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Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) merupakan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus yang telah resisten terhadap antibiotik methicillin. Saat ini, MRSA masih merupakan ancaman di seluruh dunia. Infeksi MRSA dapat menimbulkan berbagai komplikasi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengobatan yang mampu menangani MRSA di masa mendatang. Daun kelor atau Moringa oleifera dikenal memiliki banyak khasiat, salah satunya adalah sebagai antibakteri. Maka dari itu, peneliti mengusulkan untuk melakukan penelitian terkait potensi ekstrak etanol daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) sebagai antibakteri terhadap MRSA. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dengan uji eksperimental melalui metode makrodilusi. Makrodilusi dilakukan baik pada ekstrak etanol daun kelor maupun vankomisin. Makrodilusi pada ekstrak etanol daun kelor dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek antibakteri ekstrak tersebut terhadap bakteri MRSA. Sedangkan makrodilusi pada vankomisin dilakukan sebagai pembanding. Hasil: Pada penelitian ini tidak ditemukan efek antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) terhadap bakteri MRSA. Hal tersebut terbukti dengan tidak ditemukannya konsentrasi hambat minimun (KHM) maupun konsentrasi bunuh minimum (KBM) pada percobaan ini. Pembahasan: Hasil pada penelitian ini berbeda dengan beberapa penelitian yang sudah pernah dilakukan. Perbedaan tersebut dapat terjadi akibat beberapa faktor. Peran ekstrak etanol daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) sebagai antibakteri terhadap MRSA dapat diteliti lebih lanjut dengan metode yang berbeda ataupun konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi. ......Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a group of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) which are found to be resistant against antibiotics called methicillin. Nowadays, MRSA is still becoming a threat across the globe. Infections caused by MRSA may cause various complications. Due to this fact, proper-management is needed to deal with MRSA in the future. Moringa oleifera has been popularly known for its benefits, one of which is the antibacterial effect. Therefore, the author proposed to do a research on the potential of Moringa oleifera ethanol extract as an antibacterial agent against MRSA. Method: The research done is an experimental test using macrodilution method. Macrodilution was done on both the ethanol extract and vancomycin. Macrodilution on the extract was done to discover its antibacterial effect against MRSA, while macrodilution on vancomycin was done as a comparison. Results: In this research, there is no antibacterial effect found from Moringa oleifera extract against MRSA. This result is supported by the absence of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in this experiment. Discussion: The result in this research was different from some previous research findings. The difference might be caused by several factors. The role of Moringa oleifera extract as antibacterial agent against should be further studied using different methods or higher concentration.

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ABSTRAK
Latar belakang: Osteosarkoma merupakan tumor tulang primer tersering. Untuk menegakkan diagnosis osteosarkoma, diagnosis tripel diperlukan. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC), salah satu tes patologi, sering digunakan untuk mendiagnosis osteosarkoma. Dibandingkan dengan biopsi, FNAC invasif sedikit, lebih murah, dan lebih mudah untuk dilakukan. Namun masih banyak institusi yang menolak pendapat ini karena FNAC hanya memberikan gambaran sel. Beberapa mempercayai bahwa hal ini dapat menyebabkan kesalahan diagnosis. Tujuan dari peneltian ini adalah untuk menentukan akurasi FNAC dalam mendiagnosis kasus osteosarkoma di Departemen Patologi Anatomi FKUI/RSCM Metode: Teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah consecutive sampling. Sampel diambil dari formulir registrasi pasien yang melakukan kedua tes FNAC dan histopatologi dan diduga osteosarkoma dari hasil tes klinik, FNAC, dan histopatologi. Sampel berasal dari tahun 2010 sampai Mei 2015. Uji diagnostik akan dilakukan untuk menentukan akurasi FNAC dalam diagnosis osteosarkoma. Hasil: Terdapat 47 sampel yang dianalisis. Akurasi FNAC dalam mengkonfirmasi keganasan pada pasien terduga osteosarkoma diketahui sebesar 91.48% dengan sensitivitas sebesar 93.18% dan spesifisitas sebesar 66.67%. Untuk diagnosis definit osteosarkoma, akurasi diagnostik sebesar 80.85%. Kesimpulan: FNAC terbukti memiliki akurasi yang baik dalam mengkonfirmasi keganasan dan mendiagnosis osteosarkoma. FNAC bisa digunakan sebagai salah satu prosedur diagnostik sebelum operasi dalam manajemen osteosarkoma.

