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"The debate surrounding genetically modified organism (GMO) has been emotive and multi-dimensional, attracting a wide range of participants. Conflicting arguments and partial truths have left consumers, farmers, public interest groups and food producers contiised. Critics of GMOs have been exceptionally successful in raising the profile of genetically modified (GM) foods and have attracted public support from a wide audience including scientists. However, the study about consumer acceptance of GM foods is abundant, while study among scientists is limited. Scientists can provide proper explanations and information to consumer about GM products. Also, they usually are the first group to react if any unsafe GM foods enter the market. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the perception of scientists towards genetically modified foods.

The study was designed as a cross sectional study. A total of 400 scientists (defined as one who involves in one or more activities covering teaching, research and consultancy) in Bogor Agriculture Institute (IPB or Institut Pertanian Bogor) were selected by using random sampling. Data collection for this study was done by face-to-face interview using structured questionnaire and self-administered questionnaire for assessing the knowledge of the respondents.

All of the collected data were coded and entered into SPSS 11.0 for Windows. Data analyses were done using frequency distribution for descriptive analysis and chi-square test for the association.

Nearly half of the respondent felt that they had basic understanding of GM foods. However, when their knowledge was assessed, 69.8% of them had good knowledge score. Most of them (71%) stated that they were aware with the term of GM foods. Respondents were questioned about their perceived intention when offered some GM foods. Majority (78.3%) of those surveyed stated that they would like to try it. Over 90% felt that there should be some form of labeling for distinguishing food containing GM ingredients from non-GM foods.

Overall, the results showed that majority (72.8%) of the respondents were for GM foods, 14.8% were neutral, and only 12.5% were against it."

"ABSTRACTSince July 1997. there was a monetary crisis in Indonesia. This condition influences health and nutritional status of the communitv. There was a decrease of purchasing power. due to lack job opportunities. This condition lead to decreasing in quality and quantity of food intake of children under-five in the community.Four cross-sectional surveys were carried out in East Jakarta in September 1993, April 1998, December 1998, and March 1999. There were totally 1859 under five children and 1622 household assessed within the four surveys. Multi stage random sampling was used in the first survey (September 1993) by Susilowati Regardless there were under fives or not the study covered all subdristricts select households having children under the age 60 months from 16 village units of 10 sub-districts. And the next three surveys used the same study area as the first study data on socio-economic, food consumption. environmental situation and nutrition status were collected using pre-coded questionaire and anthropometric measurements. The percentage of fathers without occupation increased in 1999 (7 .3 ~o) as compare to 1993 (2%). The anthropometric status of under-five children in September 1993. April 1998, December 1998 and March 1999 show the prevalence of stunting are as following 22.7%, 16.1%, 25 .4% and 22% (p value < 0.05, Chi Square). While the prevalence of wasting are as following 15%, 17.90/o, 11 .5% and 14.1 % (p value < 0.05, Chi Square). There were no significant difference in nutritional status between boys and girls within the four surveys. During the monetary crisis there were significant difference in prevalence of underweight (April'98 survey) in children from lower strata/percentile of per capitafood expenditure and upper level of strata percentile of per capita food expenditure (p < 0.05, Chi Square). Anthropometric indicators were calculated using growth reference data of the National Center for health Statistics ( 1977 )The prevalence of stunting and wasting were also significantly higher inthcgroup receiving food aid compared to those without food aid. There is no significant difference in prevalence of malnourished mother by using cut-off point BMJ< 18.5. The prevalence of malnourished mother found in September 1993 was 14.7%. in April 1998 was 13.1%': in December 1998 was 16.2%, and in March 1999 was 13%. The same situation also describe ·n BM1>25 which has no changes from 1993 to 1999. The prevalence of overweight (BMI > 25) mother found in September 1993 was 24.2%, April 1998 was 21.3%, December 1998 19.1%, and March 1999 24.6%. It seems that the crisis has no impact on nutritional status of non pregnant mother.The crisis was associated with a clear negative shift in household foodconsumption. The intake of animal prolein sources significantly decreased (p value<0.05.chi-square). as a coping mechanism the plant protein as well as green leafy begetables consumption increased makedly)Based on strata/percentile of per capita food expenditure there were nodifference within the strata in all surveys in eggs consumption in the family but there were diference for poultry, meat, fish and milk (p< 0 05. Chi Square)There was assoaciation between children nutritional starus and frequency of food intake of animal protein, milk, fruit and cooking oil (p value < 0.05 anova). There were also assoctation between nutritional status of under live children with food expenditure number of household member, mother nutrional status (BMI and MUAC). Duration of breast-feeding snack consumption, total expenditure and food and program"

