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Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Perkembangan seorang anak harus dinilai secara berkala dan rutin dikerjakan, sehingga dapat dilakukan intervensi sedini mungkin bila terjadi keterlambatan perkembangan. Pada tahun 2021, di Indonesia telah dibuat instrumen baru kuesioner penapisan perkembangan ilmu kesehatan anak (PPIKA) usia 12 bulan, tetapi hingga saat ini belum dilakukan penelitian yang menilai kesetaraan kuesioner penapisan tersebut dibandingkan dengan instrumen lain. Tujuan: Menilai kesetaraan antara PPIKA dengan ASQ-3 dalam mendeteksi kecurigaan keterlambatan perkembangan anak usia 12 bulan. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan rancangan potong lintang di dilakukan pada anak berusia 11 bulan 0 hari hingga 12 bulan 30 hari dari Posyandu di wilayah Puskesmas Kecamatan Jatinegara, Jakarta Timur, Indonesia pada bulan September 2023. Kuesioner PPIKA dan ASQ-3 diiisi oleh orangtua dengan panduan petugas. Hasil kedua pemeriksaan dilakukan analisis kesetaraan dengan menghitung koefisien Cohen Kappa. Hasil: Seratus delapan puluh subjek penelitian diperiksa dan didapatkan prevalens kecurigaan keterlambatan perkembangan menurut PPIKA dan ASQ-3 masing masing sebesar 13,33% dan 25%. Nilai koefisien Cohen Kappa antara PPIKA dan ASQ-3 sebesar 0,456. Kesimpulan: Kuesioner PPIKA memiliki kesetaraan yang cukup baik dibandingkan dengan kuesioner ASQ-3 dalam penapisan perkembangan anak usia 12 bulan ......Background: Child development must be assessed periodically and routinely, in order to prevent delayed intervention and subsequent developmental delays. In 2021, a new instrument development screening for the 12-month-old child called Penapisan Perkembangan Ilmu Kesehatan Anak (PPIKA) was created in Indonesia, however until now no research has been conducted to assess the agreement of this screening questionnaire compared to other instruments. Aim: To evaluate agreement between PPIKA and ASQ-3 in detecting suspected developmental delays in children aged 12 months. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional design conducted on children aged 11 months 0 days to 12 months 30 days from Posyandu in the Jatinegara District Health Center area, East Jakarta, Indonesia in September 2023. The PPIKA and ASQ-3 questionnaires were filled in by parents with guidance from health workers. The results of the two questionnaires were subjected to agreement analyzed by calculating the Cohen Kappa coefficient. Results: One hundred and eighty research subjects were examined. We found that the prevalence of suspected developmental delay according to PPIKA and ASQ- 3 was 13.33% and 25% respectively. The Cohen Kappa coefficient between PPIKA and ASQ-3 is 0.456. Conclusion: The PPIKA questionnaire has moderate agreement equivalence compared to the ASQ-3 questionnaire in developmental screening of children aged 12 months.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Resistensi antibiotik merupakan ancaman kesehatan global. Tingginya tingkat reproduksi mikroorganisme dan kemampuan tekanan selektif yang kuat dari mikroorganisme menghadapi antibiotik pilihan merupakan permasalahan penggunaan antibiotik saat ini. Salah satu cara agar dapat menguatkan pemahaman dan ketaatan staf medis adalah melalui edukasi. Pemanfaatan teknologi seperti e-learning merupakan salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan tingkat pengetahuan dan ketepatan penggunaan antibiotik. Metode: Penelitian intervensi ini melibatkan seluruh DPJP dan PPDS Sp1 Ilmu Kesehatan Anak yang berstatus aktif di FKUI RSCM. Intervensi e-learning dilakukan terhadap DPJP dan PPDS dengan topik Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) via website EMAS UI kemudian dinilai tingkat pengetahuan pra- dan pasca-intervensi. Penggunaan antibiotik satu bulan pra- dan pasca-intervensi