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ABSTRACT
Background: Osteosarcoma accounts for the most frequent primary bone tumors. In order to make definite diagnosis, triple diagnosis approach is necessary. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC), which is one of pathological examination, has been widely used to diagnose osteosarcoma. Compared to biopsy, FNAC is minimally invasive, cheaper, and easier to conduct. However, many institutions are still against this idea as FNAC only provides the view of cells. Some still believes that it may lead to misdiagnosis. The aim of this study is to find out the accuracy of FNAC in diagnosing osteosarcoma cases at Department of Anatomical Pathology FKUI/RSCM. Method: The technique used in this research is consecutive sampling. Samples were obtained from registration forms of patients who undergo both FNAC and histopathology examinations and are suspected of osteosarcoma from either clinical, FNAC, or histopathology examination. Samples taken are from 2010 until May 2015. Diagnostic test will be conducted to determine the accuracy of FNAC on osteosarcoma diagnosis. Results: There are 47 cases assessed. The overall accuracy of FNAC on malignancy confirmation in suspected osteosarcoma patients is revealed to be 91.48% with sensitivity of 93.18% and specificity of 66.67%. For the definitive osteosarcoma diagnosis, the diagnostic accuracy is 80.85%. Conclusions: FNAC has proven to have good accuracy in confirming malignancy and diagnosing osteosarcoma. FNA can be applied as one of pre-operative diagnostic procedure in the management of osteosarcoma

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ABSTRAK
Latar belakang Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology FNAC adalah teknik yang cepat murah dengan komplikasi yang minimal untuk mendiagnosis tumor tulang FNAC memiliki kapasitas untuk membedakan lesi jinak dan ganas Namun masih banyak kontroversi tentang penggunaan FNAC sebagai salah satu alat diagnostik tumor tulang seperti keterbatasan FNAC di sisi teknik dan cara interpretasi Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi akurasi FNAC sebagai salah satu prosedur preoperasi diagnosis tumor tulang Metode Sampel diambil dari arsip rekam medis pasien curiga tumor tulang yang diperiksa dengan FNAC dan histopatologi di Departemen Patologi Anatomi FKUI RSCM dari tahun 2011 sampai 2014 Uji diagnostik dilakukan untuk mengetahui sensitivitas spesifisitas PPV NPV dan akurasi dari FNAC Hasil Terdapat 78 pasien kasus curiga tumor tulang yang diperiksa dengan FNAC dan Histopatologi di Departemen Patologi Anatomi FKUI RSCM pada tahun 2011 ndash 2014 Empat puluh sembilan kasus dilaporkan tumor tulang ganas dengan 5 kasus diskrepansi subtipe ganas dan 20 kasus tumor tulang jinak dengan 1 kasus diskrepansi subtype jinak Selain itu terdapat 8 kasus negatif semu dan 1 kasus positif semu Secara keseluruhan hasil yang didapatkan adalah sensitivitas 86 spesifisitas 95 2 PPV 98 NPV 71 4 dan akurasi sebesar 88 5 Kesimpulan Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa FNAC memiliki kualitas yang baik untuk mendiagnosis tumor tulang dibuktikan dengan tingginya angka sensitivitas dan spesifisitas 86 dan 95 2 FNAC dapat memberikan diagnosis yang akurat jika diikuti dengan pengambilan spesimen yang baik data klinis dan radiologi yang lengkap

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ABSTRACT
