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"Telah dilakukan penelitian etnozoologi dan biologi reproduksi ikan lema, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) yang dilakukan selama satu tahun (Maret 2011--Februari 2012) di Teluk Mayalibit Kabupaten Raja Ampat, Papua Barat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan rekomendasi bagi peningkatan pengelolaan perikanan lokal yang penting di Teluk Mayalibit. Teknik penangkapan yang digunakan masyarakat lokal untuk menangkap R. kanagurta disebut “balobe lema” merupakan suatu metode teknik penangkapan unik, yang memanfaatkan perilaku fototropisme ikan dengan menggiring ke tempat “susun batu” yang kemudian ditangkap dengan serok (“timba”). Teknik unik ini tidak merusak habitat dan selektivitas tinggi yang telah dikembangkan oleh nelayan lokal sejak 1983. Sampel biologi reproduksi yang dikumpulkan dari nelayan berjumlah 3.944 ekor yang diamati selama penelitian dari Maret 2011--Februari 2012. Data biologi reproduksi membuktikan bahwa ikan yang ditangkap sebagian besar mempunyai gonad yang dikelompokkan pada Tingkat Kematangan Gonad (TKG) IV (38,8% betina dan 50,4% jantan) dengan 39 buah gonad betina translucent (gonad dengan ovum yang siap dipijahkan/oocytes hydrated). Data TKG mengindikasikan bahwa pemijahan berlangsung sepanjang tahun di Teluk Mayalibit. Tiga indikator yang terdiri atas persentase TKG IV gonad betina, persentase gonad translucent, dan Gonad Somatic Index (GSI) menunjukkan bahwa puncak aktivitas pemijahan terjadi antara September--November. Dari perspektif pengelolaan, paradigma pengelolaan berbasis masyarakat dengan memasukkan pengetahuan lokal dan Hak Pemanfaatan Teritorial Perikanan (Territorial Use Right in Fisheries, TURFs) akan menjamin konsep perikanan refugia bagi stok ikan penting ini. Perikanan ini memerlukan pengawasan ketat terhadap potensi ancaman penangkapan pada skala yang lebih besar bagi spawning aggregation. Jika terjadi penangkapan berlebih maka pengelolaan kawasan konservasi harus mempertimbangkan musim penutupan selama puncak aktivitas pemijahan (September--November) untuk menjamin pemulihan stok.

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Maturity stages of 3,485 individuals of the Indian mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) were measured from a population occurring in Mayalibit Bay during the period from March 2011 to February 2012. Approximately 200--600 individuals were sampled each month from the catches of fishers from the villages of Warsambin and Lopintol in the mouth of Mayalibit Bay. Of the 3485 individuals whose gonads were examined, 1734 (49.76%) were males and 1751 (50.24%) females. The values of Lm of male and female were 19.55 cm and 20.71 cm, respectively, which is significantly larger than in populations examined in the Malacca Strait and Java Sea, indicating these latter populations are more heavily exploited than in Mayalibit Bay. In both sexes, individuals in all 5 gonadal maturity stages were recorded each month, with the highest cumulative percentage being stage IV (ripe gonads) for both males (50.4%) and females (38.8%). Weights of individual male testes ranged from 0.9 to 20.4 g, while female ovary weights ranged from 3.1 to 28.9 g. Two of the individuals examined displayed hermaphroditic development of the gonads. Thirty nine of the females examined had translucent ovaries, indicating spawning would be imminent. This finding, along with the overall high percentage of individuals with stage IV and V maturity stages, lends strong support to fisher reports that Mayalibit Bay functions as a spawning aggregation area for R. kanagurta. Though gonad maturity data indicate that spawning occurs throughout the year in Mayalibit Bay, three separate indicators (percentage of stage IV gonads, percentage of translucent ovaries, and Gonad Somatic Index or GSI) each suggest that peak spawning season occurs between September and November. The highest GSI recorded for both males and females (10.22% and 14.48%, respectively) occured in November 2011."