dinilai dengan alur Gyssens untuk menilai ketepatan penggunaan antibiotik. Hasil: Total penggunaan antibiotik pra- dan pasca-intervensi berturut-turut adalah 248 dan 229 antibiotik. Sebanyak 135 (54,4%) penggunaan antibiotik pra-intervensi dan 170 (72,24%) penggunaan antibiotik pasca-intervensi dinilai tepat. Analisis bivariat terhadap ketepatan penggunaan antibiotik menunjukkan terdapat hubungan bermakna pra- dan pasca-intervensi (OR= 0,537, IK 95% 0,363-0,795; p< 0,002). Sebanyak 42 dari total 56 DPJP anak dan 119 dari total 123 PPDS Sp1 Ilmu Kesehatan Anak mengikuti intervensi e-learning. Analisis bivariat menunjukan terdapat hubungan bermakna terhadap tingkat pengetahuan DPJP pra- dan pasca-intervensi (1 vs 32; p<0,001) dan PPDS pra- dan pasca-intervensi (10 vs 66; p<0,001). Kesimpulan: Terdapat peningkatan signifikan tingkat ketepatan penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien anak di ruang perawatan RSCM dan tingkat pengetahuan ketepatan pemberian antibiotik pada DPJP dan PPDS setelah dilakukan intervensi edukasi melalui metode e-learning. ......Backgorund: Antibiotic resistance is a global health threat. The high rate of reproduction of microorganisms and the strong selective pressure ability of microorganisms against antibiotics are the problems of the current use of antibiotics. Education is a way to strengthen the understanding and obedience of medical staff. Utilization of technology such as e-learning can be used to increase the level of knowledge and the effectiveness of using antibiotics. Method: This intervention study involved all active pediatric staff and pediatric residents from the Department of Child Health in FMUI-CMH. Staff and residents underwent intervention through e-learning on the topic of Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) via the EMAS UI website, and then the level of their pre- and post-intervention knowledge was assessed. The use of antibiotics one month pre- and post-intervention was assessed by Gyssen's flowchart to assess the appropriateness of the antibiotics usage. Result: A total of 135 (54.4%) uses of pre-intervention antibiotics and 170 (72.24%) uses of post-intervention antibiotics were considered appropriate. Bivariate analysis of the appropriate use of antibiotics showed that there was a significant relationship pre- and post-intervention (135 vs. 170, 95% CI 0.363-0.795; p 0.002). Forty two out of 56 staff and 119 out of 123 residents participate in e-learning. Bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the level of knowledge of pre- and post-intervention in pediatric staff (1 vs. 32; p 0.001) and pre- and post-intervention pediatric residents (10 vs. 66; p 0.001). Conclusion: There was a significant increase in the appropriateness level of using antibiotics in pediatric patients at CMH and the level of knowledge about the appropriateness of giving antibiotics to staff and residents after educational interventions were carried out through the e-learning.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang. Pneumonia masih menjadi penyebab utama kematian anak dan menjadi penyebab anak dirawat inap di negara berkembang. Faktor risiko pneumonia berulang pada anak di negara berkembang sampai saat ini belum diidentifikasi. Penenttuan terapi pada anak dengan pneumonia berulang merupakan tantangan tersendiri sehingga membutuhkan kecermatan dalam anamnesis ke arah faktor risiko dan riwayat penyakit yang mendalam sehingga tata laksana dapat dilakukan secara cepat dan akurat. Tujuan. Mengetahui faktor- faktor yang memengaruhi kejadian pneumonia berulang pada anak. Metode. Penelitian potong lintang ini dilakukan pada 237 pasien dengan diagnosis pneumonia berusia 6 bulan-18 tahun yang dirawat di RSCM pada tahun 2022. Proporsi pasien anak dengan pneumonia berulang yang dirawat di RSCM adalah 46,4%. Faktor yang terbukti menjadi risiko