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan timbal balik antara strukturmodal dan posisi persaingan berdasarkan strategi yang tepat untuk diterapkandalam perusahaan manufaktur sub sektor food and drug retailers yang terdaftar diBEI tahun 2007-2014. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian inimempertimbangkan persaingan dalam kondisi cournot ataupun bertrand. Analisisyang dilakukan dibedakan dalam tiga hal yaitu perusahaan yang dianggap tidakberada dalam kondisi persaingan apapun, perusahaan yang berada dalampersaingan kondisi cournot dan perusahaan yang berada dalam persaingan kondisibertrand, kemudian pengukuran struktur modal dibedakan dalam dua proksi yaituleverage TDA dan leverage TDM. Metode yang digunakan 2 SLS karenapersamaan yang digunakan simultan, terdapat exogeneous dan endogeneousvariabel sehingga hasil OLS bias. Data diperoleh dari datastream FEUI, hasilpenelitian menunjukan bahwa pengaruh antara pangsa pasar terhadap strukturmodal adalah signifikan dan positif terjadi pada perusahaan yang berada dalampersaingan kondisi bertrand.

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ABSTRACTThis study aims is to determine the mutual relationship between capital structureand competitive position based on an appropriate strategy to be applied in themanufacturing sub-sectors of food and drug retailers listed on the Stock Exchangein 2007-2014. The sample used in this study considering the conditions ofcompetition in cournot or bertrand. Analysis conducted differentiated in threethings: Companies that are considered not to be in any competitive conditions,companies that are in competition conditions cournot and companies that are incompetition bertrand condition, then the measurement of capital structure isdivided into two proxy leverage TDA and leverage TDM. 2 SLS method used forequations that are used simultaneously, there is exogeneous and endogeneousvariables so that the OLS bias. Data obtained from the datastream FEUI, researchshows that the influence of the market share on the capital structure is asignificant and positive happens to companies that are in competition conditionsbertrand."

"ABSTRACTFinancial literacy is correlated to financial decisions and the usage of financial products. This study aims to examine the impact of financial literacy on consumer debt measured by debt to income ratio, number of lenders, and net worth among low income households who are in over indebtedness condition. The key components of financial literacy used are numeracy and money management skills. This study is conducted by survey to 103 low income households in Depok, West Java. The main finding from the analysis is that either numeracy or money management skills do not significantly affect the debt to income ratio and net worth. However, money management skills are found to have significant influence on number of lenders. As money management skills improve, number of lenders increase. Numeracy skills, however, has no significant effect to the number of lenders. The finding is found to be different than previous studies which suggest that money management skills would decrease the number of lenders. This study has an implication on educational program in related to enhance the degree of financial literacy among low income households.

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ABSTRAKLiterasi keuangan berhubungan erat dengan keputusan keuangan dan penggunaan produk-produk keuangan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh dari literasi keuangan terhadap utang konsumen yang diukur dari debt to income ratio, jumlah peminjam utang, dan nilai aset di kalangan rumah tangga berpenghasilan rendah yang berada di dalam kondisi utang berlebih. Komponen-komponen penting dalam literasi keuangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah keahlian berhitung numeracy skills dan keahlian manajemen uang money management skills . Studi ini dilakukan melalui survey pada 103 rumah tangga berpenghasilan rendah di Depok, Jawa Barat. Hasil temuan utama dari analisa menunjukkan bahwa kehalian berhitung dan manajemen uang tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap debt to income ratio dan nilai aset rumah tangga. Namun, keahlian manajemen uang ditemukan untuk memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap jumlah peminjam uang atau pemberi utang. Ketika keahlian manajemen uang lebih baik, jumlah peminjam lebih meningkat. Keahlian berhitung sebaliknya tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap jumlah peminjam. Temuan ini ditemukan berbeda dengan studi-studi sebelumnya yang menunjukkan bahwa keahlian manajemen uang akan menurunkan jumlah peminjam. Studi ini memiliki implikasi terhadap program edukasi yang berhubungan dengan peningkatan literasi keuangan di kalangan rumah tangga berpenghasilan rendah. "