"Geographically, Kabung Bay coastal waters is located at 100° 22'24? - 100°20?79? EL and 01° 06?22?- 01° OT45? SL. This region consists of intertidal areas, shallow sea waters (mudflats, gravel-sandflats, and sandflats), mangrove ecosystem, and coral reef. In the vicinity of Kabung Bay, there are many small islands that have been used as ecotourism sites such as Pasumpahan, Sikuai and Serandah islands. In those areas, there are some clam species which are commonly consumpted by local people such as Anadara antiquate, Katalysia japonica, and Gafrarium tumidum. Gafranium tumidum, known as kerang Kopah, is the most abundant in those areas and has been the most utilized by communities. However, their population density may be decreased due to the recent open access for those islands especially the tourism purposes."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang etnomedisin tumbuhan obat sub-etnis Batak Sumatera Utara dan perspektif konservasinya, pada bulan Mei-Desember 2012. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkapkan keanekaragaman spesies-spesies tumbuhan obat yang diperdagangkan maupun yang dimanfatkan oleh etnis Batak, sebagai data awal untuk rencana konservasinya. Penelitian dilakukan di pasar Kabanjahe dan Berastagi mewakili tempat transaksi perdagangan tumbuhan obat di Sumatera Utara; lima desa (Kaban Tua, Surung Mersada, Simalungun, Peadundung, dan Tanjung Julu) untuk mewakili masyarakat lokal kelima subetnis Batak (Karo, Phakpak, Simalungun, Toba, dan Angkola-Mandailing). Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan etnobotani melalui survei pasar, survei masyarakat desa, dan analisis vegetasi. Survei dilakukan dengan wawancara bebas mendalam, semi terstruktur, observasi parsipatif. Metode pebble distribution method (PDM) dilakukan untuk mengetahui local user?s value index (LUVI) penyakit dan tumbuhan obat. Sebanyak 9 responden diwawancara pada survei pasar, sedangkan pada survei masyarakat mewawancara 201 responden (41 orang informan kunci dan 160 orang responden umum). Responden umum setiap sub-etnis berjumlah 32 orang dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan umur yaitu kelompok umur 30--50 tahun dan kelompok umur >50 tahun dengan perbandingan 1:1.Analisis vegetasi dilakukan dengan pendekatan ekologi, pada agrofores karet (Hevea brasiliensis) atau hutan adat seluas 5 ha (1 ha setiap daerah induk sub-etnis Batak). Transek dibuat berbentuk sampling bersarang (nested sampling) dengan ukuran 20 m x 100 m sebanyak 5 buah, yang penempatannya berdasarkan purposive sampling. Data dianalisis secara kualitatif dan kuatitatif.Analisis kualitatif dilakukan dengan menggunakan statistika deskriptif meliputi jenis-jenis tumbuhan obat, manfaat, organ yang dimanfaatkan, dan sumber perolehan. Analisis kuantitatif untuk survei masyarakat dilakukan dengan menghitung nilai indek keanekaragaman, use value (UVs), index cultural of significance (ICS), sedangkan untuk analisis vegetasi dihitung nilai kepentingan (NK) tumbuhan obat. Uji anova (α 5%) digunakan untuk menghitung rata-rata jumlah spesies tumbuhan obat yang diketahui pada setiap kelompok umur pada setiap sub-etnis Batak. Sebanyak 349 spesies yang berasal dari 212 genus dan 94 famili tumbuhan obat dan 20 macam ramuan tradisional diperjual-belikan di pasar tradisional Kabanjahe dan Berastagi. Sebanyak 176 spesies tumbuhan obat yang dijual di pasar Kabanjahe dan Berastagi dimanfaatkan untuk tujuan preventif, sedangkan sebanyak 255 spesies dimanfaatkan untuk tujuan kuratif.Hasil wawancara kelima masyarakat desa ditemukan 414 spesies yang berasal dari 241 genus dan 99 famili dimanfaatkan sebagi obat. Di antara kelima sub-etnis Batak maka, sub-etnis Batak Simalungun memnafaatkan spesies tumbuhan obat paling banyak (239 spesies), kemudian diikuti oleh Angkola-Mandailing (165 spesies), Karo (152 spesies), Toba (148 spesies), dan Phakpak (130 spesies). Daun merupakan organ tumbuhan yang paling banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai obat, baik oleh masyarakat lokal maupun yang dijual pedagang. Sebagain besar tumbuhan obat yang diperdagangkan maupun yang dimanfaatkan masyarakat lokal merupakan tumbuhan liar. Nilai UVs, ICS, dan LUVI spesies tumbuhan obat relatif berbeda anatar kelima sub-etnis, dan nilai tersebut sangat ditentukan oleh jumlah manfaat dan ke limpahannya di lingkungan sekitar. Tumbuhan obat yang manfaatnya banyak memiliki nilai UVs, ICS, dan LUVI lebih besar dibandingkan yang manfaatnya sedikit dan sebaliknya. Berdasarkan uji anova (alpha 5%) terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara jumlah tumbuhan obat yang diketahui berdasarkan kelompok umur dan kategori responden. Informan kunci memiliki pengetahuan pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan responden umum. Berdasarkan nilai kepentingan lokal (LUVI) penyakit demam dan sakit perut merupakan penyakit yang memiliki LUVI paling tinggi pada setiap sub-etnis Batak.Hasil analisis vegetasi yang dilakukan pada hutan adat maupun agrofores ditemukan sebanyak 117 spesies hanya mewakili 28% dari keseluruhan jumlah spesies tumbuhan obat yang dimanfaatkan kelima masyarakat lokal sub-etnis Batak. Tumbuhan obat dominan (NK tertinggi) berhabitus pohon, semak/belta, dan semai/herba bervariasi antar agrofores dan sangat ditentukan tipe, umur, pola manajemen, luas, frekuensi penyiangan dan sadapan. Tumbuhan obat yang diperjual-belikan di pasar Kabanjahe dan Berastagi maupun hasil wawancara masyarakat lokal kelima daerah induk sub-etnis Batak memiliki indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener tinggi (> 3), namun tumbuhan obat yang ditrmukan dari analisis vegetasi memiliki indeks keanekaragaman rendah. Berdasarkan red list IUCN version 2012, tumbuhan obat yang dimanfaatkan oleh sub-etnis Batak memiliki status konservasi antara lain: sebanyak 17 spesies terancam, 7 spesies rentan, 6 spesies kritis, 16 spesies genting, dan 8 spesies masuk ke dalam apendiks II IUCN.