pneumonia berulang adalah sindrom aspirasi (PR 1,594; IK 95% 1,214-2,092; p=0,001), pajanan asap rokok (PR 1,549; IK 95% 1,158-2,073; p=0,003), dan tidak ASI eksklusif PR 1,390 (IK 95% 1,006- 1,921 p=0,045). Faktor yang tidak terbukti berhubungan dengan pneumonia berulang adalah prematuritas, penyakit jantung bawaan, riwayat penyakit alergi, tinggal di kawasan padat pemukiman penduduk, konsumsi obat anti epilepsi, imunodefisiensi, obesitas, dan status imunisasi. Kesimpulan. Proporsi pasien anak dengan pneumonia berulang yang dirawat di RSCM adalah 46,4%. Faktor yang menjadi risiko pneumonia berulang adalah sindrom aspirasi, pajanan asap rokok, dan tidak ASI eksklusif. ......Background. Pneumonia is the leading cause of childhood mortality and the most common reason for hospitalization among children living in developing countries. The risk factors for recurrent pneumonia in children in developing countries remain poorly understood. The treatment of children with recurrent pneumonia remains challenging, and therefore accuracy in history taking in the evaluation of risk factors and disease history is warranted to ensure quick and accurate treatment. Objectives. This study aims to determine the risk factors of recurrent pneumonia in children. Methods. This cross-sectional study included 237 children between ages 6 months and 18 years old treated in RSCM for pneumonia during the year 2022. This study showed that 46.4% of children in RSCM with pneumonia had a recurrency. Risk factors that were found to be associated with recurrent pneumonia were aspiration syndrome (PR 1.594; IK 95% 1.214-2.092; p=0.001), smoke exposure (PR 1.594; 95% CI 1.158-2.073; p=0.003), and absence of exclusive breastfeeding PR 1.390 (IK 95% 1.006-1.921 p=0.045). Meanwhile prematurity, congenital heart disease, history of allergic diseases, overcrowding, anti-epileptic drug consumption, immunodeficiency, obesity, and incomplete immunization were not found to be associated with recurrent pneumonia. Results. This study showed that 46.4% of children in RSCM with pneumonia had a recurrency. The most detected risk factors for recurrent pneumonia were aspiration syndrome, smoke exposure, and not given exclusive breastfeeding.

Abstrak :
Resistensi antibiotik merupakan ancaman kesehatan global. Tingginya tingkat reproduksi mikroorganisme dan kemampuan tekanan selektif yang kuat dari mikroorganisme menghadapi antibiotik pilihan merupakan permasalahan penggunaan antibiotik saat ini. Salah satu cara menguatkan pemahaman dan ketaatan staf medis adalah melalui edukasi. E-learning merupakan salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan tingkat pengetahuan dan ketepatan penggunaan antibiotik. Penelitian intervensi ini melibatkan seluruh DPJP dan PPDS Sp1 Ilmu Kesehatan Anak yang berstatus aktif di FKUI RSCM. Intervensi e-learning dilakukan terhadap DPJP dan PPDS dengan topik Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) melalui website EMAS UI kemudian dinilai tingkat pengetahuan pra- dan pasca-intervensi. Penggunaan antibiotik satu bulan pra- dan pasca-intervensi dinilai dengan alur Gyssens untuk menilai ketepatan penggunaan antibiotik. Sebanyak 135 (54,4%) penggunaan antibiotik pra-intervensi dan 170 (72,24%) penggunaan antibiotik pasca-intervensi dinilai tepat. Analisis bivariat terhadap ketepatan penggunaan antibiotik menunjukkan terdapat hubungan bermakna pra- dan pasca-intervensi (OR= 0,537, IK 95% 0,363-0,795; p< 0,002). Sebanyak 42 dari total 56 DPJP anak dan 119 dari total 123 PPDS Sp1 Ilmu Kesehatan Anak mengikuti intervensi e-learning. Analisis bivariat menunjukan terdapat hubungan bermakna terhadap tingkat pengetahuan DPJP pra- dan pasca-intervensi (1 vs 32; p<0,001) dan PPDS pra- dan pasca-intervensi (10 vs 66; p<0,001). Terdapat peningkatan signifikan tingkat ketepatan penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien