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"ABSTRACT

The new approach to the Indonesia Air Transportation Policy, introduced in 1974, raises a number of issues which are of vital importance to the development of the country's air transportation system and the tourist sector. These issues concern the effectiveness of the alternative measures which were introduced as strategy in the new air transportation policy to achieve rational economic resource utilization as well as the influence of these measures on other national policy objectives, such as culture, security, foreign relations, and related national goals.

Indonesia's potential and resources for domestic and international tourism development are among the world's greatest. Yet the lack of an effective air transportation policy and system, which are the lifeblood of international tourism, has apparently prevented the country from further capitalizing on these generous natural capital endowments.

The study is an attempt to analyze whether the new policy approach has been effective in attaining the desired multi-objectives, and to advance some policy decision-making approaches towards solving the complex air transportation policy problems within the overall national setting .

The ultimate goals of the new policy in air transportation are the formulation and implementation of a policy which will be both conducive to the development of the national air transport industry and tourism, and at the same time give due protection against possible future pitfalls in other related sectors of the economy .however because of social, cultural, political, and other considerations or constraints, a certain trade-off among the objectives is inevitable. The policy-maker, striving towards an efficient management of air transport, tourist, and other related national resources has tried to devise a "policy-mix approach" to attain those multiple goals, some conflicting, some complementary, and a few irreconcilable or in-compatible.

In order to be able to more objectively evaluate how far the new policy has been able to achieve those policy goals, in other words, how far the policy has been formulated effectively so as to provide the best compromise between the conflicting policy objectives and accommodate most of the supplementary interests which are reconcilable, the dual trade-off analysis has been presented and developed in this study . This is further complemented with other policy decision-making approaches, including games theory, adapted in a participatory air access policy- options display."

"ABSTRAKDewasa ini mikrooptika telah berkembang sebagai salah satu bagian dalam bidang optoelektronika, khususnya dalam sistem komunikasi fiber optik dan sistem pencitraan. Diantara komponen-komponen tersebut, lensa mikro dengan index bias terdistribusi (Distributed-Index = DI) sedang dikaji sebagai komponen dalam teknologi maju. Demikian juga untuk mewujudkan rangkaian terpadu optis. peraiatan "stacked planar optics" dengan lensa mikro sebagai elemen pokok akan menjadi pilihan utama. Dengan demikian suatu penelitian dalam karakterisasi komponen-komponen mikrooptik merupakan hal yang esensial untuk menyempurnakan proses fabrikasi komponen-komponen tersebut.Beberapa penelitian pada metoda karakterisasi elemen-elemen mikrooptik telah dilakukan, namun penyempurnaan dan pengembangan lanjutan masih diperlukan. Dengan demikian, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan metoda karakterisasi yang lebih menyeluruh untuk komponen-komponen mikrooptik. Dalam penelitian ini, diajukan suatu teorema mengenai perambatan moda di dalam fiber optik dan lensa mikro. Teorema tersebut diuji dengan berbagai percobaan experimental dengan menelaah pola medan jauh dari keluaran fiber optik dan lensa mikro.Selanjutnya, pengkajian transmisi citra oleh fiber optik ber-index langkah (SI) dikembangkan dengan "pulsed modulated transmission". Teknik yang diajukan adalah pemanfaatan sepasang celah untuk mereduksi pengaruh sinar-sinar miring dalam transmisi citra.Karakteristik pemfokusan lensa-lensa mikro DI juga telah ditelaah dengan teknik experimental berdasarkan metoda deviasi berkas cahaya pada pola medan jauh lensa mikro. Teknik ini digunakan untuk menentukan parameter pemfokusan lensa mikro silindris. Di samping itu, aberasi geometrik lensa mikro planar telah dipelajari dengan teknik tersebut. Aberasi gelombang untuk melengkapi karakteristik pemfokusan lensa telah Pula ditelaah dengan interferometer Mach-Zehnder. Teknik interferometrik yang diajukan dibandingkan pula dengan mikroskop interferensi dan persesuaian hasil yang diperoleh dengan kedua teknik tersebut membuktikan validitas dari teknik yang diajukan.Konsep ruang fasa yang sekarang dikembangkan dalam studi pemanduan gelombang optis diperluas dalam penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi parameter pemfokusan lensa mikro silindris. Perbandingan nilai parameter pemfokusan yang diperoleh dari pengukuran dan dari teori memberikan suatu persesuaian yang baik.Untuk menelaah kelayakan lensa mikro planar sebagai elernen optik telah dirancang dan dibuat dua contoh rangkaian mikrooptik, "fiber coupler" dan "branching circuit". Hasil-hasil meriyeluruh dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahma komponen mikrooptik dan evaluasinya akan terpakai sangat luas dalam bidang optoelektranika dan banyak cabang aplikasinya.

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AbstractIn the last ten years microoptics have been developed progressively in the field of optoelectronics such as optical fiber communication and optoelectronic imaging systems. In particular, distributed-index micro lens and optical fiber components are being utilized as components in advanced optoelectronic technologies. Also for realizing advanced optical integrated circuits, a stacked planar optics with micro lens as main element is considered to be a viable candidate. Therefore a study on the characterization of micro optic components is essential for improving fabrication processes of such components.Some studies have been conducted on the methods for characterizing micro optic elements, but those improvement and further development still in need. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to develop a more comprehensive characterizing method for these micro optic components. In this research work a theorem on mode propagation in optical fiber and micro lens was proposed. The theorem was then verified by various experimental treatments investigating the far field pattern from the output of optical fiber and micro lens.Furthermore, the applicability of image transmission by a step-index fiber was developed by a pulsed modulated transmission introducing a pair of slits to reduce the effect of skew rays in the transmitted image.The focusing characteristic of distributed-index micro lenses was also studied by developing experimental techniques of beam deviation method on the far field pattern from the micro lens. The technique was used to determine the focusing parameter of rod micro lens. On the other hand, the geometrical aberration of planar micro lens haze else been measured by this technique. The wave aberration for completing the focusing characteristic of micro lens has also been studied by utilizing Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The proposed interferometer technique was also compared to the existing interference microscope and the good agreement 1 between those techniques proved the validity of the proposed technique.The concept of phase space which was developed in the study of optical waveguides is extended in this research work evaluate the focusing parameter of rod micro lens. Comparison of the values of focusing parameter obtained from the measurement and from the theory gave a good agreement.To study the feasibility of planar micro lens as optical element in imaging systems it has also been designed and constructed two examples of micro optic circuits, fiber coupler and branching circuit. The comprehensive results of this research work point out that the micro optic component and its evaluation will be widely applied in optoelectronics area including many fields of applications."