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Research is conducted on ethnomedicine of medicinal plants by sub-ethnic Batak in North Sumatra and conservation perspective, at May-December 2012. This research aims to obtained diversity of species medicinal plants traded and used by ethnic Batak, as data base the initial step for conservation plan of medicinal plants. Samples for this research were taken from Kabanjahe and Berastagi traditional markets as the representation of trading places, while Kaban Tua village, Surung Mersada village, Simbou Baru village, Peadundung village, and Tanjung Julu village representing the source of the obtained medicinal plants. Collecting data for this research was carried out by ethnobotany approach (market surveys, surveys local communities, and vegetation analysis). The interviews were conducted through free in-depth interviews, semi-structured, and participative observation. The local user's value index (LUVI) of the medicinal plants was done by the pebble distribution method (PDM). This approach was primarily carrying surveys and interviews of nine (9) traders of the medicinal plants in Kabanjahe and Berastagi traditional markets; and 201 local communities with 41 key informants and160 general respondents with two age goups, first group with 30--50 years old and second group above 50 years old with ratio 1:1.

Vegetation analysis conducted in the agroforest rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) or indegenous forest from area of 5 ha (1 ha each sub-ethnic) by ecological approach. The transect sampling was used in the form of nested sampling with a size of 20 m x 100 m of 5 pieces for each center regions of the sub-ethnic Batak. Data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative method. Qualitative analysis is done by grouping plants based upon usage category, organs harvested, and resource.

Quantitative analysis by calculating index diversity, index of cultural significance (ICS), use value (UVs), LUVI, and statistical analysis; while vegetation analysis calculated importance value (IV). Our finding scored 349 species (212 genera, 94 families) of medicinal plants and 20 kinds concoctions traded in the traditional markets Kabanjahe and Berastagi. The medicinal plants for preventive purposes have been used 176 species, while as many as 255 species used for curative purposes.

