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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Penelitian ini memotret bagaimana implementasi program community development yang terjadi di Kabupaten Sampang Pulau Madura, memang Implementasi program community development dan relasi sosial antar daerah tidak bisa disamaratakan. Permasalahan yang sering muncul adalah upaya resistensi dari masyarakat kepada korporasi. Hubungan keduanya yang terjadi tidak menunjukkan sebaliknya atau kooperatif. Sikap apatis yang ditunjukkan oleh masyarakat adalah keunikan tersendiri. Namun fluktuasi konflik tetap ada, hanya saja penyebabnya karena tidak meratanya bantuan dan beragamnya jenis program yang diterima. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis mengkaji bagaimana implementasi program tersebut dan relasi sosial yang terlihat kooperatif malah menimbulkan konflik horisontal sebagai dampaknya. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan adanya penyebab konflik dikarenakan bukan karena keberadaan korporasi namun berhubungan dengan program yang digulirkan.

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ABSTRACT The focus study was implementation of community development programs that occurred in Sampang, Madura Island, indeed Implementation of community development and social relations between regions can not be generalized. The problem that often arises is the resistance efforts of the community to the corporation. Their relationship is happening does not indicate otherwise or cooperative. The apathy shown by the community is unique. But fluctuations in the conflict remain, just cause because of the unequal distribution of aid and various types of programs are acceptable. In this study, the authors examine how the implementation of these programs and cooperative social relations are visible even cause horizontal conflict as a result. Results of this study indicate a cause of conflict because it were not for the existence of the corporation but relates to programs initiated.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Tesis ini menggunakan model hubungan State, Market & Society untuk melihat bagaimana media televisi komunitas sebagai public sphere coba dikembangkan dibawah tekanan dominasi televisi komersial nasional dalam industri televisi, serta kecenderungan penerapan kebijakan penyiaran yang masih lemah oleh negara. Hasilnya sebagaimana diperkirakan, prospek perkembangan televisi komunitas masih suram dan jauh dari gambaran sebagai sarana pemberdayaan yang efektif terhadap khalayak. Televisi komunitas sebagai media alternatif hanya ibarat sapu kecil dan ringkih dihadapan gunungan sampah visual yang dihasilkan sebagai ekses dominasi market dalam industri televisi. Secara sosiologis televisi komunitas bisa menjadi media tempat interaksi dan tempat bertemunya kepentingan dan makna bersama warga komunitas. Idealnya, dengan demikian televisi komunitas bisa menjadi public sphere karena eksistensinya ditentukan oleh partisipasi warganya. Namun, sebagaimana juga yang terjadi pada kasus PAL TV, karena kondisi eksternal sosio-kultural masih kurang mendukung, ditambah kelemahan internal manajemen penyiarannya, televisi komunitas masih kurang signifikan peran dan sumbangannya terhadap tugas-tugas pemberdayaan khalayak.

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ABSTRACT This Tesis uses relationship model of State, Market & Society to study how the community television is developed under constraint of domination of national commercial television in television industry, and also about the weak implementation of broadcasting policy by state. As the predicted result, prospect of community television development has uncertainty and far from the image as an effective tool to empower audience. Community television as an alternative media is just like a wisk broom against a bulk of visual rubbish produced by market whose dominance in television industry. Sociologically, community television is suitable to be a medium where the interaction of common interests and meanings among community members can be realized. Ideally, thus community television can be a public sphere due to its existence determined by community members? participation. However, as happened on PAL TV, due to its external socio-cultural environment which still unsupporting, and its internal broadcasting management which still weak, community television has unsignificant role and contribution on audience empowerment tasks.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Perkembangan industri di Karawang, yang awalnya diharapkan mampu menyerap banyak tenaga kerja lokal, ternyata secara tidak langsung berdampak pada hilangnya kesempatan kerja dan tingginya jumlah pengangguran lokal. Persoalan pengangguran ini menuntut dirancangnya kebijakan ketenagakerjaan yang lebih berpihak pada pengangguran lokal, yaitu Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 tentang Penempatan Tenaga Kerja Lokal. Kebijakan ini bertujuan sebagai tindakan afirmatif (affirmative action) untuk mendesak terdistribusinya kesempatan kerja bagi pengangguran lokal yang tereksklusi dalam dunia industri.

Namun, Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 ini belum mampu diimplementasikan secara optimal, sebab masih terdapat berbagai perselisihan kepentingan di antara aktor-aktor yang terkena dampak dari implementasi kebijakan ini. Berbeda dengan berbagai penelitian terhadap implementasi kebijakan yang cenderung hanya meninjau aspek-aspek prosedural dan administratif pada level tertentu, penelitian ini berupaya mengurai faktor-faktor sosiologis, terutama relasi sosial di antara aktor-aktor yang memiliki kepentingan yang berbeda, sebagai pendukung atau pun penghambat proses implementasi kebijakan ketenagakerjaan dalam multilevel: mikro, meso dan makro.