Background Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology FNAC is a rapid inexpensive minimum invasive technique with less complication in diagnosing bone neoplasm FNAC is able to differentiate between neoplasm and non neoplasm cases However there are still many controversies regarding the usage of FNAC as a diagnostic approach of bone neoplasm such as the limitations of FNAC technique and interpretation This research aims to evaluate the accuracy of FNAC as one of diagnostic approach in preoperative or diagnosing bone neoplasm Method Samples were obtained from archives of medical records data of patients who clinically suspected of bone neoplasm and undergo FNAC Histopathology in Anatomical Pathology Department FKUI RSCM from 2011 to 2014 Following this the diagnostic test will be conducted in order to obtain the sensitivity specificity PPV NPV and accuracy of FNAC Results There are 78 patients of bone neoplasm were undergo Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Histopathology examination from the archives Anatomical Pathology Department in 2011 to 2014 Forty nine cases were reported as malignant bone neoplasm with 5 discrepancy type and 20 cases were benign with 1 discrepancy type Furthermore there were 8 false negative cases and 1 false positive case The sensitivity specificity positive predictive value PPV negative predictive value NPV accuracy were 86 95 2 98 71 4 and 88 5 respectively Conclusions FNAC shows a good quality as one of diagnostic approach in bone neoplasm as can be seen in a high sensitivity and specificity 86 and 95 2 in this study FNAC of bone neoplasm might give a highly accurate diagnosis if accompanied by a high quality of technique sampling adequate specimen clinical and radiologic assistance

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ABSTRAK
Beberapa penelitian terbaru menunjukkan vitamin D tidak hanya berperan dalam homeostasis untuk kalsium dan fosfor, namun juga berperan dalam pengaturan sistem imun. Telah diketahui secara umum bahwa kekurangan vitamin D dapat menyebabkan penyakit rakitis. Namun ternyata penelitian-penelitian baru mengusulkan bahwa hal ini juga menjadi faktor risiko pembentukan dan perkembangan kanker. Kanker dapat dianggap sebagai masalah kesehatan publik di Indonesia dimana terlihat adanya peningkatan kecenderungan penyakit tidak menular ini pada beberapa tahun terakhir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendalami pengetahuan perihal tingkat vitamin D pada serum pasien kanker di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta dan meninjau apakah tingkat vitamin D mempengaruhi jumlah kadar limfosit mengingat kaitannya pada sistem imun. Tingkat vitamin D pada 35 pasien kanker yang belum medapatkan pengobatan dan 39 kontrol sehat yang diukur melalui immunoassay dan data limfosit yang diperoleh dari rekam medis pasien. Semua data yang didapat kemudian di analisa untuk meninjau hubungan antara tingkat vitamin D dengan jumlah kadar limfosit. Perbedaan antara tingkat vitamin D pada serum pasien kanker dan kontrol sehat tidak signifikan. Selain itu, jumlah kadar limfosit juga tidak menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan terhadap kategori status vitamin D. Kedua kondisi tersebut telah dievaluasi dalam aspek statistik dan eksperimental. Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan dalam aspek statistik dalam rata-rata tingkat vitamin D pada serum pasien kanker dan kontrol sehat, dimana hasil pada pasien kanker lebih tinggi dari kontol sehat (17.93±10.81 ng/mL vs. 15.16±8.10 ng/mL). Korelasi antara jumlah kadar limfosit dengan tingkat serum vitamin D tidak dapat dipastikan. Pasien kanker di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta pada umumnya kekurangan vitamin D.