"Banization is one of the causes of dietary changes creating dual form malnutrition. Susilowati (1997) discovered this condition occurred at national level and within households in East Jakarta. Lower energy expenditure and higher energy intake were predicted as potential risk of overweight, opposite to underweight status. This cross sectional survey aimed to explore the dietary intake and physical activity which resulted dual form malnutrition by comparing overweight mothers having underweight children and their normal counterparts. In this study, 81 pairs of mothers and their under fives were recruited for dietary intake, nutritional status and physical activity assessment and divided into two groups: the case group consisting of overweight or obese mothers with their underweight children, and the normal grove comprised of normal mothers with their normal children. Repeated 3 days.24-hour recall food intake of mothers and children, as well as physical activity of mothers but only one day of physical activity data for the children, were collected followed by ale day 24-hour recall plus observation from 08.00 to 16.00 for activities of sub sample children. Mean energy and macronutrients intake of the case mothers was higher than their normal peers, but there was no statistical significant difference between groups, which might be due to under reported energy intake. Estimated BMR and energy expenditure of the case mothers were significantly higher than their normal counterparts, though there was no difference in their PAL. Notorious energy balance was discovered after subtracting energy intake and expenditure, which might be due to under-reported energy intake. After adjustment by age and sex, statistical significant difference was found in energy intake and PAL. BMR and energy expenditure of the underweight children was lower significantly in contrasted to the others. Negative energy balance was discovered among the case children, opposite to positive energy balance of the normal peers. This research was part of a Multi-center study, Dietary Transition and Health in Asia."

"Studi cross sectional ini bertujuan untuk membuat Iembaran data HACCP dan mengetahui praktek pembuat makanan di Kotamadya Bekasi. Hasil Studi menemukan 10 makanan yang paling sering dikonsumsi oleh anak 6-24 buian adalah sayur bening bayam, sayur sop, nasi, nasi tim, biskuit, bubur ayam, bubur instant, tempe goreng, ikan goreng, dan telur dadar dengan CCP yaitu pemasakan, pendinginan, penyimpanan, pemanasan ulang, pembelian, penyiapan, dan penambahan bahan setelah pemanasan. Praktek pembuat makanan yang diiclentifikasi meliputi tidak memasak secara menyeluruh, tidak segera memakan makanan, tidak memanaskan makanan, tidak membaca tanggal kadaluarsa, tidak memeriksa kondisi kemasan ketika pembelian, dan tidak mencuci tangan dengan benar.

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This cross sectional study aimed to develop HACCP data sheet and assess food handler's practices in Bekasi municipality. The study found 10 foods mostly consumed by 6-24 months old children were spinach soup, vegetable soup, cooked rice, nasi tim, biscuit, ready to eat rice porridge, instant porridge formula, fried temps, fried lish, and egg omelet. The CCPS commonly found were cooking, holding, storing, reheating, purchasing, preparation, and addition of ingredients after heat treatment. Food handler's practices identified were not thoroughly cooking; not eating cooked food promptly; not reheating; not reading expiry date; not observing broken package; and improper hand washing."

"Globalisasi, inovasi serta kemajuan teknologi informasi pada sektor perbankan di Indonesia berkembang sangat cepat selama 10 tahun terakhir. Di tengah persaingan, bank dituntut menghasilkan kinerja yang baik dan sesuai aturan otoritas untuk menjaga stabilitasnya. Hal ini disebabkan sektor perbankan menguasai 77% asset sektor keuangan. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh kinerja bank terhadap stabilitas dan perilaku pengambilan risiko dengan melihat pengaruh struktur kepemilikan terkonsentrasi pada 31 bank dengan total asset paling besar di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode two-step estimator generalized method of moment untuk mengatasi masalah endogenitas, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kinerja bank berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap stabilitas bank dan berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap perilaku pengambilan risiko. Struktur kepemilikan terkonsentasi juga memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap hubungan kinerja dan stabilitas bank, serta berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan pada perilaku pengambilan risiko.