Karenanya, analisis penelitian ini dibagi dalam tiga persoalan: (1) proses implementasi kebijakan; (2) faktor-faktor yang mendukung implementasi kebijakan di level makro, meso dan mikro; dan (3) faktor-faktor yang menghambat implementasi kebijakan di level makro, meso dan mikro. Dengan begitu, penelitian ini diharapkan mampu meninjau proses implementasi kebijakan ketenagakerjaan secara lebih komprehensif.

Berdasarkan temuan penelitian, terdapat dua faktor yang mendukung proses implementasi Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011: (1) beberapa aspek dalam lingkungan eksternal (makro), seperti perkembangan pasar otomotif dan usaha garmen; (2) kerja sama stakeholders, seperti perusahaan Yahama dan Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil (OMS). Sementara di level mikro tidak ditemukan faktor pendukung proses implementasi. Namun, kedua faktor pendukung tersebut lebih bersifat kondisional, sehingga sulit diterapkan pada sektor-sektor lainnya.

Sedangkan faktor-faktor penghambat proses implementasi justru lebih banyak ditemukan di semua level, baik makro, meso maupun mikro. Di level makro atau struktural, ditemukan tiga faktor penghambat, yaitu: (1) ketidakjelasan rancangan kebijakan; (2) membludaknya pencari kerja baru dan minimnya lapangan kerja; (3) minimnya anggaran. Di level meso, ditemukan dua faktor penghambat, yaitu: (1) lemahnya sistem dan budaya organisasi; (2) resistensi stakeholders. Sedangkan di level mikro, ditemukan dua faktor penghambat: (1) lemahnya SDM lokal; (2) kepentingan pribadi. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses implementasi Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 masih belum diimplementasikan secara optimal berdasarkan banyaknya faktorfaktor penghambat yang tidak mampu diatasi oleh Pemerintah Daerah Karawang.

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ABSTRACT
The Industry development in Karawang, which is initially expected to absorb many local workers, in fact indirectly influences the losing of the job opportunity and the high rate of the local unemployment. This unemployment case forces the attempt to design the employment policy,Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 about Formation of the Local Workers, which tend to sustain the local employment. This policy aims to be an affirmative action to insist the distributed job opportunity for the local unemployment which is exclusive in the industry field.

However, the Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 has not implemented optimally yet, since there are still various conflict of interests among the actors affected by this implementationpolicy. Having some differences from some other various studies discussing the policy implementation which tend to observe the procedural and administrative aspects in a certain level, this study seek to elaborate the sociological factors, particularly social relations among the actors having the different interests, as a support or hindrance of the implementation of the employmentpolicy in multilevel: micro, medium, and macro.

Due to such considerations, the analysis of this study is divided into three matters: (1) the process of policy implementation; (2) the sustainingfactors of the policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium, and micro; and (3) the intervening factors of the policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium, and micro. This study is, therefore, expected to provide the more comprehensive investigation toward the implementation of employment policy.