anak di ruang perawatan RSCM setelah dilakukan intervensi edukasi melalui metode e-learning. ......Antibiotic resistance is a global health threat. The high rate of reproduction of microorganisms and the strong selective pressure ability of microorganisms against antibiotics are the problems of the current use of antibiotics. Education is a way to strengthen the understanding and obedience of medical staff. E-learning can be used to increase the level of knowledge and the effectiveness of using antibiotics. This intervention study involved all active pediatric staff and pediatric residents from the Department of Child Health in FMUI-CMH. Staff and residents underwent intervention through e-learning on the topic of Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) via the EMAS UI website, and then the level of their pre- and post-intervention knowledge was assessed. The use of antibiotics one month pre- and post-intervention was assessed by Gyssen's flowchart to assess the appropriateness of the antibiotics usage. A total of 135 (54.4%) uses of pre-intervention antibiotics and 170 (72.24%) uses of post-intervention antibiotics were considered appropriate. Bivariate analysis of the appropriate use of antibiotics showed that there was a significant relationship pre- and post-intervention (135 vs. 170, 95% CI 0.363-0.795; p 0.002). Forty two out of 56 staff and 119 out of 123 residents participate in e-learning. Bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the level of knowledge of pre- and post-intervention in pediatric staff (1 vs. 32; p 0.001) and pre- and post-intervention pediatric residents (10 vs. 66; p 0.001). The total use of pre- and post-intervention antibiotics being, respectively, 248 and 229 antibiotics. There was a significant increase in the appropriateness level of using antibiotics in pediatric patients at CMH after educational interventions were carried out through the e-learning.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Kegagalan pertumbuhan sering terjadi pada pasien talasemia mayor (TM). Tata laksana nutrisi merupakan salah satu aspek penting untuk mengoptimalkan hasil luaran klinis. Penilaian komposisi tubuh berupa persentase massa otot, persentase masa lemak dan densitas massa tulang (DMT) menjadi komponen penting dalam mengevaluasi status gizi. Hingga saat ini belum ada penelitian di Indonesia yang mengevaluasi hubungan antara asupan makronutrien dan mikronutrien terhadap komposisi tubuh pada pasien TM remaja serta hubungannya dengan berbagai parameter antropometri. Metode: Penelitian dengan desain studi potong lintang melibatkan 55 pasien TM remaja, berusia 10-18 tahun di Pusat Talasemia RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Status gizi dievaluasi disertai pengukuran lingkar lengan atas (LILA), triceps skin thicknes (TSK), dan mid-upper arm muscle circumference (MUAMC). Asupan makronutrien dan mikronutrien diperoleh melalui food record selama tiga hari. Persentase massa otot, massa lemak, dan DMT dinilai menggunakan dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Kadar vitamin D diperiksa melalui metode enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data dianalisis menggunakan korelasi Pearson dan Spearman sesuai dengan pola distribusi normalitas. Hasil penelitian: Gizi kurang dijumpai pada 58,2% subjek dan gizi buruk pada 9,1% subjek. Rerata dan median asupan zat gizi harian dibandingkan dengan kebutuhannya pada subyek lelaki yakni asupan energi 85,6 % (SB 20,19), protein 55% (SB 14,19), lemak 112,4% (SB 35,48), karbohidrat 85,5 % (SB 23,31), vitamin D 29% (RIK 15,68-40,80), vitamin E 34,1% (SB 14,77), kalsium 37% (RIK 16,63-43,45), dan asam folat 32,98% (SB 14,6), sedangkan pada subyek perempuan asupan energi 93,6 % (SB 18,61), protein 59% (RIK 51-63), lemak 112,4% (RIK 105-142,5), karbohidrat 93,3 % (SB 25,5), vitamin D 22% (RIK 13,65-43), vitamin