggunakan enam varietas padi sawah yaitu Ciherang, Inpari 42, Inpari 30, Sunggal, Logawa dan Cibogo. Untuk uji molekuler digunakan gen alfa-tubulin sebagai (TUB) sebagai gen referensi untuk normalisasi kuantitas cDNA dari gen feritin di masing-masing varietas padi. Hasil pengamatan fase vegetatif, varietas Ciherang memiliki viabilitas tertinggi yaitu 77,2%. Rata-rata pertumbuhan tanaman terbaik untuk tanaman kontrol adalah Ciherang (6,805 cm ± 2,708), sedangkan untuk perlakuan 400 ppm, FeSO4 adalah Inpari 30 (4,03 cm ± 1,183). Tinggi tanaman kontrol terbaik adalah Ciherang (68,116 cm ± 0,685), dan pada perlakuan 400 ppm FeSO₄ Inpari 30 (40.3 ± 0,4925). Skor bronzing daun tertinggi dengan skor 6 adalah Logawa, sedangkan skor 1 adalah Inpari 30. Bulir padi dihasilkan pada fase generatif oleh varietas Ciherang sebanyak 72 bulir, terdiri dari 44 bulir isi dan 28 bulir kosong pada perlakuan control. Sedangkan pada perlakuan 400 ppm FeSO₄ dihasilkan oleh varietas inpari 30 sebanyak 90 bulir, yang terdiri dari 35 bulir isi dan 55 bulir kosong. Hasil uji molekuler pada perlakuan kontrol, Ciherang memiliki nilai rasio ekspresi gen OsFER1 yang paling tinggi yaitu (1,01 ± 0,194), sedangkan pada perlakuan 400 ppm FeSO₄ adalah varietas Inpari 30 yaitu (4,01 ± 2,286). Berdasarkan pengujian pada fase vegetatif, generatif dan molekuler, varietas Inpari 30 adalah varietas yang toleran terhadap cekaman FeSO₄.

 

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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a rice-producing plant which is a staple food for the world's population, especially in Indonesia. Expansion of agricultural land still needs to be done to meet rice needs. The main obstacle in newly cleared paddy fields is the high concentration of dissolved FeSO₄. Therefore, rice varieties that are resistant to FeSO₄ stress conditions are needed in terms of agronomic and molecular characters. The agronomic characters were seen in the form of plant height, leaf bronzing score and the number of grains per panicle, while on the molecular level, the expression of the OsFER1 gene was seen to determine varieties that were resistant to iron stress. The research was conducted from August 2021 – June 2022 in the Greenhouse and Integrated Instrumentation Laboratory, Department of Biology, FMIPA Biology, Universitas Indonesia. The concentrations of FeSO4 used in this study were 0 and 400 ppm using six varieties of lowland rice, namely Ciherang, Inpari 42, Inpari 30, Sunggal, Logawa and Cibogo. For the molecular test, the alpha-tubulin gene (TUB) was used as the reference gene for normalizing the cDNA quantity of the feritin gene in each rice variety. The results of the observation of the vegetative phase, the Ciherang variety had the highest viability of 77.2%. The best average plant growth for control plants was Ciherang (6.805 cm ± 2.708), while for the 400 ppm treatment, FeSO₄ was Inpari 30 (4.03 cm ± 1.183). The best control plant height was Ciherang (68.116 cm ± 0.685), and in the treatment of 400 ppm FeSO₄ Inpari 30 (40.3 ± 0.4925). The highest leaf bronzing score with a score of 6 was Logawa, while the score of 1 was Inpari 30. In the generative phase, the control treatment of the Ciherang variety produced 72 rice grains consisting of 44 filled grains and 28 empty grains. In the treatment of 400 ppm FeSO₄ inpari 30 variety produced 90 grains consisting of 35 filled grains and 55 empty grains. Molecular test results in the control treatment, Ciherang had the highest OsFER1 gene expression ratio (1.01 ± 0.194), while in the 400 ppm FeSO₄ treatment the Inpari 30 variety was (4.01 ± 2.286). The lowest OsFER1 gene expression ratio at a concentration of 0 ppm FeSO₄ was the Sunggal variety (0.03 ± 0.398) and the Logawa variety (0.03 ± 0.004), while at a concentration of 400 ppm FeSO₄ the Cibogo variety (0.02 ± 0.0008). Based on tests on the vegetative, generative and molecular phases, the Inpari 30 variety is a variety that is tolerant to FeSO₄ stress.

