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Salah satu konsekuensi dari desentralisasi fiskal adalah wilayah dengan potensi penghasilan yang tinggi akan memiliki pendapatan yang lebih besar dibandingkan wilayah dengan potensi penghasilan yang rendah. Untuk meminimalisir kesenjangan antar daerah, Indonesia mendistribusikan DAU, DAK and DBH sebagai dana penyeimbang. Tesis ini menganalisis signifikansi dana penyeimbang pada pemerintah daerah di Indonesia dan meninjau faktor-faktor penting dalam menyusun skema dana penyeimbang yang lebih baik dalam mengurangi kesenjangan antar daerah. Berdasarkan analisis, tidak ditemukan adanya hasil yang signifikan dari dana penyeimbang dalam mengurangi kesenjangan antar daerah. Hal ini karena adanya beberapa kesalahan dan kekurangan dalam penerapan dana penyeimbang. Tesis ini juga menjabarkan beberapa faktor dalam mengatasi kesalahan pada penerapan dana penyeimbang..

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ABSTRACT
One consequence of fiscal decentralization is that richer states have a higher revenue base than poorer states. To overcome regional disparities, Indonesia distributes DAU, DAK and DBH as the balancing funds. This thesis analyses significant effect of the balancing funds on local governments in Indonesia and also reviews some necessary factors for conducting a better scheme of balancing funds in giving more significant impact reducing inequality. Based on critical review, the paper finds that the balancing funds do not give significant impact on reducing regional inequality. The result is due to some drawbacks in the implementation of the balancing funds. The paper also describes some factors that may need to be added to overcome the failure in the balancing funds.

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Makalah ini menyajikan analisis mengenai efektivitas kebijakan energi terbarukan dan praktek kebijakannya di Indonesia, dengan mengacu kepada praktek kebijakan energi terbarukan di Uni Eropa, negara-negara anggota OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) dan negara-negara BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China dan South Africa). Tulisan ini membahas factor-faktor kunci penentu keberhasilan kebijakan pengembangan energi terbarukan dalam konteks Indonesia. Secara keseluruhan, makalah ini memberikan kontribusi untuk memahami kebijakan RE secara umum dan faktorfaktor yang mendorong keberhasilan pelaksanaan RE di Indonesia pada khususnya. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa meskipun berbagai kebijakan dan program pengembangkan energi terbarukan telah dibuat oleh Pemerintah Indonesia, namun realisasinya masih di bawah target yang ditetapkan, sehingga hal ini membawa implikasi serius terhadap keamanan energi nasional. Berdasarkan identifikasi, faktor utama yang menghambat program pengembangan energi terbarukan di Indonesia adalah hambatan non-ekonomi.

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This paper presents an analysis of the effectiveness of RE policy and policy practice in Indonesia. It is based on RE policy practices in European Union, OECD and BRICS countries. Discussing key important factors of RE policy in Indonesian context, the study reveals that despite various policies and programs which the Government of Indonesia has made, the realization of RE deployment is still under the stated target, which can have implication for the national energy security. This might be attributed to non-economic barriers. Overall, this paper contributes to the understanding of RE policies in general and factors encouraging successful implementation of RE in particular.

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Tesis ini bertujuan untuk meneliti peran dari tarif tunggal PPh Badan terhadap investasi di Indonesia. Secara khusus, tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi apakah tarif tunggal PPh Badan dapat meningkatkan investasi dengan menggunakan metode kajian pustaka lanjutan. Studi sebelumnya mengungkapkan bahwa tarif PPh Badan mempengaruhi investasi, sebagian besar dari studi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antara tarif PPh Badan dan investasi adalah negatif. Meskipun begitu, tarif PPh Badan bukan merupakan satusatunya faktor yang mempengaruhi investasi. Oleh karena itu, pembuat kebijakan seharusnya juga mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor penting lain yang dapat menarik investasi dalam dan luar negeri.

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This thesis aims to investigate the role of a single corporate tax rate on investment in Indonesia. In particular, it aims to evaluate whether a single corporate income tax rate has improved or encouraged investment using extended literature review method. Previous studies revealed that corporate tax rate indeed influenced investment where the majority of these studies showed that it was negatively correlated. However, corporate tax rate was not the only factor that affected investment; therefore, policy makers should also consider other factors which were also important to attract both domestic and foreign investment.

