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Abstrak :
Diare pada balita masih menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang ada di Indonesia. Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Sulawesi Selatan, dan Maluku merupakan tiga provinsi dari beberapa provinsi di Indonesia yang mengalami peningkatan kejadian diare dari tahun 2007 hingga 2013 dan balita menjadi populasi yang paling berisiko untuk mengalami diare. Fasilitas jamban, sumber air minum, pengolahan air minum, dan fasilitas cuci tangan diketahui menjadi faktor risiko kejadian diare. Studi ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan menggunakan data sekunder yang bersumber dari Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) 2012 untuk mengetahui hubungan antara fasilitas jamban, sumber air minum, pengolahan air minum, dan fasilitas cuci tangan dengan kejadian diare pada balita. Sampel penelitian adalah balita berusia 0-59 bulan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Sulawesi Selatan, dan Maluku yang menjadi sampel SDKI 2012. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi diare tertinggi ditemukan di Sulawesi Selatan (20,5%) dan terendah di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (6,4%). Selain itu, ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara fasilitas cuci tangan dengan kejadian diare pada balita di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (nilai P=0,026). Sumber air minum juga ditemukan berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kejadian diare pada balita di Sulawesi Selatan (nilai P=0,007). Fasilitas cuci tangan pun berhubungan dengan signifikan dengan kejadian diare pada balita di Maluku (nilai P=0,010). Walaupun beberapa variabel tidak berhubungan dengan signifikan, variabel-variabel tersebut dapat meningkatkan risiko balita untuk mengalami diare. Oleh karena itu, pencegahan terhadap faktor risiko perlu dilakukan seperti menggunakan jamban yang memenuhi syarat, menggunakan sumber air minum yang layak, mengolah air minum sebelum dikonsumsi, dan memiliki fasilitas cuci tangan yang memadai

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Diarrhea in under-five children is still one of the public health problems in Indonesia. The Special Region of Yogyakarta, South Sulawesi, and Maluku are the three provinces of several provinces in Indonesia which experienced an increase in the incidence of diarrhea from 2007 to 2013 and under-five children became the most at-risk population for diarrhea. The latrine facility, drinking water source, drinking water treatment and hand washing facilities are known to be risk factors for diarrhea. This study used a cross-sectional design using secondary data from the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) 2012 to determine the association between latrine facilities, drinking water sources, drinking water treatment and hand washing facilities with diarrhea occurrences among under-five children. The sample of the study was 0-59 months old children in Yogyakarta, South Sulawesi and Maluku which were samples of the IDHS 2012. The results showed that the highest prevalence of diarrhea was found in South Sulawesi (20.5%) and the lowest was found in Yogyakarta Special Region (6.4%). In addition, there was a significant association between hand-washing facilities and the incidence of diarrhea among under-five children in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (P value=0.026). Drinking water sources were also found to be significantly related to the incidence of diarrhea among under-five children in South Sulawesi (P value=0.007). Hand washing facilities were significantly associated with the incidence of diarrhea among under-five children in Maluku (P value=0.010). Although some variables do not have significant association, these variables may increase the risk of under-five children suffering from diarrhea. Therefore, prevention of risk factors needs to be done such as using improved latrines, using improved drinking water sources, treating drinking water before consumption, and having adequate handwashing facilities.