 

Abstrak :
Metarhizium majus UICC 295 memiliki kemampuan menginfeksi serangga Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus, dan menggunakan tepung cangkang Crustacea yang mengandung kitin sebagai substrat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan M. majus UICC 295 pada variasi konsentrasi tepung cangkang lobster 10% (b/v), 15% (b/v), 20% (b/v), dan 25% (b/v) dalam Sabouraud Dextrose Yeast Extract Agar (SDYA) 10% (b/v), serta melihat kemampuan M. majus UICC 295 dalam menggunakan tepung cangkang lobster sebagai substrat pada SDYA 10% menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Block agar yang mengandung M. majus UICC 295 umur 7 hari ditumbuhkan pada variasi konsentrasi tepung cangkang lobster dan diinkubasi dalam keadaan gelap pada suhu inkubasi 26,5°C selama 10 hari. Hasil menunjukkan M. majus UICC 295 tumbuh pada semua variasi konsentrasi tepung cangkang lobster dalam SDYA 10%. Morfologi koloni yang terbentuk bervariasi berdasarkan pigmentasi, sporulasi, dan kerapatan miselium. Ukuran diameter koloni terbesar rata-rata menunjukkan penurunan sebesar 18,77% dibandingkan diameter koloni pada SDYA 10%. Hasil SEM memperlihatkan pertumbuhan M. majus UICC 295 pada tepung cangkang lobster 10% dalam SDYA 10% dengan adanya miselia, konidia dan menyebabkan perubahan struktur tepung cangkang lobster yang ditandai dengan adanya rongga. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan M. majus UICC 295 menggunakan tepung cangkang lobster sebagai substrat dan nutrien untuk pertumbuhan. ......Metarhizium majus UICC 295 has the ability to infect Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus, and utilizes crustacean shells containing chitin as substrates. This study aims were to observe the growth of M. majus UICC 295 on lobster shell powder with various concentrations of 10% (w/v), 15% (w/v), 20% (w/v), and 25% (w/v) in 10% (w/v) Sabouraud Dextrose Yeast Extract Agar (SDYA), and to observe M. majus UICC 295 ability to utilize lobster shell powder as a substrate in 10% SDYA using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Block agar containing 7-days old M. majus UICC 295 was grown on various concentrations of lobster shell powder and incubated in the dark at 26.5°C for 10 days. The results showed that M. majus UICC 295 was able to grow in various lobster shell powder concentrations in 10% SDYA. Colony morphology showed variations in pigmentation, sporulation, and mycelium density. The largest average colony diameter size showed a 18.77% decrease compared to colony diameter in SDYA. The SEM results showed growth of M. majus UICC 295 on 10% lobster shell powder in 10% SDYA by the formation of mycelia and conidia, and changes in the lobster shell powder structure which were indicated by the presence of cavities. This study indicated that M. majus UICC 295 utilized lobster shell powder as a substrate and nutrient for growth.