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ABSTRACT
Recent studies have revealed the roles of vitamin D that extends further than homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus, which is in the immune system that is known to have regulatory properties. It is also established that vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets, however new studies suggest that it may also pose a risk for cancer development and progression. Cancer is considered a major public health problem in Indonesia as an increasing trend is seen for this noncommunicable disease in the recent years. This study aims to grasp more understanding in regards to the serum level of vitamin D of cancer patients in Rumah Sakit Cipto Magunkusumo, Jakarta and observe whether the level of vitamin D affects the lymphocyte count of cancer patients when taking the role of vitamin D the in the immune system into account. The serum vitamin D level of two independent means of 35 untreated cancer patients and 39 healthy controls are compared. Serum vitamin D levels are obtained through immunoassay and lymphocyte count is obtained through white blood cell differential count from the medical records. Analysis of the data collected is done to assess the relation of vitamin D levels and lymphocyte count. The difference between serum level of vitamin D of cancer patients and healthy controls is unexceptional. Moreover, the lymphocyte count does not show any significant difference towards the vitamin D status categories. Both of these conditions were evaluated through statistical and experimental aspect. There is no statistically remarkable difference of the mean serum vitamin D levels between patients with cancer and healthy controls, in which the former is actually higher than the latter (17.93±10.81 ng/mL vs. 15.16±8.10 ng/mL). Correlation between lymphocyte count and serum vitamin D level is indeterminate. Cancer patients in Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, are generally vitamin D deficient

Abstrak :
[Resistensi obat antimalaria mendorong pengembangan obat antimalaria baru. Salah satu alternatif pengembangan obat antimalaria adalah mengombinasikan klorokuin dengan komponen lain, contohnya ekstrak akar pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia jack.). Berbagai penelitian in vitro maupun in vivo telah membuktikan potensi pasak bumi sebagai antimalaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pemberian kombinasi ekstrak akar pasak bumi dan klorokuin secara injeksi subkutan pada mencit (Mus musculus) yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah pemberian ekstrak akar pasak bumi dengan dosis 10 mg/kgBB, 20 mg/kgBB, serta kombinasi ekstrak akar pasak bumi dengan dua dosis tersebut dan klorokuin. Berdasarkan Peters 4-days suppressive test, pertumbuhan parasitemia mencit yang diberikan kombinasi obat memiliki nilai yang mendekati kontrol positif (0,60%), yaitu 0,60% pada dosis kombinasi pasak bumi 10 mg/kgBB dan 0,50% pada dosis 20 mg/kgBB namun analisis statistik menunjukkan perbedaan tersebut tidak bermakna (p>0,05). Hasil penghitungan penghambatan pertumbuhan parasit menunjukkan kecenderungan yang sama. Penghambatan pertumbuhan parasit kontrol positif menunjukkan angka 97,9% sementara pemberian kombinasi obat menunjukkan angka 97,7% (dosis pasak bumi10 mg/kgBB) dan 98,2% (dosis pasak bumi 20 mg/kgBB). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara efek pemberian kombinasi ekstrak akar pasak bumi dan klorokuin secara injeksi subkutan dibandingkan dengan terapi klorokuin saja;Antimalarial drug resisstance demand us to develop new antimalarial drug. One of the alternative is combining chloroquine with new compund, for example pasak bumi root extract (Eurycoma longifolia jack). Many studies have shown the potency of pasak bumi root extract as a antimalarial drug. This study is aim to investigate the effect of combination of pasak bumi root extract and chloroquine which is administrated by subcoutaneous injection to Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Mice were given pasak bumi root extract only with 10 mg/kgBW and 20 mg/kgBW dose , also combination therapy of pasak bumi root extract on same dose and choloquine. Based on Peters 4-days suppressive test, parasite growth in mice with combination therapy was nearing the postive control value (0.60%), 0.60% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 0.50% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. However, the statistic analysis showed the difference was not significant (p>0.05). Growth inhibition counting showed the same trend. Positive control growth inhibiton value is 97.9% meanwhile the combination therapy group has 97.7% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 98.2% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. The study suggests that there were no significat difference between the effect of subcutaneously administrated combination of pasak bumi extract root-chloroquine and chloroquine only therapy., Antimalarial drug resisstance demand us to develop new antimalarial drug. One of the alternative is combining chloroquine with new compund, for example pasak bumi root extract (Eurycoma longifolia jack). Many studies have shown the potency of pasak bumi root extract as a antimalarial drug. This study is aim to investigate the effect of combination of pasak bumi root extract and chloroquine which is administrated by subcoutaneous injection to Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Mice were given pasak bumi root extract only with 10 mg/kgBW and 20 mg/kgBW dose , also combination therapy of pasak bumi root extract on same dose and choloquine. Based on Peters 4-days suppressive test, parasite growth in mice with combination therapy was nearing the postive control value (0.60%), 0.60% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 0.50% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. However, the statistic analysis showed the difference was not significant (p>0.05). Growth inhibition counting showed the same trend. Positive control growth inhibiton value is 97.9% meanwhile the combination therapy group has 97.7% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 98.2% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. The study suggests that there were no significat difference between the effect of subcutaneously administrated combination of pasak bumi extract root-chloroquine and chloroquine only therapy.]

