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Abstrak :
Tujuan :untuk mendapatkan data kadar vitamin C plasma dan humor akuos penderita katarak senilis dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan. Tempat : Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Mata RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo Metodologi : suatu studi korelasi, dengan subjek 123 penderita katarak senilis yang menjalani operasi katarak, dipilih secara consecutive sampling. Data meliputi data umum, gradasi katarak, pola dan asuhan makan ditentukan dengan metode tanya ulang 2x24jam dan FFQ serta pemeriksaan kadar vitamin C plasma dan humor akuos menggunakan spektrofotometri. Hasil : Kebiasaan mengkonsumsi suplemen vitamin C terdapat pada 26% subjek. Pola makan dan asupan vitamin C dengan kriteria kurang pada 62,6% dan 52,9% subjek. Median kadar vitamin C plasma 0,545 (0,203 - 1,986) mgldL dan humor akuos 16,753 (3,528 - 37,505) mg/dL, Penderita katarak gradasi III mempunyai kadar vitamin C plasma yang tertinggi, sedangkan di humor akuosnya terendah. Terdapat korelasi positif antara vitamin C plasma dengan asupan zat gizi (energi, protein dan serat) dan vitamin C humor akuos. Terdapat hubungan antara pola makan, asupan zat gizi, kebiasaan mengkonsumsi suplemen vitamin C dengan gradasi katarak. Kadar vitamin C plasma > 0,7 mg/dL (batas risiko katarak) yang diperoleh dari asupan vitamin C 140 mg/hari mempunyai hubungan dengan gradasi katarak. Kesimpulan : Tidak( ada subjek penelitian yang menderita defisiensi vitamin C. Kadar vitamin C humor akuos pada katarak gradasi III lebih rendah dibanding gradasi lanjut kemungkinan dikarenakan sejumlah serat-serat lensa masih aktif menggunakannya. Pola makan yang baik, asupan vitamin C > 140 mg/hari dan kebiasaan mengkonsumsi suplemen vitamin C lebih banyak ditemukan pada penderita katarak gradasi awal. Dibutuhkan asuhan vitamin C lebih tinggi dari AKG untuk menunda progresivitas katarak.

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Purpose: to identify the plasma and aqueous humor level of vitamin C in senile cataract patient and related factors. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. Material and Method: A correlation study of 123 consecutive samples of senile cataract patients who underwent cataract surgery. Data were collected include demographic profiles, cataract grades, assessment of dietary profile and intake by food recall 2x24 hours question and FFQ, vitamin C level in plasma and aqueous humor, analyzed by spectrophotometer method. Result: Subject who regularly consumed vitamin C supplement was up to 26%. Poor dietary profile and vitamin C intake were found on 62.6% and 52.9% of the subject respectively. The median of vitamin C level in plasma was 0.545 (0.203-1.986) mg/dL and in aqueous humor was 16.753 (3.528-37.505) mg/dL. The highest median plasma level along with the lowest median aqueous humor level of vitamin C was found on cataract grade 3. Plasma level of vitamin C had a positive correlation with a variety of nutrient intake (energy, protein and fiber) and vitamin C level in aqueous humor. The grade of lens opacities was associated with dietary profile, intake of nutrient, vitamin C supplement consumption. Plasma level of vitamin C higher than 0.7 mg/dL during vitamin C intake of 140 mg per day was related with the grade of lens opacities. Conclusion: None of these senile cataract patients was vitamin C deficient. The aqueous humor level of vitamin C in cataract grade 3 was lower than in other grades. It is assumed that numerous healthy lens fibers are still active utilizing the vitamin C in aqueous humor. Fine dietary profile, high vitamin C intake (>140 mg/dL) and regular consumption of vitamin C supplement were associated with grades of cataract. It is suggested to increase vitamin C intake higher than RDA in order to prevent the progression of cataract.

Abstrak :
Tujuan : Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian NED terhadap status protein penderita luka bakar derajat II, 20-60% dari luas permukaan tubuh (LPT) dan/atau derajat III ≥ 10% LPT usia 18-60 tahun. Tempat : Unit Luka Bakar RSUPNCM Bahan dan Cara : Penelitian ini merupakan suatu uji klinik dengan randomisasi yang telah disetujui oleh panitia tetap penilai etik penelitian Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Duapuluh subyek yang memenuhi kriteria penerimaan dan penolakan dibagi 2 kelompok secara randomisasi blok. Sepuluh subyek perlakuan diberi NED mulai ≤ 8 jam pasca luka bakar, sedangkan 10 subyek kontrol diberi nutrisi enteral/oral 24 jam pasca luka bakar. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 12 hari. Status protein ditetapkan dengan pemeriksaan albumin dan prealbumin serum serta nitrogen urea urin (NUU). Sampel darah untuk pemeriksaan albumin dan prealbumin diambil hari ke-l, 7, dan 12. Urin tampung 24 jam untuk pemeriksaan NUU diambil hari ke-3, 7 dan 12. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah uji t untuk data berdistribusi normal dan uji Mann Whitney U untuk data berdistribusi tidak normal, batas kemaknaan yang digunakan sebesar 5%. Hasil : Penelitian ini menunjukkan pemberian NED tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna terhadap status protein antara kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol, tetapi pada kelompok perlakuan didapatkan peningkatan kadar prealbumin dan gambaran penurunan kadar NUU yang lebih tajam. Kesimpulan : NED mempunyai kecenderungan dapat memperbaiki status protein walaupun belum dapat dibuktikan secara statistik.