Abstrak :
Periode balita adalah fase rentan terhadap risiko kesehatan yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan anak serta menyebabkan kematian. Diare menjadi perhatian utama dalam kesehatan balita karena menjadi penyebab utama kematian dan penyakit pada kelompok usia tersebut, terutama di negara-negara berkembang. Berdasarkan data Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) tahun 2012 dan 2017, prevalensi diare pada balita di Indonesia cenderung stagnan, hanya mengalami sedikit penurunan dari 14,3% pada tahun 2012 menjadi 14,1% pada tahun 2017. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti pengaruh antara sumber air minum dan sanitasi rumah tangga terhadap kejadian diare pada balita di Indonesia dengan menggunakan analisis propensity score matching berdasarkan data SDKI 2017. Penelitian bersifat kuantitatif dengan menggunakan desain studi observasional.  Populasi penelitian ini yaitu seluruh anak di bawah usia lima tahun (0-59 bulan) yang tercatat dalam data SDKI 2017. Hasil analisis propensity score matching menemukan bahwa efek rata-rata dari layanan air minum yang tidak layak menunjukan hasil yang tidak signifikan terhadap peningkatan kejadian diare pada balita berdasarkan nilai statistic t yang dihasilkan dengan nilai efek peningkatan risiko sebesar 2,0%. Sementara itu, efek rata-rata dari layanan sanitasi yang tidak layak memenuhi nilai asumsi yang signifikan berdasarkan nilai t yang dihasilkan terhadap peningkatan kejadian diare pada balita dengan nilai efek peningkatan risiko sebesar 3,8%. Perbandingan hasil analisis propensity score matching dan analisis regresi logistik biner menunjukkan sedikit perbedaan pada nilai odds ratio yang dihasilkan, namun tidak terlihat signifikan. Temuan ini menunjukan masih diperlukan penanganan terhadap kejadian diare pada balita. Diperlukan upaya dalam penerapan program edukasi yang berfokus pada pencegahan diare untuk mengurangi kejadian diare pada balita terkait sanitasi jamban. Selain itu, diperlukan pengembangan infrastruktur dan peningkatan ketersediaan fasilitas sumber air minum dan sanitasi agar akses fasilitas dapat tercapai merata di seluruh wilayah Indonesia. ......The under-five period is a phase vulnerable to health risks that can stunt a child's growth and cause death. Diarrhea is a major concern in the health of children under five as it is the leading cause of death and illness in this age group, especially in developing countries. Based on data from the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) in 2012 and 2017, the prevalence of diarrhea in children under five in Indonesia tends to stagnate, only experiencing a slight decrease from 14.3% in 2012 to 14.1% in 2017. This study aims to examine the effect of drinking water sources and household sanitation on the incidence of diarrhea in children under five years old in Indonesia using propensity score matching analysis based on the 2017 IDHS data. The research was quantitative in nature using an observational study design.  The population of this study was all children under the age of five (0 - 59 months) recorded in the 2017 IDHS data.  The results of the propensity score matching analysis found that the average effect of unimproved drinking water services showed insignificant results on increasing the incidence of diarrhea in children under five years of age based on the t-statistic value generated with an increased risk effect value of 2.0%. Meanwhile, the average effect of unimproved sanitation services meets the significant assumption value based on the resulting t value on the increase in the incidence of diarrhea in children under five with an increased risk effect value of 3.8%. Comparison of the results of propensity score matching analysis and binary logistic regression analysis showed a slight difference in the resulting odds ratio values, but did not appear significant. These findings indicate the handling of the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers. Efforts are needed to implement educational programs that focus on diarrhea prevention to reduce the incidence of diarrhea in children under five years of age related to latrine sanitation. In addition, it is necessary to develop infrastructure and increase the availability of water supply and sanitation facilities so that access to facilities can be achieved evenly throughout Indonesia.

Abstrak :
[Salmonella sp adalah bakteri patogen yang sering menginfeksi manusia melalui makanan dan menyebabkan gastroenteritis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa hubungan Salmonella sp dalam makanan jajanan dengan kejadian gastroenteritis pada anak-anak SD di Kelurahan Beji Timur Kota Depok. Merupakan studi cross sectional pada 120 anak SD, 21 orang penjamah makanan dan 46 jenis makanan. Uji chi-square menunjukkan Salmonella sp dalam makanan jajanan mempunyai hubungan yang signifikant (P=0,005) dan berisiko menyebabkan gastroenteritis pada anak-anak SD dengan OR: 7,857 (95% CI: 2,067–29,862). Variabel personel higiene penjamah makanan dan fasilitas sumber air bersih merupakan variabel yang ikut berpengaruh. Disarankan untuk dilakukan peningkatan personel higiene anak-anak, penjamah makanan dan penyediaan fasilitas santasi yang memenuhi syarat;Salmonella sp is a bacterial pathogen that frequently affects humans throughout food, and causes gastroenteritis. This study aimed to analyze the relationship of Salmonella sp in snacks food with the incidence of gastroenteritis in children in the village primary school East Beji Depok City. This study a cross-sectional study on 120 primary school children, 21 food handlers and 46 kinds of food. Chisquare test showed Salmonella sp in snacks food has signifikant relationship (P = 0.005) and the risk of causing gastroenteritis in primary school children with OR: 7.857 (95% CI: 2.067 to 29.862). Variable personnel hygiene of food handlers and facilities clean water source is a variable that take effect. Personel hygiene and source clean water facilities It was advised to improvie children’s personel hygiene, food handlers and provision of eligible sanitation facilities;Salmonella sp is a bacterial pathogen that frequently affects humans throughout food, and causes gastroenteritis. This study aimed to analyze the relationship of Salmonella sp in snacks food with the incidence of gastroenteritis in children in the village primary school East Beji Depok City. This study a cross-sectional study on 120 primary school children, 21 food handlers and 46 kinds of food. Chisquare test showed Salmonella sp in snacks food has signifikant relationship (P = 0.005) and the risk of causing gastroenteritis in primary school children with OR: 7.857 (95% CI: 2.067 to 29.862). Variable personnel hygiene of food handlers and facilities clean water source is a variable that take effect. Personel hygiene and source clean water facilities It was advised to improvie children’s personel hygiene, food handlers and provision of eligible sanitation facilities, Salmonella sp is a bacterial pathogen that frequently affects humans throughout food, and causes gastroenteritis. This study aimed to analyze the relationship of Salmonella sp in snacks food with the incidence of gastroenteritis in children in the village primary school East Beji Depok City. This study a cross-sectional study on 120 primary school children, 21 food handlers and 46 kinds of food. Chisquare test showed Salmonella sp in snacks food has signifikant relationship (P = 0.005) and the risk of causing gastroenteritis in primary school children with OR: 7.857 (95% CI: 2.067 to 29.862). Variable personnel hygiene of food handlers and facilities clean water source is a variable that take effect. Personel hygiene and source clean water facilities It was advised to improvie children’s personel hygiene, food handlers and provision of eligible sanitation facilities]