Out of 5 villages were selected as the location of the research, the results showed that as many as 414 species (99 families) of medicinal plants have been used by those 5 sub-ethnic Batak. Among all of those, sub-ethnic Batak Simalungun was the highest using medicinal plants (239 species), then followed by Angkola-Mandailing (165 species), Karo (152 species), Toba (148 species), and Phakpak (130 species). Leaves are organ of the most used medicinal plants as medicine, by local communities and the traders medicinal plants. The majority of medicinal plants traded and local communities utilized are wild plants. The value of UVs, ICS, and LUVI of medicinal plants are different at the fifth sub-ethnic, and the value determined by the amount uses and abudance in the neighborhood. Medicinal plants many uses have value UVs, ICS, and LUVI greater than medicinal plants uses few and vice versa. Based on anova (alpha 0.05), it is found a significant different about medicinal plants which is known by the yonger, older, and key informants. The number of medicinal plants species known by the youger is smaller in compare to the older, and key informants. Based on the LUVI, fever and abdominal pain are diseases that has the highest LUVI on each sub-ethnic Batak.

The results of the analysis vegetation found as many as 117 species represent only 28% of the total number of medicinal plants by five sub-ethnic Batak. The medicinal plants dominant (highest IV) trees, shrubs/belta, and seedling/herb varies between agroforest, and which determined by type, age, pattern management, broad, weeding frequency, and leads agroforest. Medicinal plants traded in Kabanjahe and Berastagi traditional markets; and local communities used in five sub-ethnic Batak has the Shannon-Wiener diversity index is high (> 3), but medicinal plants drugs find at vegetation analysis has a low diversity index. Based on the LUVI, which are fever and abdominal pain are diseases that has the highest LUVI on each sub-ethnic Batak. Based on the IUCN red list of version 2012, the medicinal plants have been used by the sub-ethnic Batak have conservation status, among others: 17 species threat, 7 species vulnerable, 6 species critically, 16 species endagered, and 8 species into the appendix II IUCN."

"Komunikasi suara memainkan peran penting dalam sistem sosial primata. Dalam kehidupan sosial, orangutan berkomunikasi jarak jauh dengan individu lain melalui seruan panjang (long call). Kemampuan mengeluarkan seruan panjang yang dapat terdengar jauh ini terbatas hanya pada orangutan jantan berpipi. Studi jangka panjang telah dilakukan sejak tahun 1988 di Stasiun Penelitian Ketambe, Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser, Aceh Tenggara mengenai seruan panjang ini.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah:Pertama, mengidentifikasi interaksi antara orangutan jantan berpipi dan antara orangutan jantan berpipi dengan betina.Kedua, menentukan fungsi seruan panjang bagi asosiasi jangkauan suara (earshot association).Ketiga, menentukan pola seruan panjang orangutan jantan, apakah mengeluarkan seruan panjang di lokasi tertentu misalnya pohon Ficus spp., pohon nonFicus spp., dan pohon sarang.Asosiasi jangkauan suara yang digunakan oleh jantan berpipi adalah suatu strategi jantan untuk menjaga jarak dekat dengan betina dan menolak kehadiran jantan lain yang berada di sekitarnya. Meskipun strategi seperti ini pernah diamati oleh para peneliti sebelumnya, kejadiannya di lapangan belum pernah secara kuantitatif diverifikasi. Data dikumpulkan dengan mengikuti individu target menggunakan metode Ad Libitum untuk merekam interaksi yang terjadi.Berdasarkan studi jangka panjang ini, telah dikonfirmasi ada hirarki non-linier antara jantan berpipi dan ada satu jantan dominan. Selain itu, status sosial yang tinggi dari orangutan jantan berpipi adalah tidak permanen. Selanjutnya, betina dewasa diketahui paling sering ditemukan di sekitar jantan berpipi yang dominan, sehingga membentuk asosiasi di sekitar jantan yang dominan. Respon jelajah jantan terhadap seruan panjang saling menjauhi, sebaliknya respon jelajah betinan terhadap seruan panjang saling mendekati.Penelitian yang juga menunjukkan bahwa, asosiasi bergerak mengikuti di sekitar lokasi dan posisi seruan panjang yang dikeluarkan oleh jantan yang dominan telah membuktikan ada asosiasi jangkauan suara (earshot association). Seruan panjang lebih sering dipancarkan di tepi studi area dan juga di pohon sarang tidur. Hasil ini menyimpulkan bahwa seruan panjang berfungsi menjaga dan memandu betina yang tinggal dalam radius jangkauan suara terdengar.