Abstrak :
[Pengobatan malaria semakin lama mengalami resistensi di berbagai daerah. Akar pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia) adalah tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai terapi malaria karena memiliki kandungan kuasinoid. Penelitian ini melakukan uji ekstrak akar pasak bumi (E. longifolia) dosis 60 mg/kgBB dan 75 mg/kgBB secara tunggal dan kombinasi masing-masing dengan klorokuin via oral. Jenis penelitian eksperimental in vivo dengan subjek penelitian mencit Swiss yang terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Hasil penelitian perbandingan hari ke-4 dan hari ke-0 tingkat parasitemia memiliki nilai signifikan (p<0,05) pada uji One way Anova. Persentase inhibisi pertumbuhan pada kelompok kombinasi mencapai 98,5% dan 98,9% dibandingkan klorokuin sebagai obat standar mencapai 100%. Sedangkan pasak bumi tunggal inhibisi <50%. Dapat disimpulkan pemberian kombinasi lebih baik menurunkan dan menekan parasitemia dibandingkan pemberian ekstrak akar pasak bumi secara tunggal berdasarkan hasil analisis data perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05).;Malaria treatment is going to become resistance in various regions. Eurycoma longifolia jack is a plant that has potential as malaria therapy due to contain quassinoid as antimalarial. This study was to test Eurycoma longifolia jack extract dose 60 mg/kgBB and 75 mg/kgBB in single and combination with chloroquine via oral. Type of studies is experimental in vivo with Swiss mice infected by Plasmodium berghei as subject. Results of comparative study day 4 and day 0 levels of parasitemia has significant value (p<0,05). The percentage of growth inhibition in the combination group reached 98,5% and 98,9% compare with reference standard therapy chloroquine that reached 100%, while the single of Eurycoma longifolia jack <50%. It can be concluded combination group better than single group of Eurycoma longifolia jack to reduce and supress parasitemia based on the post-hoc analysis there were significant differences (p<0,05)., Malaria treatment is going to become resistance in various regions. Eurycoma longifolia jack is a plant that has potential as malaria therapy due to contain quassinoid as antimalarial. This study was to test Eurycoma longifolia jack extract dose 60 mg/kgBB and 75 mg/kgBB in single and combination with chloroquine via oral. Type of studies is experimental in vivo with Swiss mice infected by Plasmodium berghei as subject. Results of comparative study day 4 and day 0 levels of parasitemia has significant value (p<0,05). The percentage of growth inhibition in the combination group reached 98,5% and 98,9% compare with reference standard therapy chloroquine that reached 100%, while the single of Eurycoma longifolia jack <50%. It can be concluded combination group better than single group of Eurycoma longifolia jack to reduce and supress parasitemia based on the post-hoc analysis there were significant differences (p<0,05).]