E 24% (RIK 21,65-39,7), kalsium 35,7% (RIK 20,45-55,6), dan asam folat 26,3% (RIK 16,2-41,15). Terdapat korelasi  ringan antara asupan energi dengan persentase massa lemak pada subyek lelaki dan perempuan (r= 0,25, p= 0,017; r= 0,38, p= 0,02). Tidak terdapat korelasi antara asupan karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein, vitamin D, vitamin E, kalsium, dan asam folat terhadap persentase massa otot, persentase massa lemak dan DMT. Kadar vitamin D tidak berkorelasi dengan komposisi tubuh. Terdapat korelasi kuat antara LILA dan MUAMC dengan persentase massa otot (r= 0,54, p<0,001; r= 0,68, p<0,001) dan massa lemak (r=0,77, p<0,001; r= 0,61, p<0,001). Kesimpulan: Lebih dari separuh remaja talasemia mengalami malnutrisi dan kekurangan asupan protein. Komposisi tubuh berkorelasi dengan jumlah asupan energi, tetapi tidak dengan yang lainnya. Kadar vitamin D tidak berkorelasi dengan komposisi tubuh. Lingkar lengan atas (LILA) dan MUAMC berkorelasi dengan persentase massa otot dan massa lemak. ......Background:Growth failure is common in thalassemia major (TM) patients. Nutritional management is an imperative aspect to optimize the clinical outcome. Measurement of muscle mass percentage, fat mass percentage, and bone mass density (BMD) on body composition is important component in assessing the nutritional status. There has been no study in Indonesia for the correlation between macronutrient and micronutrient intake on body composition in adolescents with thalassemia major. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 55 adolescent TM patients aged 10-18 years old taken through concecutive sampling at the Thalassemia Center dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital Jakarta. Nutritional status was evaluated and anthropometric measurements was performed including  mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), triceps skin thickness (TSK), and mid-upper arm muscle circumference (MUAMC). Macronutrient and micronutrient intake was obtained through a three-day food record. Muscle mass percentage, fat mass percentage, and BMD were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to examine vitamin D levels. The data was analyzed by Pearson and Spearman correlation depending on the type of distribution. Result: Moderate malnourish occurred in 58.2% subjects and severe malnourish in 9,1% subjects. The mean and median daily nutrient intake compared to their needs in male subjects were energy intake 85.6% (SD 20.19), protein 55% (SD 14.19), fat 112.4% (SD 35.48), carbohydrates 85.5% (SD 23.31), vitamin D 29% (IQR 15.68-40.80), vitamin E 34.1% (SD 14.77), calcium 37% (IQR 16.63-43, 45), and folic acid 32.98% (SD 14.6), while in female subjects, energy intake were 93.6% (SD 18.61), protein 59% (IQR 51-63), fat 112.4% (IQR 105-142.5), carbohydrates 93.3% (SD 25.5), vitamin D 22% (IQR 13.65-43), vitamin E 24% (IQR 21.65-39.7), calcium 35 .7% (IQR 20.45-55.6), and folic acid 26.3% (IQR 16.2-41.15). There was a mild correlation between energy intake and fat mass percentage in male and female subjects (r= 0,25, p= 0,017; r= 0,38, p= 0,02). There was no correlation between carbohydrate, fat, and proteis, vitamin D, vitamin E, calcium, and folic acid on the proportion of muscle mass percentage, fat mass percentage, and BMD. Vitamin D levels were not correlated with body composition. There were strong correlation between MUAC and MUAMC with the percentage of muscle mass (r= 0.54, p<0.001; r= 0.68, p <0.001) and fat mass (r=0.77, p<0.001; r= 0.61 , p < 0.001). Conclusion: More than half of adolescent TM patients are malnourished and lack protein intake. Body composition correlates with total calorie intake, but not with anything else. Vitamin D levels are not correlated with body composition. Mid-upper arm circumference and MUAMC correlate with the percentage of muscle mass and fat mass.