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Globalization, innovation and advances in information technology in the banking sector in Indonesia have grown very rapidly in the last 10 years. In the midst of competition, banks are required to produce good performance and comply with the regulations of the authorities to maintain their stability. This is because the banking sector controls 77% of financial sector assets. This study tests the effect of bank performance on stability and risk-taking behavior by analyzes the effect of ownership structure of 31 commercial banks with the largest total assets in Indonesia. By using the two-step generalized method of moment as an estimator method to solve the endogeneity problem, this study found that bank performance has a positive and significant effect on bank stability and has a significant negative effect on risk-taking behavior. Concentrated ownership structure also has a positive and significant effect on the relationship between bank performance and stability, and has a negative and significant effect on risk-taking behavior."

"Suatu intervensi edukasi bagi kader Posyandu di kotamadya Bekasi yang diberikan dua tahun lalu terbukti meningkatkan kemampuan komunikasi kader tentang Pemberian Makan Pendamping ASI yang aman. Karena itu sangat menarik untuk mengetahui pengetahuan dan praktek pengasuh pada pemberian makan bayi dan anak usia 0-23 bulan di daerah tersebut. i. Penelitian potong lintang telah dilakukan di dua kelurahan di kotamadya Bekasi. Data mengenai pengetahuan dan praktek pemberian makan bayi dan anak dikumpulkan dari 636 pengasuh dan anak usia 0-23 bulan. Penelitian ini menemukan di Bekasi terdapat 76.9% pengasuh yang memiliki pengetahuan yang benar dan 32% memiliki praktik pemberian makan bayi dan anak yang baik. Level pendidikan ayah, ibu dan pengasuh non-ibu, serta status pekerjaan ibu terbukti berhubungan dengan pengetahuan pengasuh yang benar. Faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap praktik pemberian makan bayi dan anak pada pengasuh adalah pengetahuan pengasuh dan usia anak. Informasi mengenai pemberian makan bayi dan anak sebaiknya diberikan secara teratur dan terus menerus serta tidak hanya membidik pengasuh tapi juga anggota keluarga lainnya. Pelatihan kepada kader Posyandu juga sebaiknya disesuaikan dengan rekomendasi WHO yang terbaru.

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The implementation of IYCF key actions and intervention in Indonesia was categorized in a poor situation. It is interesting to assess the knowledge and practices of caregivers on infant and young child feeding (IYCF) to children age 0-23 months in Bekasi municipality which couple years ago their posyandu cadres received education intervention and showed improvement on communication about safe complementary feeding competencies. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in in selected areas/villages of Bekasi. Information on IYCF knowledge and practices were collected from 636 children age 0-23 months and caregivers. It was found that 76.9% caregivers had good IYCF knowledge and 32% had appropriate practices. Fathers, mothers, Non-Maternal Caregivers? education level and also employment status were associated with good knowledge. Message delivery on the IYCF recommendation should be given regularly, frequently and targeted not only to caregivers but also other influencing family member. There is also a need to ensure the cadres receive comprehensive training of the latest WHO recommendation."

"Remaja sekolah membutuhkan asupan gizi yang cukup untuk mendukung pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kognitif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyusun rekomendasi makanan berdasarkan kesenjangan gizi yang diidentifikasi menggunakan pemrograman linier (LP) dengan software Optifood. Sebuah studi potong lintang dilakukan dengan metode acak purposif sekolah yang berasal dari program "Gizi untuk Prestasi" by SEAMEO RECFON. Pengulangan diet 24 jam, pengukuran antropometrik, dan kuesioner terstruktur dilakukan di antara 186 siswa (laki-laki = 68, perempuan = 118, berusia 15-18 tahun), serta survei pasar. Remaja sekolah laki-laki memiliki dua masalah gizi absolut, yaitu kalsium dan folat. Sementara itu, remaja perempuan memiliki tiga masalah gizi absolut, kalsium, folat, dan zat besi. Makanan padat nutrisi yang dipilih untuk mengisi kesenjangan adalah susu fortifikasi, nasi putih, telur ayam, hati sapi, dan roti. Kombinasi akhir rekomendasi makanan mingguan untuk remaja sekolah laki-laki adalah 7 porsi telur, termasuk 5 porsi telur ayam, 7 porsi sumber protein nabati, 10 porsi sayuran berdaun hijau tua, 14 porsi nasi, dan 3 porsi susu fortifikasi. Sedangkan untuk remaja sekolah putri adalah 5 porsi buah, 14 porsi sumber protein hewani, termasuk 1 porsi hati sapi, 7 porsi produk sumber protein nabati, termasuk 5 porsi kedelai dan produknya, 7 porsi sayuran berdaun hijau tua, 3 porsi susu fortifikasi, dan 3 porsi roti.