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Kebakaran hutan yang terjadi di Provinsi Bengkulu tahun 2015 menyebabkan adanya pencemaran udara baik di dalam maupun di luar ruangan. Hal ini juga mengakibatkan meningkatnya kejadian ISPA pada balita. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan kondisi rumah, kepadatan hunian dan pajanan asap terhadap kejadian ISPA pada balita di Kota Bengkulu saat kebakaran hutan tahun 2015. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah case control. Kasus merupakan balita yang berkunjung ke Puskesmas Kecamatan dan didiagnosa menderita ISPA dan kontrol adalah dua balita tetangga kasus yang ditemui pertama kali. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa jenis atap (OR: 2,79; 95% CI: 1,36-5,69), ventilasi (OR: 2,60; 95% CI: 1,39-4,84), kepadatan hunian (OR: 2,14; 95% CI: 1,07-4,28), dan asap bahan bakar memasak (OR: 4,14; 95% CI: 1,56-10,9) memiliki hubungan yang kuat terhadap ISPA. Jadi, ada hubungan antara kondisi rumah, kepadatan hunian dan pajanan asap terhadap kejadian ISPA pada Balita setelah dikontrol oleh variabel kovariat

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ABSTRACT
Forest fire which was happened in Province Bengkulu in 2015 can cause indoor or outdoor air pollution. It can increase Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in children under five years old. The aims of this study was to find out the relationship of house conditions, overcrowded conditions and smoke for ARI in under five years old in Bengkulu city when forest fire in 2015. The research was done with case control design. Cases are children under five who visited primary health care and were diagnosed ARI. Controls are two children under five who were cases? neighbors who met first. It found that a significant association between improper roof (OR: 2,79; 95% CI: 1,36-5,69), inadequate ventilation (OR: 2,60; 95% CI: 1,39-4,84), living in overcrowded conditions (OR: 2,14; 95% CI: 1,07-4,28), and indoor air pollution from of combustion from fuel used for cooking (OR: 4,14; 95% CI: 1,56-10,9). In conclusion, there are relation of house conditions, overcrowded conditions and smoke for ARI in children under five years old in Bengkulu City when forest fire in 2015 after controlled by covariate variables.