Abstrak :
Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui identitas khamir dari saluran pencernaan lebah madu Apis mellifera L. yang mengunjungi bunga kapuk (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn) di Jepara. Sebanyak 12 isolat khamir yang terdiri atas 3 isolat dari saluran pencernaan lebah pejantan (drone) dan 9 isolat dari lebah pekerja pengumpul polen (pollen collecting bees, PCB) diidentifikasi berdasarkan data sequence daerah internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. Primer yang digunakan untuk amplifikasi daerah ITS adalah primer forward ITS1 atau primer reverse ITS4. Hasil elektroforesis produk PCR menunjukkan daerah ITS rDNA khamirkhamir tersebut bervariasi antara 400 pb hingga 750 pb. Berdasarkan hasil pencarian homologi sequence daerah ITS rDNA melalui program basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), analisis filogenetik dengan metode Neighbor Joining, dan pengamatan karakter morfologi, 12 isolat tersebut diidentifikasi ke dalam empat genus dan tujuh spesies. Berdasarkan taksonomi, khamir-khamir tersebut termasuk kedalam family Candidaceae dan Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, class Hemiascomycetes dari phylum Ascomycota. Isolat-isolat tersebut diidentifikasi ke dalam spesies Candida magnoliae (isolat JZ078), C. orthopsilosis (isolat JZ068 dan JZ069), C. parapsilosis (isolat JZ067 dan JZ095), Debaryomyces hansenii (isolat JZ083 dan JZ096), Meyerozyma caribbica (isolat JZ094), Zygosaccharomyces mellis (isolat JZ075), dan Z. siamensis (isolat JZ054,JZ055, dan JZ056). ......The aim of this research was to determine the identity of the yeasts isolated from the digestive tract of honey bee Apis mellifera that visit flowers of kapok (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn) in Jepara. A total of 12 yeast isolates consist of 3 isolates from digestive tract of drones and 9 isolates from digestive tract of pollen collecting bees (PCB) were identified based on sequence data of internal transcribed spacers regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA). The primer set of ITS1 (forward primer) and ITS4 (reverse primer) were used to amplify the ITS rDNA of yeasts. The results of electrophoresis of PCR products showed ITS region rDNA of yeast isolates varied between 400bp--750 bp. Based on sequence homology search results by basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) program, phylogenetic analysis by Neighbor Joining method, and morphological characterization, those 12 isolates were identified into four genera and seven species. Taxonomically, 11 isolates belong to family Candidaceae and Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, class Hemiascomycetes of the phylum Ascomycota. Those isolates were identified as species Candida magnoliae (isolat JZ078), C. orthopsilosis (isolat JZ068 and JZ069), C. parapsilosis (isolat JZ067 and JZ095), Debaryomyces hansenii (isolat JZ083 and JZ096), Meyerozyma caribbica (isolat JZ094), Zygosaccharomyces mellis (isolat JZ075), and Z. siamensis (isolat JZ054, JZ055, and JZ056).

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi 15 strain kapang dari lima manuskrip kuno berbahan kertas daluang asal perpustakaan Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia (FIB UI) dan melakukan deskripsi morfologi kapang-kapang tersebut. Identifikasi dilakukan berdasarkan analisis sekuens daerah Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) rDNA dan pengamatan morfologi kapang dilakukan pada Czapek’s Dox Agar (CDA). Primer forward ITS1 dan primer reverse ITS4 digunakan untuk amplifikasi daerah ITS rDNA. Hasil elektroforesis produk PCR menunjukkan panjang daerah ITS dari 15 strain kapang tersebut bervariasi antara 500 pb--900 pb. Sebelas strain kapang memiliki homologi ITS rDNA dengan spesies terdekat Aspergillus clavatus Desm. (1 strain), Aspergillus flavus group (1 strain), Aspergillus niger van Tieghem (1 strain), Penicillium citrinum Thom (6 strain), Penicillium janthinellum Biourge (1 strain), dan Penicillium oxalicum Currie & Thom (1 strain) dan termasuk anggota ordo Eurotiales, kelas Plectomycetes, dari filum Ascomycota. Satu strain memiliki homologi ITS rDNA dengan spesies terdekat Pseudocercospora sp. (1 strain) dan termasuk anggota ordo Capnodiales, kelas Dotthideomycetes, dari filum Ascomycota. Tiga strain kapang (Penicillium sp. FIB.PRI.6.1, Fraseriella sp. FIB.PRI.6.2, dan mycelia sterilia FIB.PRII.3) belum berhasil diidentifikasi hingga tingkat spesies. ......The aims of this research were to identify 15 mould strains from five old manuscripts of daluang paper from the library of Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia (FIB UI) and to describe their morphology. Identification was carried out based on analysis of Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) region of rDNA sequence. Observation of the mould’s morphology was carried out on Czapek’s Dox Agar (CDA). Forward primer ITS1 and reverse primer ITS4 were used to amplify the ITS region of rDNA. Gel electrophoresis results showed that the lengths of ITS region from 15 mould strains were on the range of 500 bp--900 bp. Eleven strains showed ITS rDNA sequence similarities to Aspergillus clavatus Desm. (1 strain), Aspergillus flavus group (1 strain), Aspergillus niger van Tieghem (1 strain), Penicillium citrinum Thom (6 strains), Penicillium janthinellum Biourge (1 strain), Penicillium oxalicum Currie & Thom (1 strain). The strains belong to order Eurotiales, Class Plectomycetes, phylum Ascomycota. One strain showed ITS rDNA sequence similarity to Pseudocercospora sp. (1 strain). The strain belongs to order Capnodiales, class Dotthideomycetes, phylum Ascomycota. Three strains (Penicillium sp. FIB.PRI.6.1, Fraseriella sp. FIB.PRI.6.2, and mycelia sterilia FIB.PRII.3) were unable to be identified to species level.