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The Effect of Early Enteral Nutrition (EEN) on Protein Status in Burn Patients at Burn Unit Dr. Cipto Mangun Kusumo Hospital 1999-2000Objective: To know the effect of EEN on protein status in burn patients with 20-60% total body surface area (TBSA) of second degree burned, and/or ≥ 10% TBSA of third degree burned, age 18-60 years old subjects. Place: Burn Unit Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Material and Methods The study was a randomized clinical trial, which already certify by the ethical clearance research committee of the Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia. Twenty subjects were selected by inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were divided into two groups by block randomization. Ten subjects were given enteral nutrition started ≤ 8 hours post burn, while 10 control subjects were given enteral / oral nutrition 24 hours post burn. Observation was done for 12 days. Protein status was determined by the laboratory result of albumin and prealbumin serum and the level of urinary urea nitrogen (UUN). Blood samples for albumin and prealbumin serum were taken on the day 1st, 7th and 12th. Twenty four hours collected urines for UUN examination were taken on the day 3rd, 7th and 12th . Statistical analysis was performed with t-test for data with normal distribution and Mann Whitney U test for data which do not conform to a normal distribution. The level of significance was 5%. Results: The results showed no significant difference between the two groups, except on day 12th the prealbumin level tends to increase and the UUN level tend to decrease in the study group. Conclusion : The EEN tend to be able to increase the protein status although has not statistically proven yet.

Abstrak :
Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian diet rendah energi seimbang dengan atau tanpa pemberian inhibitor lipase terhadap antropometri dan indikator metabolik pada subyek berat badan lebih. Metodologi: Desain - uji klinis paralel selama 24 minggu, mulai Maret 2002 sampai Maret 2003. Subyek - orang dewasa sehat (berusia >18 sampai 60 tahun) laki-laki dan perempuan, dengan indeks massa tubuh >25 kg/m2. Perlakuan - seluruh subyek mendapatkan diet rendah energi seimbang (defisit 500 kilokalori per hari) mengandung 25% energi dari lemak. Dilakukan randomisasi menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitu kelompok yang mendapat diet saja (kelompok D) dan kelompok diet disertai inhibitor lipase 120 mg 3 kali sehari (kelompok DIL). Hasil: Dari 74 orang yang diskrining, 64 orang (laki-laki 8 orang, perempuan 56 orang) memenuhi syarat sebagai subyek, dilakukan randomisasi menjadi 2 kelompok, masing-masing 32 orang. Pada akhir penelitian, terdapat 13 subyek kelompok D dan 25 subyek kelompok DIL. Indeks massa tubuh kedua kelompok berbeda bermakna (p=0,046). Diet rendah energi menyebabkan penurunan berat badan dan penurunan massa lemak masing-masing sebesar 3,86% dan 2,59%. Perubahan komposisi tubuh tersebut berhubungan dengan perbaikan beberapa faktor risiko terkait obesitas. Kadar gula darah puasa dan kolesterol LDL turun bermakna masing-masing sebesar 8,45% dan 8,75%. Kombinasi diet dan inhibitor lipase memperbesar penurunan berat badan, massa lemak dan lingkar perut masing-masing 4,2+1,2 kg (p=0,001), 3,7+1,4 kg (p=0,014) dan 6,5±2,1 cm (p=0,005). Kombinasi tersebut juga memperbesar penurunan kadar total kolesterol dan HDL kolesterol masing-masing sebesar 20,0+7,2 mg/dL (p=0,008) dan 4,4+2,0 mg/dL (p=0,035). Perubahan pola distribusi lemak tubuh dan rasio LDL/HDL tidak bermakna. Setiap penurunan 1 kg berat badan, massa lemak berkurang 0,8+0,1 kg (p<0,001) ; lingkar perut berkurang 1,0+0,2 cm (p<0,001), ini menunjukkan terjadi pemecahan jaringan lemak intra-abdominal. Setiap penurunan 1 kg massa lemak, kadar gula darah postprandial berkurang 2,2+1,0 mg/dL (p=0,039). Setiap penurunan 1 kg berat badan, kadar total kolesterol berkurang 3,7+0,8 mgldL (p<0,001) ; kadar LDL kolesterol berkurang 2,3+0,8 mg/dL (p=0,008) ; kadar trigliserida berkurang 2,5+1,2 mg/dL (p=0,040). Setiap penurunan 1 cm lingkar perut, kadar HDL kolesterol berkurang 0,4+0,1 mg/dL (p=0,007). Simpulan: Pemberian diet rendah energi seimbang selama 24 minggu menurunkan berat badan, memperbaiki komposisi tubuh dan menurunkan faktor risiko terkait obesitas. Inhibitor lipase sebagai terapi adjuvan diet rendah energi dapat meningkatkan defisit energi, sehingga memperbesar penurunan berat badan, massa lemak, lingkar perut, kadar total kolesterol, dan HDL kolesterol.