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Vocal communication plays an importan role in primate social system. In a social life, orangutans communicate with other individual through long calls. However, this behavior is limited to the flanged males orangutan. The long-term studies were conducted since 1988 in Ketambe Research Station, Gunung Leuser National Park, Southeast Aceh regarding this behavior; nonetheless, the reasons of long calls are still unclear.

Therefore, the purposes of the study are:

First, identify the interactions of males and females orangutan while long-calls are emitted.

Second, determine the function of long-calls as a guidance to keep earshot association.

Third, determine the pattern of male orangutans long call at a specific locations e.g. fig tree, non-fig tree, and nest tree.

Earshot association is a spacing strategy employed by the flanged males to keep close distance to females, while repelling other males orangutan. Although this strategie has been observed by previous researchers, its existence in the field has never been quantitatively verified before. Data were collected by following the individual target using Ad Libitum method to record their interaction.

Based on this long-term study, a non-linear hierarchy between flanged males and a dominant flanged male is confirmed. In addition, the high social status of flanged males orangutan is not permanent. Furthermore, adult females are most frequently found around the dominant flanged male, thus forming associations around the dominant male.

This study also shows the association is moving around to follow the location and position of long call emitted by the dominant male confirming earshot association. Long calls act as a guidance to keep the association between flanged male and other individuals. When the long-calls emitted by a dominant male, other flanged males are generally keep their distance whereas females are approaching the long-calls? source. The dominant male spend a long time in the fig trees than other males. In addition, males spend their time in the middle of the study area in which overlapped with adult females. Based on the rate of long calls, flanged males more frequently emitted the long calls on the edge of study area and also in the nest tree. These results conclude the long-calls could maintain the association with adult females who live in the similar range with the flanged male (earshot association)."

"Komunitas anggrek (Orchidaceae) merupakan salah satu kelompok tumbuhan yang terancam terhadap stres kekeringan akibat perubahan iklim. Komunitas anggrek di Indonesia mengembangkan dua bentuk hidup utama, yaitu epifit dan terestrial. Penelitian bertujuan untuk membandingkan adaptasi anatomi daun dan akar antara anggrek epifit dan terestrial; membandingkan tingkat adaptasi terhadap stres kekeringan antara bentuk hidup epifit dan terestrial pada spesies anggrek toleran terang; membandingkan tingkat adaptasi terhadap stres kekeringan antara bentuk hidup epifit dan terestrial pada spesies anggrek toleran naungan; serta membandingkan tingkat adaptasi terhadap stres kekeringan antara spesies Eulophia spectabilis dari tropis basah dan E. petersii dari tropis kering. Analisis anatomi dilakukan dengan pengamatan sayatan paradermal dan sayatan melintang daun maupun akar. Analisis fisiologi dilakukan secara eksperimental dengan perlakuan kekeringan di rumah kaca selama 30 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan strategi adaptasi anatomi daun dan akar antara anggrek epifit dengan terestrial. Anggrek epifit lebih mengutamakan penyesuaian ketebalan dan luasan jaringan penyusun organ daun maupun akar, sedangkan anggrek terestrial lebih mengutamakan penyesuaian luasan komponen pembuluh angkut daun dan akar, serta jumlah stomata dan luasan total stomata. Pada spesies anggrek toleran terang, kelompok epifit memiliki tingkat adaptasi yang lebih tinggi terhadap stres kekeringan dibandingkan kelompok terestrial. Pada spesies anggrek toleran naungan, kelompok epifit memiliki tingkat adaptasi terhadap stres kekeringan dengan rentang variasi yang lebih lebar dan tidak berbeda nyata dengan kelompok terestrial. Spesies Eulophia petersii dari tropis kering memiliki tingkat adaptasi yang lebih tinggi terhadap stres kekeringan dibandingkan Eulophia spectabilis dari tropis basah. Ciri anatomi pada komunitas anggrek tropis Indonesia terkait tingkat adaptasi yang lebih tinggi terhadap stes kekeringan meliputi: jaringan mesofil dan daun yang lebih tebal; lapisan kutikula yang lebih tebal; jaringan hipodermis yang berkembang; komponen pembuluh angkut daun yang lebih sempit, jaringan sklerenkim yang berkembang baik di sekitar pembuluh angkut primer daun; stomata dengan ukuran lebih besar, jumlah lebih sedikit, dan area total stomata yang lebih sempit; komponen pembuluh angkut akar yang lebih sempit; dan jaringan velamen yang lebih berkembang. Ciri fisiologi pada komunitas anggrek tropis Indonesia terkait tingkat adaptasi yang lebih tinggi terhadap stes kekeringan meliputi: selisih prolin yang lebih kecil, laju penurunan kandungan air relatif jaringan daun yang lebih rendah, dan nisbah klorofil a/b yang lebih tinggi.