Abstrak :
Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui identitas khamir yang hidup pada putik bunga Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn dan saluran pencernaan Apis mellifera L., lebah pengumpul polen yang mengunjungi bunga Ceiba pentandra. Sebanyak 12 isolat khamir yang terdiri dari tiga isolat dari putik bunga Ceiba pentandra dan sembilan isolat dari saluran pencernaan Apis mellifera digunakan pada penelitian. Isolat-isolat khamir diidentifikasi berdasarkan hasil Basic Local Alignment Searching Tools (BLAST) data sequence daerah ITS rDNA, analisis filogenetik dengan metode Neighbor Joining, dan pengamatan alat reproduksi seksual dan aseksual. Primer forward ITS1 dan primer reverse ITS4 digunakan untuk mengamplifikasi daerah ITS rDNA. Hasil elektroforesis gel produk PCR menunjukkan ukuran daerah ITS rDNA isolat khamir tersebut bervariasi antara 400 hingga 800 pb. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa 12 isolat khamir terdiri dari enam species. Lima species khamir termasuk ke dalam phylum Ascomycota, order Saccharomycetales, class Saccharomycetes dan satu species khamir termasuk ke dalam phylum Basidiomycota, order Tremellales,dan class Tremellomycetes. Tiga isolat khamir dari putik bunga C. pentandra diidentifikasi sebagai Bullera coprosmaensis (JZ137), Candida orthopsilosis (JZ053), dan Debaryomyces hansenii (JZ051). Sembilan isolat khamir dari saluran pencernaan A. mellifera diidentifikasi sebagai Candida fermentatii (JZ059 dan JZ060), Candida mesorugosa (JZ057, JZ058, dan JZ063), Candida orthopsilosis (JZ064 dan JZ065), Candida parapsilosis (JZ066), dan Debaryomyces hansenii (JZ061). Dua species khamir yaitu Candida orthopsilosis dan Debaryomces hansenii ditemukan pada putik C. pentandra dan saluran pencernaan A. mellifera. ......The aim of this study was to identify yeasts from the pistils of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn and digestive tracts of pollen collecting bee, Apis mellifera L. Twelve yeast isolates were identified which were consisted of three isolates from the pistils of C. pentandra and nine isolates from digestive tracts of A. mellifera. Identification was based on homology sequences analysis using Basic Local Alignment Searching Tools (BLAST), phylogenetic analysis by Neighbor Joining method, and observation of sexual and asexual reproduction. The primer set of ITS1 (forward primer) and ITS4 (reverse primer) were used to amplify ITS region rDNA of the isolates. Gel electrophoresis results showed that the size of ITS region of the isolates were varied on the range of 400--800 bp. The results showed that twelve yeast isolates were identified as six species. Taxonomically, five species belong to phylum Ascomycota, order Saccharomycetales, class Saccharomycetes and one species belong to phylum Basidiomycota order Tremellales, class Tremellomycetes. Three yeast isolates from the pistils of C. pentandra were identified as Bullera coprosmaensis (JZ137), Candida orthopsilosis (JZ053), and Debaryomyces hansenii (JZ051). Nine yeast isolates from digestive tracts of pollen collecting A. mellifera were identified as Candida fermentatii (JZ059 & JZ060), Candida mesorugosa (JZ057, JZ058, dan JZ063), Candida orthopsilosis (JZ064 & JZ065), Candida parapsilosis (JZ066), and Debaryomyces hansenii (JZ061). Debaryomyces hansenii and Candida orthopsilosis were found on the pistils of C. pentandra and digestive tracts of A. mellifera.