Abstrak :
Pelaksanaan terkait inspeksi kesehatan lingkungan sarana air minum merupakan kegiatan pengawasan yang dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data dan informasi. Kurangnya data dan informasi yang didapatkan, mempengaruhi belum tercapainya cakupan akses air minum layak. Adapun evaluasi terkait dengan pelaksanaan inspeksi kesehatan lingkungan sarana air minum bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pelaksanaannya ditingkat Puskesmas Kabupaten Seluma dan Kota Bengkulu. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan rancangan Cross Sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh puskesmas di Kabupaten Seluma dan Kota Bengkulu yakni sebanyak 42 puskesmas. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 30 puskesmas (sampel minimal) yang dipilih secara acak sederhana atau simple random sampling (SRS) di Kabupaten Seluma dan Kota Bengkulu. Analisis data menggunakan analisis statistik dan uji kurva ROC. Komponen yang di teliti diperoleh hasil bahwa struktur manajemen surveilans pelaksanaan inspeksi kesehatan lingkungan yaitu legal aspek dan pelaksanaan surveilans masih kurang baik. Adapun fungsi dasar pelaksanaan inspeksi kesehatan lingkungan yaitu konfirmasi dan interprestasi masih kurang baik. Selain itu, fungsi pendukung pelaksanaan inspeksi kesehatan lingkungan diantaranya pedoman, pelatihan, sistem komunikasi, sarana dan prasarana kurang baik. Sedangkan pada mutu surveilans pelaksanaan inspeksi kesehatan lingkungan yang terdiri dari kualitas data, kesederhanaan, juga masih kurang baik. Berdasarkan uji sensitivitas-spesifisitas diantara tingkat risiko inspeksi kesehatan lingkungan pada sarana air minum terhadap kejadian diare tidak menunjukan hasil yang signifikan. Oleh sebab itu, dibutuhkan dukungan dan kerjasama dari semua pihak terkait, baik pemerintah pusat dan daerah, dinas kesehatan maupun puskesmas untuk mencapai tujuan pelaksanaan kegiatan inspeksi kesehatan lingkungan di bidang kesehatan lingkungan menjadi lebih baik.

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......Implementation of environmental health inspection of drinking water is a surveillance activity conducted to obtain data and information. Lack of data and information obtained, affecting the unprecedented coverage of drinking water access. The evaluation is related to the implementation of environmental health inspection of drinking water aims to know the description of the implementation of primary healthcare in Seluma and Bengkulu. This type of research is descriptive research using the Cross Sectional design. The population in this study is the entire primary healthcare in Seluma and Bengkulu in the city of 42 primary healthcare. The samples in this study were 30 primary healthcare (minimal sample) which were chosen at random simple or simple random sampling (SRS) in Seluma District and Bengkulu City. Analyze data using statistical analysis and ROC curve testing. Components that are carefully obtained the results that the management structure of the implementation of environmental health inspection is legal aspects and implementation of surveillance is still lacking good. The basic function of environmental health inspection is that confirmation and inner achievement is still less good. Besides, the function of supporting the implementation of environmental health inspection includes guidelines, training, communication systems, facilities, and infrastructure is not good. While in the quality surveillance of the implementation of Environmental health inspection consisting of data quality, simplicity, is also still less good. Based on the sensitivity-specificity test among the risk level of environmental health inspection in drinking water to the incidence of diarrhea does not show significant results. Therefore, the support and cooperation of all stakeholders, both central and local governments, public health agencies, and primary healthcare to achieve the objectives of environmental health inspection activities in the field of environmental health is better.

Abstrak :
Pandemi COVID-19 melahirkan kebiasaan baru seperti memakai masker, mencuci tangan pakai sabun, menjaga jarak dengan orang lain, sampai kehidupan sehari-hari yang lebih bersih dan sehat. Peningkatan kasus COVID-19 setiap harinya membuktikan masih rendahnya perilaku sehat dalam beradaptasi dengan kebiasaan baru. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis penerapan protokol kesehatan dan faktor-faktor lainnya dalam hubungan dengan kasus COVID-19 pada ASN Pemerintah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara Tahun 2020. Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 305 ASN Pemerintah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara bulan November – Desember 2020. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 19 (6,2%) ASN terkonfimasi positif COVID-19 dan 286 (93,8%) ASN terkonfirmasi negatif COVID-19. Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara menjaga jarak, mencuci tangan pakai sabun, memakai masker, mendisinfeksi, penyakit penyerta, pengetahuan, sarana dan prasarana, regulasi dan peran pimpinan dengan COVID-19 dimana nilai p-value > 0,05. Faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kasus COVID-19 pada ASN Pemerintah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara adalah mencuci tangan pakai sabun. Disarankan pada Pemerintah Sulawesi Utara melakukan pelatihan kebersihan tangan, menyediakan materi KIE tentang pencegahan COVID-19; menginstruksikan setiap instansi wajib menyediakan sarana cuci tangan yang dilengkapi dengan air mengalir dan sabun secara terus menerus terutama dititik-titik rawan; melakukan pengawasan dalam pelaksanaan disinfeksi dan sosialisasi serta edukasi tentang potensi risiko kesehatan penggunaan disinfektan. ......The COVID-19 pandemic gave birth to new habits such as wearing masks, washing hands with soap, maintaining distance from other people, to a cleaner and healthier daily life. The increase in cases of COVID-19 every day proves the low level of healthy behavior in adapting to new habits. The purpose of this study was to analyze the application of health protocols and other factors in relation to the COVID-19 case in the North Sulawesi Provincial Government ASN 2020. The study design was cross sectional. The study was conducted on 305 ASNs from the Provincial Government of North Sulawesi from November to December 2020. The results showed that 19 (6.2%) ASNs were confirmed positive for COVID-19 and 286 (93.8%) ASNs were confirmed negative for COVID-19. There is no significant relationship between maintaining distance, washing hands with soap, wearing masks, disinfecting, comorbidities, knowledge, facilities and infrastructure, regulations and leadership roles with COVID-19 where the p-value is> 0.05. The factor that most influences the COVID-19 case in the ASN of the North Sulawesi Provincial Government is washing hands with soap. It is recommended that the North Sulawesi Government conduct hand hygiene training, provide IEC materials on the prevention of COVID-19; instruct every agency to provide hand washing facilities equipped with running water and soap continuously, especially at vulnerable points; supervise the implementation of disinfection and socialization as well as education on potential health risks of using disinfectants.