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School adolescents need an adequate nutrition to support their growth and cognitive development. This study aimed to develop food based recommendation based on nutrient-gap identified using linear programming (LP) with Optifood software. A cross-sectional study was done with purposive sampling of school obtained from “Gizi untuk Prestasi” program by SEAMEO RECFON. A repeated-24 hour dietary recall, anthropometric measurement, and structured questionnaire were conducted among 186 school adolescents (male= 68, female= 118, aged 15-18 years old), also market survey. Male adolescents had two absolute problem nutrients, namely calcium and folate. Whilst, adolescent females had three absolute problem nutrients, calcium, folate, and iron. The final combination of weekly FBR for male school adolescents were 7 serves of any eggs, included 5 serves of chicken egg, 7 serves of any plant protein sources, 10 serves of dark green leafy vegetables, 14 serves of cooked rice, and 3 serves of fortified milk. While for female school adolescents were 5 serves of fruits, 14 serves of animal protein sources, included 1 serves of beef liver, 7 serves of plant protein sources products, included 5 serves of soybean and products, 7 serves of dark green leafy vegetables), 3 serves of fortified milk,  3 serves of bread."

"Food insecurity is still prevalent in Indonesia with a serious level of hunger. This study was to assess the determinants of household food security during COVID-19 pandemic in Tulungagung, East Java. This cross-sectional study enrolled 187 parents (mother or father) who interviewed using telephone to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, social assistance, impact of COVID-19, household food security. The study used Household Food Insecure Assess Scale (HFIAS), dietary diversity scale, and coping strategy and index instruments. This study found the prevalence of food insecurity in Tulungagung were 56.1%. After adjusting with several potential confounders, e.g. income (p=0.021) (AdjOR=2.388; 95%CI: 1.123-5.079), type of social assistance (NGO) (p=0.002) (AdjOR=3.945; 95%CI: 1.652-9.421), change in job status (p=0.044) (AdjOR=2.026; 95%CI: 1.210-7.064), drug affordability (p=0.004) (AdjOR=3.104; 95%CI: 1.436-6.712), coping strategy food compromisation (p=0.008) (AdjOR 10.134; 95%CI: 1.816-8.567), and number of coping strategy (p=0.009) (AdjOR 4.365; 95%CI: 1.450-3.083) were determinants factor of household food security. It means that food security could be achieved by improving food availability, the ability to access economically in certain period.

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Kerawanan pangan rumah tangga masih banyak terjadi di Indonesia tingkat kelaparan yang tergolong serius. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor determinan ketahanan pangan rumah tangga pada masa pandemi COVID-19 di Tulungagung, Jawa Timur. Studi potong lintang ini mensurvei 187 kepala rumah tangga (ibu atau ayah) dengan wawancara telepon yang menilai karakteristik sosio-demografis, perlindungan sosial, dampak COVID-19, ketahanan pangan rumah tangga dengan Skala Penilaian Kerawanan Pangan Rumah Tangga (HFIAS), keragaman pangan dengan skala keragaman pangan, dan strategi koping dengan indeks strategi koping dan instrument indeks. Prevalensi kerawanan pangan adalah 56.1%. Setelah dilakukan uji regresi logistik, didapatkan pendapatan (p=0,021) (AdjOR=2,388; 95%CI: 1.123-5.079), jenis perlindungan sosial (LSM) (p=0.002) (AdjOR=3.945; 95%CI: 1.652 -9.421), perubahan status pekerjaan (p=0.044) (AdjOR=2.026; 95%CI: 1.210-7.064), perubahan harga obat (p=0.004) (AdjOR=3.104; 95%CI: 1.436-6.712), koping strategi kompromi pangan (p=0,008) (AdjOR 10,134; 95%CI: 1,816-58,567), dan jumlah strategi koping (p=0,009) (AdjOR 4,365; 95%CI: 1,450-13,083) merupakan faktor penentu ketahanan pangan rumah tangga. Ketahanan pangan dapat dicapai melalui peningkatan ketersediaan pangan, kemampuan akses ekonomi dalam periode tertentu."