Abstrak :
Kapang menyebabkan deteriorasi pada manuskrip dluwang lama di Indonesia. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan kapang asal manuskrip dluwang lama dari Cirebon (Keraton Kasepuhan dan Mertasinga) dalam menggunakan kertas merang sebagai substrat. Deskripsi empat strain kapang yang telah diidentifikasi secara molekuler pada penelitian sebelumnya, dikonfirmasi berdasarkan karakterisasi morfologi pada Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) dan Malt Extract Agar (MEA). Biakan kapang dalam PDA miring di suhu 26,5 oC, umur 7 hari digunakan untuk pembuatan suspensi sel dalam akuades steril 5 ml. Tiga ml suspensi sel diinokulasikan ke dalam 27 ml Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) tanpa sumber karbon dengan penambahan kertas merang (diameter 5,2 cm) sebagai substrat, dan pada 27 ml CDB tanpa kertas merang sebagai kontrol, inkubasi di suhu ruang (28 oC), selama 30 hari. Hasil karakterisasi morfologi mengkonfirmasi empat strain kapang adalah Penicillium rubens Biourge UICC 1062, Aspergillus jensenii Jurjević, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn UICC 1069, Cladosporium colocasiae Sawada UICC 1071, dan Eurotium rubrum Jos. König, E. Spieckermann & W. Bremer UICC 1006. Semua kapang menggunakan kertas merang sebagai substrat untuk sumber karbon dan nutrien berdasarkan adanya pertumbuhan (hifa dan sporulasi), perubahan kondisi kertas (kertas menjadi robek, rapuh, adanya titik sporulasi berwarna kehijauan dan cokelat kehitaman), dan persentase pengurangan berat kering kertas (3,44--15,92%). ......Moulds causes deterioration on old dluwang manuscripts in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the ability of moulds from the old dluwang manuscripts from Cirebon (Keraton Kasepuhan and Mertasinga) in using rice straw paper as a substrate. Four mould strains which were identified by molecular method in previous study, were described to confirm their species identities based on morphology characterisation on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA). Seven days-old mould cultures in PDA slants, at 26.5 oC, were used for cell suspensions in 5 ml sterile water. Three ml cell suspensions were inoculated into 27 ml Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) without a carbon source with the addition of rice straw paper (5.2 cm in diameter) as a substrate, and into 27 ml CDB without a carbon source and rice straw paper as a control, incubated at room temperature (28 oC), for 30 days. The results showed that description of four mould strains was confirmed as Penicillium rubens Biourge UICC 1062, Aspergillus jensenii Jurjević, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn UICC 1069, Cladosporium colocasiae Sawada UICC 1071, and Eurotium rubrum Jos. König, E. Spieckermann & W. Bremer UICC 1006. All mould strains were able to use rice straw paper as a substrate to obtain carbon source and nutrient for growth based on the presence of hyphae and sporulation, changes in paper conditions (tear, fragile, sporulation spots in light green and brownish-black) and percentage of paper dry weight loss (3.44--15.92%).

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk memperoleh, mengidentifikasi, dan menguji kemampuan kapang-kapang selulolitik dari empat manuskrip kuno kertas daluang asal Keraton Kasepuhan di Cirebon. Sebanyak 12 isolat kapang diperoleh dan dapat tumbuh pada potongan kertas daluang. Enam isolat kapang memiliki kemampuan selulolitik karena menghasilkan zona bening pada medium Czapek's Dox Agar (CDA) dengan penambahan Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC). Identifikasi secara konvensional menghasilkan genus Aspergillus (4 isolat), genus Eurotium (1 isolat), dan genus Penicillium (7 isolat). Jumlah isolat paling banyak diperoleh dari manuskrip kuno dengan kondisi paling buruk. ......This research was to obtain, identify, and investigate cellulolytic fungi from four old manuscripts of daluang papers from Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon. Twelve mould isolates were obtained and were able to grow on daluang paper. Six mould isolates were able to use Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) as substrate which was indicated by clear zone formed on Czapek's Dox Agar (CDA) medium added with CMC. Conventional identification resulted in the genus Aspergillus (4 isolates), Eurotium (1 isolate), and Penicillium (7 isolates). Highest number of isolates was obtained from the old manuscript with the worst condition.