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The orchid community (Orchidaceae) is one of the most threatened plant's groups to drought stress due to climate change. Indonesian orchid community has developed two main life forms, as epiphyte and terrestrial. The aims of this study were to compare the anatomical adaptation of leaf and root between epiphytic and terrestrial life forms on the Indonesian tropical orchid community; to compare the adaptation level to drought stress between epiphytic and terrestrial life forms in sun-tolerant orchid species; to compare the level of adaptation to drought stress between epiphytic and terrestrial life forms in shade-tolerant orchid species; to compare the level of adaptation to drought stress between orchid Eulophia spectabilis from wet tropical and E. petersii from dry tropical. The anatomical analysis was performed with observations on paradermal and transverse sections of leaves and roots. The physiological analysis was conducted experimentally in the greenhouse with drought treatment for 30-days. The results showed that epiphytic orchids have prioritized the anatomical adaptation strategy by adjusting the thickness and area of leaf and root's tissues, while the terrestrial orchids through the adjustment of the area of leaf and root's vascular components, as well as the number and total area of stomata; in sun-tolerant species, epiphytic orchids have shown a higher adaptation level to drought stress than terrestrial orchids; in shade-tolerant species, epiphytic orchids have shown a wider range of adaptation level to drought stress and not significantly different with terrestrial orchids; Eulophia petersii from dry tropical showed a higher adaptation level to drought stress than E. spectabilis. The anatomical traits related to a higher adaptation level to drought stress were: thicker mesophyll and leaf tissue, thicker cuticle layer, well developed hypodermic tissue, narrower leaf vascular bundle components, well developed sclerenchyma tissue around the leaf's primary vascular bundle, broader size-but fewer stomata, narrower total stomatal area, narrower root vascular components, and a more developed velamen layer. The physiological traits related to a higher adaptation level to drought stress were: lower proline deviation, lower decline rate in leaf water content, and a higher chlorophyll a/b ratio. "

"ABSTRACTSince the Jakarta Bay is economically important for various stake holders, then understanding the eutrophication processes, condition and its status, in the past, present time, and in the future through scientific research is inevitable.The objectives of this research are (1) To analyze the water quality parameters that can be used as an indicator of eutrophication phenomenon, (2) To develop monitoring tools for observing eutrophication process, and (3) To assess the tendency of eutrophication in the future using ASSETS (Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status) model.The method used in this research is marine remote sensing techniques through the application of multi-temporal and multi-sensor of Landsat satellites data. Results from field sampling of water quality data indicated that the mean of water transparency were stable during 1970?s to 1990?s around 7.5 m, but sharply decreased to 3.8 m in 2000?s On the other hand, the mean chlorophyll-a concentration showed a reversal pattern from water transparency, that the concentration was rapidly increased from 1.71 to 7.8 g/m3 during 1970?s to 2000?s. Based on these data, eutrophication is occuring in the Jakarta Bay.Empirical model for predicting water transparency developed using multitemporal Landsat-7 ETM+ data and field data collected in 2004 indicated that the model was good and capable to predict water transparency. The model was applied to both old Landsat aquired in 1970?a (Landsat-1, 2 and 3 MSS), 1980?s (Landsat-4 and 5 MSS and TM), and 1990?s (Landsat-5 and 7, TM and ETM+), as well as the latest data of 2000?s (Landsat-7 ETM+). Maps of water transparency and Trophic State Indeks (TSI) derived from emprical predicting model indicated a decreasing tendency of water transparency from 7.5 to 4.0 m during the 1970?s to 2000?s with the higest decreasing rate from 1980?s to 2000?s, while the TSI showed an oligotrophic condition during 1970?s to 1980?s, but move to mesotrhopic condition in 1990, and decreasing to eutrophic and hypertrophic condition in 2000?s. Thus, all these facts proved that the eutrophication is still going from the past to the present time. Utilization of ASSETS model for knowing the eutrophication of Jakarta Bay in the future based on several input parameters showed that strong eutrophicatiom will be continued in the future in which caused worsen condition of the water quality."