Abstrak :
[Resistensi yang terjadi pada beberapa obat antimalaria, seperti klorokuin, mendasari gencarnya dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menemukan terapi antimalaria alternatif, salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan potensi herbal dari alam Indonesia. Ekstrak tanaman yang terbukti pada penelitian in-vivo memiliki efek antimalaria adalah akar pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia jack). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental in-vivo yang menguji ekstrak akar pasak bumi dengan dosis 60 mg/kgbb, 75 mg/kgbb, dan 90 mg/kgbb terhadap mencit (Mus musculus) yang terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Peningkatan densitas parasitemia pada hari ke-4 terapi dosis 60 mg/kgbb lebih tinggi dari kontrol negatif, sedangkan terapi dosis 75 mg/kgbb dan 90 mg/kgbb lebih rendah dari kontrol negatif namun perbedaannya tidak signifikan secara statistik. Ditinjau dari persentase inhibisi parasitemia, terapi dosis 60 mg/kgbb memiliki persentase inhibisi parasitemia negatif, sedangkan terapi dosis 75 mg/kgbb dan 90 mg/kgbb memiliki persentase inhibisi parasitemia < 50%. Ditinjau dari kadar hemoglobin, ketiga dosis perlakuan memiliki kadar hemoglobin yang fluktuatif dan cenderung menurun hingga pada kondisi anemia. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak akar pasak bumi dosis 60 mg/kgbb tidak memiliki efek antimalaria, sedangkan dosis 75 mg/kgbb dan 90 mg/kgbb memiliki efek antimalaria namun kurang adekuat. Terapi dosis 90 mg/kgbb menunjukkan peningkatan densitas parasitemia hari ke-4 yang paling rendah dan persentase inhibisi parasitemia paling baik. Dengan demikian disimpulkan bahwa terapi ekstrak akar pasak bumi kurang tepat digunakan sebagai terapi tunggal malaria;Resistance on malaria medication, for example klorokuin, underlie the study that aim to find alternative malaria treatment by using herbal potention from the nature of Indonesia. Herbal extract that had been proven in vivo experimental study that has antimalarial effect is Pasak bumi root (Eurycoma longifolia jack). This study is in vivo experimental study that giving Pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw, 75 mg/kgbw, and 90 mg/kgbw to mice (Mus musculus) infected by Plasmodium berghei. The increase of parasitemia density in the 4th day of treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw is higher than negative control, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw are lower than negative control, but the difference is not significant in statistic analysis. Reviewed from parasitemia inhibition persentage, treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw has negative parasitemia inhibition persentage, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have parasitemia inhibition persentage <50%. Reviewed from hemoglobin level, those treatment by three doses have fluctuative hemoglobin level and tend to be decreasing till reaching anemia. It shows that pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw does not have antimalarial effect, while 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have inadequate antimalarial effect. Treatment by dose 90 mg/kgbw shows the lowest increase of 4th day parasitemia density and the best parasitemia inhibition persentage. Thus, it could be concluded that pasak bumi root extract is not good enough to be used as single treatment of malaria, Resistance on malaria medication, for example klorokuin, underlie the study that aim to find alternative malaria treatment by using herbal potention from the nature of Indonesia. Herbal extract that had been proven in vivo experimental study that has antimalarial effect is Pasak bumi root (Eurycoma longifolia jack). This study is in vivo experimental study that giving Pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw, 75 mg/kgbw, and 90 mg/kgbw to mice (Mus musculus) infected by Plasmodium berghei. The increase of parasitemia density in the 4th day of treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw is higher than negative control, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw are lower than negative control, but the difference is not significant in statistic analysis. Reviewed from parasitemia inhibition persentage, treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw has negative parasitemia inhibition persentage, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have parasitemia inhibition persentage <50%. Reviewed from hemoglobin level, those treatment by three doses have fluctuative hemoglobin level and tend to be decreasing till reaching anemia. It shows that pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw does not have antimalarial effect, while 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have inadequate antimalarial effect. Treatment by dose 90 mg/kgbw shows the lowest increase of 4th day parasitemia density and the best parasitemia inhibition persentage. Thus, it could be concluded that pasak bumi root extract is not good enough to be used as single treatment of malaria]

Abstrak :