Abstrak :
Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengisolasi, mengidentifikasi, dan menguji kemampuan kapang selulolitik dari lima manuskrip daluang asal Perpustakaan FIB UI. Hasil isolasi pada medium PCA menghasilkan 19 isolat kapang, sedangkan isolasi pada medium DG18 menghasilkan 15 isolat kapang xerofilik. Sebanyak 15 isolat kapang memiliki kemampuan tumbuh pada kertas daluang, sedangkan 14 isolat dapat menggunakan CarboxyMethyl Cellulose (CMC) dan Congo red yang mengindikasikan dapat menghasilkan endoglukanase. Hasil identifikasi konvensional berdasarkan karakter morfologi menunjukkan 4 isolat merupakan genus Aspergillus, 8 isolat merupakan genus Penicillium, 1 isolat merupakan genus Fraseriella, dan 2 isolat merupakan mycelia sterilia. ......This research was to isolate fungi from old daluang manuscripts from Library of Faculty of Humanities University of Indonesia, to investigate cellulolytic isolates and to identify the isolates. Nineteen mould isolates were obtained on medium PCA, whilst fifteen xerophilic mould isolates were obtained on medium DG18 agar. Fifteen isolates were able to grow on daluang paper. Fourteen isolates were able to grow on Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and Congo red indicating they have endoglucanase. Identification by conventional method showed that 4 isolates were Aspergillus, 8 isolates were Penicillium, 1 isolate were Fraseriella, and 2 isolates were mycelia sterilia.

Abstrak :
Dinoflagellata epifitik yang hidup pada lamun Thalassia hemprichii berpotensi menyebabkan Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) melalui produksi ciguatoxin atau asosiasi dengan dinoflagellata penghasilnya. Lamun Thalassia hemprichii memiliki kelimpahan tinggi di perairan Pulau Pramuka. Penelitian mengenai kelimpahan dinoflagellata epifitik pada lamun Thalassia hemprichii beserta hubungannya dengan parameter lingkungan dilakukan di empat sisi perairan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu. Sampel lamun Thalassia hemprichii dari keempat sisi pulau diambil secara purposive random sampling ke dalam botol, dikocok kuat selama beberapa menit, dan biofilm pada daun dikerik. Daun lamun dipisahkan dan diukur luas permukaannya. Sampel air hasil kocokan kemudian disaring menggunakan saringan bertingkat 125 dan 25 μm, dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Ditemukan empat genus dinoflagellata epifitik toksik, yaitu Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, dan Prorocentrum. Genus Coolia memiliki rata-rata kelimpahan tertinggi, yaitu 8 sel/cm2, yang menunjukkan kemampuan adaptasi Coolia di setiap stasiun dengan faktor lingkungan yang berbeda. Faktor lingkungan yang mencirikan di tiap stasiun dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Komponen Utama (AKU) dan kemudian dihubungkan secara deskriptif dengan kelimpahan dinoflagellata. Bagian selatan dan barat pulau dicirikan oleh salinitas dan kecepatan arus, bagian utara oleh intensitas cahaya, dan bagian timur oleh nitrat, oksigen terlarut, dan pH. ......Epiphytic dinoflagellates living on Thalassia hemprichii seagrass have the potential to cause Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) through ciguatoxin production or association with dinoflagellate producers. Thalassia hemprichii seagrass has a high abundance in the waters of Pramuka Island. Research on the abundance of epiphytic dinoflagellates in seagrass Thalassia hemprichii and its relationship with environmental parameters was conducted on four sides of the waters of Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu. Seagrass Thalassia hemprichii samples from the four sides of the island were taken by purposive random sampling into bottles, shaken vigorously for several minutes, and the biofilm on the leaves was scraped off. Seagrass leaves were separated and their surface area measured. The shaken water samples were then filtered using 125 and 25 μm graduated sieves, and observed using a light microscope. Four genera of toxic epiphytic dinoflagellates were found, namely Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, and Prorocentrum. The genus Coolia had the highest average abundance, 8 cells/cm2, which indicates the adaptability of Coolia at each station with different environmental factors. Characteristic environmental factors at each station were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and then descriptively correlated with dinoflagellate abundance. The southern and western parts of the island were characterized by salinity and current velocity, the northern part by light intensity, and the eastern part by nitrate, dissolved oxygen, and pH.