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Effects of individualized modest energy deficit diet with or without lipase inhibitor on anthropometric and metabolic indicator in overweight subjects Objectives: To study the effects of weight loss on anthropometric measures and metabolic indicators in overweight subjects consuming low-energy balanced diet with or without lipase inhibitor. Methods: Design - 24 weeks randomized clinical trial study, conducted from March 2002 to March 2003. Subjects - healthy obese adults (>18 to 60 years of age) of both sexes, with body mass index >25 kg/m2. Treatments - all subjects received low-energy diet designed individually to cause an energy deficit of approximately 500 kcal/day (2092 kJ/day) containing 25% of energy as fat. Subjects were randomized to receive diet only (D group) or diet and lipase inhibitor 120 mg 3 times daily (DIL group). Results: A total of 74 subjects screened, 64 subjects (8 males and 56 females) entered the protocol were randomly assigned into 2 groups, each had 32 subjects. At the end of the study, 13 subjects ofD group and 25 subjects of DIL group were evaluated. Lipase inhibitor significantly lowered body mass index (p=0.046). Low-energy diet induced weight loss and fat mass loss up to 3.86% and 2.59% respectively. Improved body composition was associated with improvement in several obesity-related risk factors. Fasting glucose level and LDL cholesterol were lowered by as much as 8.45% and 8.75% respectively. Combination with lipase inhibitor accounted for 4.2+1.2 kg greater weight loss (p=0.001), 3.7+1.4 kg greater fat mass loss (p=0.014), and 6.5+2,1 cm less abdominal circumferences (p=0.005). Lipase inhibitor further reduced total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol up to 20.0±7.2 mg/dL (p=0.008) and 4.4+2.0 mg/dL (p=0.035) respectively. However both groups showed no statistically significant changes of body fat distribution and LDLIHDL ratio. Every 1 kg weight loss caused 0.8+0.1 kg fat mass loss (p<0.001) and 1.0+0.2 cm less abdominal circumference (p<0.001), these changes showed reduction of intra-abdominal fat tissue. One kilogram less fat mass lowered postprandial blood glucose level by 2.2+1.0 mg/dL (p=0.039). One kilogram weight loss also found to reduce total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride level as much as 3.7+0.8 mg/dL (p<0.001); 2.3+0.8 mg/dL (p=0.008) and 2.5+1.2 mg/dL (p=0.040) respectively. One centimetre less abdominal circumference lowered HDL cholesterol by 0.4+0.1 mg/dL (p=0.007). Conclusion: 24 weeks treatment with low-energy diet significantly reduced body weight, improves body composition and some obesity-related risk factor. Lipase inhibitor as adjunctive therapy enhanced energy deficit.