Abstrak :
Berdasarkan Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) (2007) perilaku buang air besar di jamban merupakan salah satu perilaku higienis. prevalensi nasional berperilaku benar dalam buang air hesar (BAB) adalah 71,1%. Sementara persenlase rumah tangga yang menggunakan jamban Ieher angsa 68,9% dan hanya 46,3% tempat pembuangan akhir tinja menggunakun tangki/SPAL (saniter) (Susenas, 2007). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahul faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penggunaan jaminan oleh masyarakat di Kecamatan Banyuasin Ill Kabupaten Banyuasin, Sumatera Selatan Tahun 2009. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain Cross Sectional yang dilakukan pada bulan Februari 2009 terhadap 192 keluarga yang luar rumah setelah dikontrol oleh variahel sikap, keterpaparan penyuluhan, pembinaan petugas dan dukungan tokoh masyarakat. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut disarankan agar Dinas Kesehatan melakukan advokasi kepada pihak aksekutif (Bupati) dan pihak legislatif (DPRD komisi D) untuk mendapatkan dukungan program dan penganggaran, meningkatkan kegiatan KIE (Komunikasi lnformasi Edakasi) mengenai penggunaan jamban saniter, bekerjasama dengan sektor terkait (Dinas PU Cipta Karya) dalam pemenuhan cakupan air hersih, menghimbau masyarakat khususnya yang helwn punya jamhan untuk membangun jaroban di dalam rumah, mengembangkan media komunikasi massa baik cetak maupun elektronik, pelatihan penyegaran petugas, pemhentukan dan pelatihan kader dan hennitra dengan tokoh masyarakat. Bagi peneliti lain agar mengemhangkan instrumen penelitian dengan jumlah sampel yang lebih besar den deasin yang berheda serta telaah secara mendalam mengenai pcnggunaan jamban saniter.

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According to ruskesdas (Basic Health Research) (2007), defecating behavior in the privy is one of hygienic behavior. National prevalence of the right defecating behavior (BAB) is 7!.1%. And percentage of households who use special privy (leher angsa) is 68.9% and only 46.3% of privies use tanks/SPAL (sanitary) (Susenas, 2007). 3.72 times to use sanitary privy compared wjth privy outside home and attitude, information coverage, officers guidance and social figures support as control variables and social figures' support variables have a significant relation with privy use. Based on this research results, it is recommended to Health Service Department to propose suggestion to executive {regent) and legislative (regional representatives, Commission D) in order to support Health Promotion Programs and Environment Sanitation and to allocate fund for both programs, not only to stress behavioral change of defecating but also how to use the privies sanitary, cooperate with the concerned parties (Regional Public Work Department, Cipta Karya) to make freshwater availability, building a water - closet in their homes if they don't have it yet, to develop public media whether its printed or electronic, retrain the officers, formatting, and training cadre, and work together with the well - known people in the society. For other researcher to develop the instrument used in the research with more samples and a different design. Also a deeper understanding in the use of sanitized privy.