The findings reveal that there are two factors sustaining the implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011: (1) several aspects in the external situation (macro), for instance the development of automotive and garment industries; (2) cooperation of stakeholders, such as Yamaha company and Resident Civil Organization/Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil (OMS). Meanwhile, in the micro level, the sustaining factors of the implementation process were not found. However, the two sustaining factors tend to be conditional that these tend to be difficult to be implemented in other sectors. On the other hand, the intervening factors of the implementation process are more frequently found in all levels, either in the levels of macro, medium, or micro. In the macro or structural level, three intervening factors were found: (1) the lack of clearance in the policy design; (2) the increasing number of the new job seekers and the lack of work-field; (3) the lack of budgeting. In the medium level, two intervening factors were found: (1) the weakness of system and culture of organization; (2) stakeholders resistances. Meanwhile, in the micro level, two intervening factors were found: the weakness of local human resources; (2) personal interest. This study, therefore, arrives at a conclusion that implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 is not implemented optimally, based on the many intervening factors which cannot be dealt with by The Region Government of Karawang.;The Industry development in Karawang, which is initially expected to absorb many local workers, in fact indirectly influences the losing of the job opportunity and the high rate of the local unemployment. This unemployment case forces the attempt to design the employment policy,Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 about Formation of the Local Workers, which tend to sustain the local employment. This policy aims to be an affirmative action to insist the distributed job opportunity for the local unemployment which is exclusive in the industry field. However, the Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 has not implemented optimally yet, since there are still various conflict of interests among the actors affected by this implementationpolicy. Having some differences from some other various studies discussing the policy implementation which tend to observe the procedural and administrative aspects in a certain level, this study seek to elaborate the sociological factors, particularly social relations among the actors having the different interests, as a support or hindrance of the implementation of the employmentpolicy in multilevel: micro, medium, and macro. Due to such considerations, the analysis of this study is divided into three matters: (1) the process of policy implementation; (2) the sustainingfactors of the policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium, and micro; and (3) the intervening factors of the policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium, and micro. This study is, therefore, expected to provide the more comprehensive investigation toward the implementation of employment policy. The findings reveal that there are two factors sustaining the implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011: (1) several aspects in the external situation (macro), for instance the development of automotive and garment industries; (2) cooperation of stakeholders, such as Yamaha company and Resident Civil Organization/Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil (OMS). Meanwhile, in the micro level, the sustaining factors of the implementation process were not found. However, the two sustaining factors tend to be conditional that these tend to be difficult to be implemented in other sectors. On the other hand, the intervening factors of the implementation process are more frequently found in all levels, either in the levels of macro, medium, or micro. In the macro or structural level, three intervening factors were found: (1) the lack of clearance in the policy design; (2) the increasing number of the new job seekers and the lack of work-field; (3) the lack of budgeting. In the medium level, two intervening factors were found: (1) the weakness of system and culture of organization; (2) stakeholders resistances. Meanwhile, in the micro level, two intervening factors were found: the weakness of local human resources; (2) personal interest. This study, therefore, arrives at a conclusion that implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 is not implemented optimally, based on the many intervening factors which cannot be dealt with by The Region Government of Karawang.;The Industry development in Karawang, which is initially expected to absorb many local workers, in fact indirectly influences the losing of the job opportunity and the high rate of the local unemployment. This unemployment case forces the attempt to design the employment policy,Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 about Formation of the Local Workers, which tend to sustain the local employment. This policy aims to be an affirmative action to insist the distributed job opportunity for the local unemployment which is exclusive in the industry field. However, the Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 has not implemented optimally yet, since there are still various conflict of interests among the actors affected by this implementationpolicy. Having some differences from some other various studies discussing the policy implementation which tend to observe the procedural and administrative aspects in a certain level, this study seek to elaborate the sociological factors, particularly social relations among the actors having the different interests, as a support or hindrance of the implementation of the employmentpolicy in multilevel: micro, medium, and macro. Due to such considerations, the analysis of this study is divided into three matters: (1) the process of policy implementation; (2) the sustainingfactors of the policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium, and micro; and (3) the intervening factors of the policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium, and micro. This study is, therefore, expected to provide the more comprehensive investigation toward the implementation of employment policy. The findings reveal that there are two factors sustaining the implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011: (1) several aspects in the external situation (macro), for instance the development of automotive and garment industries; (2) cooperation of stakeholders, such as Yamaha company and Resident Civil Organization/Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil (OMS). Meanwhile, in the micro level, the sustaining factors of the implementation process were not found. However, the two sustaining factors tend to be conditional that these tend to be difficult to be implemented in other sectors. On the other hand, the intervening factors of the implementation process are more frequently found in all levels, either in the levels of macro, medium, or micro. In the macro or structural level, three intervening factors were found: (1) the lack of clearance in the policy design; (2) the increasing number of the new job seekers and the lack of work-field; (3) the lack of budgeting. In the medium level, two intervening factors were found: (1) the weakness of system and culture of organization; (2) stakeholders resistances. Meanwhile, in the micro level, two intervening factors were found: the weakness of local human resources; (2) personal interest. This study, therefore, arrives at a conclusion that implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 is not implemented optimally, based on the many intervening factors which cannot be dealt with by The Region Government of Karawang., The Industry development in Karawang, which is initially expected to absorb many local workers, in fact indirectly influences the losing of the job opportunity and the high rate of the local unemployment. This unemployment case forces the attempt to design the employment policy,Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 about Formation of the Local Workers, which tend to sustain the local employment. This policy aims to be an affirmative action to insist the distributed job opportunity for the local unemployment which is exclusive in the industry field. However, the Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 has not implemented optimally yet, since there are still various conflict of interests among the actors affected by this implementationpolicy. Having some differences from some other various studies discussing the policy implementation which tend to observe the procedural and administrative aspects in a certain level, this study seek to elaborate the sociological factors, particularly social relations among the actors having the different interests, as a support or hindrance of the implementation of the employmentpolicy in multilevel: micro, medium, and macro. Due to such considerations, the analysis of this study is divided into three matters: (1) the process of policy implementation; (2) the sustainingfactors of the policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium, and micro; and (3) the intervening factors of the policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium, and micro. This study is, therefore, expected to provide the more comprehensive investigation toward the implementation of employment policy. The findings reveal that there are two factors sustaining the implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011: (1) several aspects in the external situation (macro), for instance the development of automotive and garment industries; (2) cooperation of stakeholders, such as Yamaha company and Resident Civil Organization/Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil (OMS). Meanwhile, in the micro level, the sustaining factors of the implementation process were not found. However, the two sustaining factors tend to be conditional that these tend to be difficult to be implemented in other sectors. On the other hand, the intervening factors of the implementation process are more frequently found in all levels, either in the levels of macro, medium, or micro. In the macro or structural level, three intervening factors were found: (1) the lack of clearance in the policy design; (2) the increasing number of the new job seekers and the lack of work-field; (3) the lack of budgeting. In the medium level, two intervening factors were found: (1) the weakness of system and culture of organization; (2) stakeholders resistances. Meanwhile, in the micro level, two intervening factors were found: the weakness of local human resources; (2) personal interest. This study, therefore, arrives at a conclusion that implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 is not implemented optimally, based on the many intervening factors which cannot be dealt with by The Region Government of Karawang.]