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[Kegiatan ekonomi bawah tanah adalah masalah umum di setiap negara terlepas dari tingkat perkembangan ekonomi dari suatu negara, termasuk Indonesia. Kegiatan ini tidak dihitung dalam perhitungan PDB. Dengan demikian, hasil perhitungan PDB tersebut akan membuat bias kebijakan yang diambil oleh pemerintah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kondisi ekonomi bawah tanah di Indonesia, karakteristiknya dan faktor penyebabnya. Penelitian ini juga akan menguji hubungan antara ekonomi bawah tanah dan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia serta pendapatan pemerintah dari sektor pajak. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ukuran ekonomi bawah tanah di Indonesia untuk periode 1999–2007 masih relatif tinggi yaitu sekitar 18% - 21% dari PDB. Akibatnya, kondisi ini akan memberikan dampak negatif pada pertumbuhan ekonomi dan juga mengurangi pendapatan pemerintah, terutama dari sektor perpajakan, hal ini akan membatasi kemampuan pemerintah dalam penyediaan barang publik kepada masyarakat. Ada beberapa cara yang dapat ditempuh oleh pemerintah dalam mengurangi ekonomi bawah tanah, tetapi pemberantasn tingkat korupsi dan peningkatan kualitas pemerintah dalam rangka meningkatkan kepercayaan masyarakat adalah langkah utama yang perlu diambil oleh pemerintah Indonesia;Underground economic activities are a common problem in every country regardless of the level of economic development, including Indonesia. These activities are not counted in GDP measurement; thus, they will skew government policy decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the current condition of the underground economy in Indonesia, its characteristics, and the causes of its increasing growth. This study will also examine the relationship among the underground economy, Indonesian economic growth, and government tax revenue. The findings show that the size of the underground economy between 1999 and 2007 is relatively high at approximately 18% to 21% of GDP. Consequently, the underground economy has a negative impact on economic growth and also reduce government revenue, primarily tax revenue, thereby limiting the government’s ability to provide goods and services. Although, there are several ways to reduce the underground economy, reducing the level of corruption and improving governance in order to increase social trust is the most important action that can to be taken by the Indonesian government.;Underground economic activities are a common problem in every country regardless of the level of economic development, including Indonesia. These activities are not counted in GDP measurement; thus, they will skew government policy decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the current condition of the underground economy in Indonesia, its characteristics, and the causes of its increasing growth. This study will also examine the relationship among the underground economy, Indonesian economic growth, and government tax revenue. The findings show that the size of the underground economy between 1999 and 2007 is relatively high at approximately 18% to 21% of GDP. Consequently, the underground economy has a negative impact on economic growth and also reduce government revenue, primarily tax revenue, thereby limiting the government’s ability to provide goods and services. Although, there are several ways to reduce the underground economy, reducing the level of corruption and improving governance in order to increase social trust is the most important action that can to be taken by the Indonesian government, Underground economic activities are a common problem in every country regardless of the level of economic development, including Indonesia. These activities are not counted in GDP measurement; thus, they will skew government policy decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the current condition of the underground economy in Indonesia, its characteristics, and the causes of its increasing growth. This study will also examine the relationship among the underground economy, Indonesian economic growth, and government tax revenue. The findings show that the size of the underground economy between 1999 and 2007 is relatively high at approximately 18% to 21% of GDP. Consequently, the underground economy has a negative impact on economic growth and also reduce government revenue, primarily tax revenue, thereby limiting the government’s ability to provide goods and services. Although, there are several ways to reduce the underground economy, reducing the level of corruption and improving governance in order to increase social trust is the most important action that can to be taken by the Indonesian government]

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ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika antara kredit ke usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah (UMKM), kredit ke sektor swasta, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi regional di Indonesia. Model autoregresi vektor panel digunakan untuk memahami dinamika dalam model. Tidak seperti studi lintas negara sebelumnya, makalah ini menggunakan data panel provinsi. Hubungan antara variabel dalam model terhubung di dalam peraturan perundangan, otoritas moneter, dan Lembaga pengelola fiskal yang sama. Dengan demikian, tidak akan ada efek yang muncul akibat perbedaan institusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi antara kredit dengan UMKM dan kredit swasta bersifat dua arah. Kredit untuk UMKM dan kredit swasta tidak mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi regional. Hasil penelitian tidak memberikan bukti yang kuat untuk mengetahui hubungan sebab akibat antara pertumbuhan ekonomi regional dengan penyaluran kredit untuk UMKM maupun kredit untuk sektor swasta hr /> ABSTRACT

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This study aims to analyse the dynamic between credit to micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), private credit, and regional economic growth in Indonesia. A panel vector autoregression model is employed to understand the dynamic in the model. Unlike previous cross-country studies, this paper is using provincial panel data. The relationship between variables in the model are connected under the same regulation, monetary authority, and fiscal institution. Thus, there will be no effects that appear from the differences of institutions. The results suggest that the interaction between credit to MSMEs and private credit is bi-directional. Also, credit to MSMEs and private credit does affect regional economic growth. However, the result does not provide strong evidence for causality from regional economic growth to credit for MSMEs or private credit.