[Malaria masih menjadi beban kesehatan bagi Indonesia, terlebih lagi dengan perkembangan resistensi parasit terhadap pengobatan saat ini. Untuk itu, diperlukan penemuan terapi baru dengan segera. Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia) adalah tanaman asli Kalimantan yang terbukti secara in vitro dan in vivo memiliki aktivitas antiplasmodium. Penelitian ini ingin menguji efektivitas kombinasi ekstrak akar Pasak Bumi dosis 10 mg/kgBB (PB10) dan 20 mg/kgBB (PB20) dengan Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) dosis 1,7 mg/kgBB pada mencit Swiss yang terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Pemberian obat dilakukan secara subkutan untuk meningkatkan bioavailabilitasnya, sehingga didapatkan hasil yang maksimal. Dengan menggunakan metode 4-day suppressive test, didapatkan pertumbuhan densitas parasitemia dan persentase inhibisi pertumbuhan secara berturut-turut: kontrol positif 22,08% dan 50,92%, PB10+ACT 5,22% dan 88,4%, PB20+ACT 3,5% dan 92,22%. Pemberian kombinasi meningkatkan efektivitas secara signifikan terhadap PB tunggal, tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap ACT tunggal. Meskipun demikian, peningkatan tersebut mengindikasikan adanya efek sinergis dari kedua zat dan membutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut. Dari semua perlakuan, PB20+ACT memiliki efek antimalaria yang paling baik.;Malaria is still considered as a burden disease for Indonesia, especially with the fast developing resistance of parasite against current medication. Hence, the invention of novel therapy is needed immediately. Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia), a native plant in Kalimantan, has been proven to have in vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial activity. This study aims to test the effect of combination of E.longifolia and Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) both given subcutaneously on parasitemia in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The doses of the extract tested in this experimental study were 10 (PB10) and 20 mg/kg BW (PB20). Using the 4-day suppressive test, the growth of parasite and growth inhibition percetage of each groups are as following: positive control 22,08% and 50,92%, PB10+ACT 5,22% and 88,4%, PB20+ACT 3,5% and 92,22%. The combination therapy showed significant increase in effectiveness compared to PB monotherapy but insignificant increase compared to ACT monotherapy. Despite the insignificance, this indicates synergistic effect of the two substances that needs further investigation. Among all groups, PB20+ACT showed the best antimalarial activity, Malaria is still considered as a burden disease for Indonesia, especially with the fast developing resistance of parasite against current medication. Hence, the invention of novel therapy is needed immediately. Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia), a native plant in Kalimantan, has been proven to have in vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial activity. This study aims to test the effect of combination of E.longifolia and Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) both given subcutaneously on parasitemia in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The doses of the extract tested in this experimental study were 10 (PB10) and 20 mg/kg BW (PB20). Using the 4-day suppressive test, the growth of parasite and growth inhibition percetage of each groups are as following: positive control 22,08% and 50,92%, PB10+ACT 5,22% and 88,4%, PB20+ACT 3,5% and 92,22%. The combination therapy showed significant increase in effectiveness compared to PB monotherapy but insignificant increase compared to ACT monotherapy. Despite the insignificance, this indicates synergistic effect of the two substances that needs further investigation. Among all groups, PB20+ACT showed the best antimalarial activity]

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Infeksi Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) terus berlanjut meningkat dari waktu ke waktu, ini dapat dipengaruhi oleh adanya resistensi Antibiotik semakin meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya penggunaan antibiotik irasional. Daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) diketahui memiliki efek antibakteri, terutama gram positif. Tujuan: Mengetahui potensi antibakteri fraksi etil asetat daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) terhadap Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode makrodilusi fraksi vankomisin dan etil asetat daun kelor (Moringa oleifera). Pengenceran makro aktif vankomisin digunakan sebagai standar dan pembanding dalam penelitian ini karena vankomisin sensitif terhadap MRSA, sedangkan makrodilusi dari fraksi etil asetat digunakan untuk mengetahui potensi antibakteri dari fraksi etil asetat daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) terhadap MRSA. Hasil: Dalam penelitian ini, tidak ditemukan Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM). dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM) fraksi etil asetat daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) dalam konsentrasi 1280 g/mL sampai 0,078125 g/mL. Kesimpulan: Tidak ada potensi antibakteri dari fraksi etil asetat daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) terhadap Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ......Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections continue to increase from time to time, this can be influenced by the presence of antibiotic resistance which is increasing along with the increasing use of irrational antibiotics. Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) are known to have antibacterial effects, especially gram-positive. Objective: To determine the antibacterial potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Methods: This study was conducted using the macrodilution method of vancomycin and ethyl acetate fractions of Moringa (Moringa oleifera). The macro-active dilution of vancomycin was used as a standard and comparison in this study because vancomycin was sensitive to MRSA, while macrodilution of the ethyl acetate fraction was used to determine the antibacterial potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa leaves. (Moringa oleifera) against MRSA. Results: In this study, no Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was found. and Minimum Kill Concentration (KBM) ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera) in concentrations of 1280 g/mL to 0.078125 g/mL. Conclusion: There is no antibacterial potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)