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Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Worldwide it is estimated that 1400 million episodes of diarrhea occur annually in children under the age of 5 years. In 1990, over 3 million of such children died. Up to 70% of diarrhea episodes could be due to pathogens transmitted through food (Motarjemi, et. al., 1993). A prospective cohort study was conducted in Kelurahan Kapuk, West Jakarta. The purpose was to identify relationship between food contamination, diarrhea, and nutritional status of children age 6 months to 2 years.

Food samples such as drinking water (DW), rice mixture (RH), and milk formula (ME) consumed by 99 children were tested for contamination of Escherichia coli, total coliform, and total aerobic bacteria (APO). Diarrhea occurrence during 2-weekperiod were noted along with measurements of weight and height.

The results were as follow: 6% DW, 18% RM, and 7% MF were contaminated by faecal coliform; 29% DW, 26% RM, and 46% MF had total coliform below the recommenced guideline values of Health Department and WHO (Depkes, RI 1990, Depkes, RI 1991 & WHO, 1985); as well as 74% DW, 43% RM, and 12% MF for APC. However, no statistical significant relationship was found between food contamination and diarrhea.

Seventeen children suffered diarrhea during the 2-week study period; ranging from 1-6 days with average of 3 days. No persistent diarrhea was found. About half (53%) of the diarrhea children had mild dehydration problem.

Mean x-scores of weight-for-height for the diarrhea children at food sampling and 7 day afterward were (-1.39±1.03) and (-0.62+2 90). Six children were wasted at food sampling day, but only 5 were still wasted at 7th day visit. No statistical significant relationship was found between diarrhea and nutritional status after the disease.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
A study on Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) and intellectual performance of the school-children has been done in Malang District, East Java, in December 1994. This study covered 11 villages within 5 sub districts, three of which have volcanic soil and two have limestone soil. Totally 544 school-children aged 8- 10 years old, from 22 public primary schools were measured. Villages selection was done with the aim to describe the overall extent and severity of IDD among school-children by using different methods of assessment. Methods of assessment were palpation, ultrasonography, urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and the serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level. Culture Fair Intelligence Test were used to assess the intelligence quotient (IQ) points. The Total Goiter Rate (TGR) for the whole survey area as indicated both by palpation and ultrasound measurement were revealed 35.7 % and 54.8 % respectively. According to WHO criteria, the survey area categorized as "Severe" (TGR >=30%) as indicated by either palpation or ultrasound measurement. In contrast, the survey area categorized as "Mild" based on both UIE and TSH level (Median UIE = 5.50 ag/dl, TSH >5 mU/l = 3.4 %) Goiter, either determined by palpation or USG, was significantly associated with IQ points of the subjects ( p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 respectively). The association between median of UIE and IQ points of the subjects were also significant (p < 0.001). TSH level was not necessarily associated with either IQ points of the subjects or another IDD indicators. It is concluded that two of the IDD indicators (goiter and UIE) were significantly associated with the level of intelligence of the school-children, which reflected the quality of life of the people. Therefore, the intervention is urgently needed.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
An experimental community trial study was conducted to observe the influence of communication program on weekly iron supplementation in Tanzanian adolescent school girls.

A sample of 237 school-going adolescent girls aged 14 -17 years was randomly recruited from 5 schools in Darus-Salaam and placed into 3 groups. One group received 65 mg elementary iron with 0.25 mg folic acid on a weekly dose along with communication sessions. The second group received the same dose of iron tablets and no communication sessions. No intervention was made to the control group.

A VENN Diagram to assess the most closer person whom the girls would listen to was drawn prior to study. Three Focus Group Discussions at different stages with the adolescents and teachers were conducted. Anthropometrics in-dices were done once at baseline. Supplementation and communication strategies lasted for 8 weeks.

Measurements of Hemoglobin levels to obtain a general picture about the nutritional status of the participants were carried out before and after the intervention. Hemoglobin increased in school 1&2, (iron supplementation plus communication schools), (p<0.001); and anemia dropped significantly (p<0.001). School 3 (iron without communication) had zero anemia decrease; while school 4 (control); had anemia rates unchanged. To the contrary; anemia levels increased significantly in control school 5; (p>0.05).

Knowledge test was carried out before and after intervention; and an in-crease in test scores of school 1&2 was observed (p<0.001). Compliance was checked through stool examination (observed compliance) and iron pill distribution record (reported compliance). The results as indicated by two positive stool tests, were 94% and 75% in school 1 and 2 respectively; in school 3 (iron supplementation only) it was 50%. Reported compliance was 89% for school I&2 each, and 48% for school 3.

It was concluded that, carefully planned communication strategies can influence ingestion of iron supplementation; and, as anemia in adolescents in Tanzania is high, therefore a National Iron Supplementation Program was recommended.

Abstrak :
As part of CRONOS , this study, with cross-sectional design, aimed to observe nutritional and health status and some of their determinants, both nutritional and non-nutritional, of free-living elderly and middle-aged people in poor area of Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Data on dietary intake, anthropometry, socio-economic psychological stains and health assessment were collected hom 100 Vietnamese elderly men and women between 60-74 years and 100 middle-aged men and women aged 35-44 years old living during 2 months January and February, 1996 in village 2, district 4, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Findings of this study showed that both age groups had low energy and nutrient intakes assessed by single 24-hour recall. Median energy intakes were 8.2 MJ and 4 MJ for middle-aged and elderly rwpectively, which was suggested to be due to real energy intake deficiency in study population and underrestimation in the recalls. Anthropometric Endings demonstrated that the elderly had lower nutritional status as compared to the middle-aged (40% of elderly versus 26% of middle-aged were classified as chronic energy deficiency). This study also confirmed that the Vietnamese elderly had higher prevalence of abdominal fairness than their younger conterparts, as evidenced by having higher abdomen-to-hip ratio. Socio-economic and psychological data suggested that Vietnamese elderly received both socio-economic and psychological support nom family substantially. Only one third of elderly people self-perveived health as good. Discrepancy between self-reported hypertension and observed hypertension suggested that medical care in the elderly population is not of concern. High prevalence of hypertension (40%) and smoking (78%) indicated that Cardiovascular disease risk factors merits consideration in the geriatric care System in Vietnam.