"ABSTRAK Pertambahan jumlah penduduk mendorong permintaan daging sebagai salah satu bahan pangan terus meningkat, namun hal ini belum diimbangi dengan peningkatan produksi daging dalam negeri yang memadai. Sebagai jenis satwa liar dilindungi, pemanfaatan rusa timor dapat dilakukan dari hasil penangkaran. Saat ini kegiatan penangkaran hanya sebatas pengembangbiakan untuk meningkatkan jumlah populasi, belum disertai upaya pemanfaatannya. Riset ini bertujuan: menganalisis keberlanjutan penangkaran rusa timor sistem kandang dan sistem bebas, menganalisis persepsi dan sikap masyarakat tentang pemanfaatan rusa timor hasil penangkaran sebagai alternatif sumber protein hewani, dan merumuskan strategi penangkaran dan pemanfaatan berkelanjutan rusa timor. Metode riset ini meliputiLife Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Cost, Social Life Cycle Assessment dan Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment, untuk menilai keberlanjutan, analisis pasar untuk menilai persepsi dan sikap masyarakat, serta analisis isi dan SWOT Delphi untuk merumuskan strategi kebijakan. Hasilnya menunjukkan keberlanjutan penangkaran sistem kandang dan sistem bebas di lokasi riset tidak berbeda jauh, karena manajeman dan penggunaan input pada kedua penangkaran hampir sama. Persepsi dan sikap masyarakat terhadap pemanfaatan rusa timor hasil penangkaran sebagai alternatif sumber protein hewani positif, dalam hal status konservasi, aspek pemanfaatan, keamanan pangan, kualitas, dan harga. Perlu dilakukan kajian dan penyederhanaan kebijakan penangkaran dan pemanfaatan hasilnya, serta meningkatkan kerjasama dengan para pihak, sehingga pemanfaatan rusa timor hasil penangkaran sebagai alternatif sumber protein hewani untuk mendukung ketahanan pangan dapat diimplemantasikan, tanpa mengganggu upaya pelestariannya di alam. Kata kunci: rusa timor, keberlanjutan, persepsi, sikap, penangkaran

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ABSTRACT

Population growth have increased the demand for meat as one of the foodstuffs. However, this has not been matched by adequate domestic meat production. The utilization of timor deer can be fullfiled from captive breeding due to its status as a protected wildlife. At present, the breeding activities are only limited to increasing the population and not yet to balance of utilization efforts. This research aimed to analyze the sustainability status of timor deer captive breeding (cage and free systems) and to analyze the community perceptions and attitudes towards the use of timor deer as an alternative source of animal protein, and arrange strategies for sustainable captive breeding and use of timor deer. The methodology in this research covering Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Cost, Social Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment, market analysis for assessing community perceptions and attitudes, as well as content analysis and SWOT Delphi for formulating policy strategies. The results showed that the sustainability of both model of captive breeding systems in the research site did not considerably differ each other due to the almost similar management and use of resources. Moreover, the community perceptions and attitudes towards the use of captive timor deer as an alternative source of animal protein denoted positiveness, either in terms of conservation status, used,  food security, quality and price aspects. Above all, it is still necessary to evaluate and simplify the policies of timor deer captive breeding and the use of the results as well as improve cooperation with the related parties. By these efforts, the use of captive timor deer as an alternative source of animal protein to supporting food security can be well implemented, without disrupting its preservation in nature.

 

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