Abstrak :
Ruang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian : Malnutrisi seringkali terjadi pada penderita Gagal Ginjal kronik (GGK) dengan Hemodialisis (HD), yang disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor termasuk gangguan metabolisme energi dan protein, perubahan hormonal, infeksi, serta asupan makanan. Di samping itu, hemodi alisis sendiri meningkatkan katabolisme protein. Untuk mengatasi keadaan tersebut diperlukan asupan protein lebih besar dari penderita non dialisis. Substitusi analog keto dan asam amino esensial pada penderita GGK dengan HD, dapat diharapkan memperbaiki gangguan metabolisme protein tanpa menambah beban pada ginjal. Di dalam tubuh analog keto mengalami transaminasi membentuk asam amino esensial yang diperlukan untuk sintesa protein, oleh karena itu, suplementasi campuran analog keto dan asam amino esensial dipertimbangkan untuk meningkatkan asupan protein. Di Indonesia belum pernah dilakukan penelitian suplementasi campuran analog keto dan asam amino esensial pada penderita GGK dengan HD, walaupun di negara maju dengan kondisi berbeda sudah pernah dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai pengaruh suplementasi analog keto dan asam amino esensial terhadap status protein penderita GGK dengan HD.Campuran analog keto dan asam amino esensial sebanyak 7,5 g dan vitamin B6 20 mg dalam bentuk-kapsul sebanyak 9 kapsul, diberikan secara peroral setiap hari selama 3 minggu. Penelitian dilakukan secara acak sederhana tersamar tunggal terhadap 39 penderita GGK dengan HD. Penderita GGK dengan HD dibagi dalam 2 kelompok, masing-masing 20 dan 19 orang. Kelompok kontrol diberi kapsul plasebo dan kelompok perlakuan diberikan suplementasi. Data 10 orang masing-masing 5 orang dari tiap kelompok dikeluarkan karena tidak memenuhi persyaratan. Hasil dan Kesimpulan : Nilai rata-rata(Y) kadar transferin kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan sebelum dilakukan suplementasi adalah berturut-turut (396,73 ± 48,38 mg/dl) dan (406,71t 31,95 mg/dl) Sesudah suplementasi kadar transferin pada kelompok kontrol cenderung penurunan lebih besar ( 390,92 ± 54,92 mg/dl) daripada kelompok perlakuan (387,73 ± 63,88 mg/dl) tetapi hasil uji statistik terhadap perubahan ini tidak bermakna (p > 0,05). Kesimpulan: Suplementasi campuran analog keto dan asam amino esensial pada penderita GGK dengan HD yang mempunyai status protein baik, agaknya tidak memberi pengaruh terhadap status proteinnya.

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The Effects Of Supplementation Of A Mixture Of Ketoanalogues And Essential Amino Acids On The Protein Status Of Chronic Renal Failure Patients On HemodialysisScope and Method of study: Malnutrition often occurs to chronic renal failure (CRF) patients on hemodialysis (HD). This may be a consequence of multiple factors including disturbances in energy and protein metabolism, hormonal derangements, infections and poor food intake. Besides, hemodialysis it self increases protein catabolism. To overcome such cases CRF patients on HD need more protein intake than non dialysis patients. Substituting ketoanalogues (SA)-and essential amino acids (EAA) in CRF patients on HD is hoped to be able to-eliminate the disturbance of protein metabolism without adding more work load to the kidney. In the body ketoanalogues undergo transamination to form EAA needed to synthesize protein. Therefore, supplementation of a mixture of KA and EAA is considered as means to increase protein intake. In Indonesia a study on the supplementation of a mixture of KA and EAA has never been done, whereas in developed countries, some have been done on different conditions. The aim of this study is to asses the effects of a mixture of KA and EAA on the protein status of CEF patients on HD. A mixture of KA and EAA amounting to 7,5 g and 20 mg of vitamin B6 was put into 9 capsules orally for three weeks. In this study 39 CRF patient on HD were randomly divided into two groups, each consisted of 20 and 19 subjects. The control group was given placebo capsules, and the treatment group was given supplementation. Ten subjects, 5 from each group,were excluded because they didn't participate well in the study. Findings and Conclusions : The mean of transferrin level of the control and treatment groups before the supplementation was 396,73 ± 48,38 mg/dl and 406,71 ± 31,95 mg/dl respectively. After the supplementation transferrin level of the control group to decreased (390,92 ± 54,92 mg/dl) more than that of the treatment group (387,73 ± 63,88 mg/dl). However, statistically the change was not significant. It can be concluded that the supplementation of a mixture of KA and EAA to CR patients on HD who had good protein status, presumably, did not affect their protein status.

Abstrak :
Tujuan: Mengetahui kadar vitamin E plasma, malondialdehida plasma dan kebiasaan merokok pekerja laki-laki. Hasilnya diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu dasar memperbaiki pola hidup untuk menurunkan risiko aterosklerosis pada perokok dan bukan perokok. Tempat: PT. Nasional Gobel - Bogor Jawa Barat. Metodologi: Penelitian dengan desain cross sectional pada 115 pekerja laki-laki, yang merokok dan tidak merokok, berusia 20-55 tahun yang memenuhi kriteria penerimaan dan penolakan, dan terpilih secara simple random sampling, menggunakan tabel bilangan acak. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi : umur, pendidikan, penghasilan, IMT, persentase lemak tubuh, asupan lemak, asupan serat, asupan vitamin E, kadar vitamin E plasma dan MDA plasma. Hasil: Median kadar vitamin E plasma subyek yang tidak merokok [24,76 (I8,89-50,61) μmol/L] lebih tinggi dari subyek yang merokok [23,80 (12,25-38,14) μunol/L]. Median kadar MDA plasma subyek yang tidak merokok [0,61 (0,22-4,75) nmol/mL] lebih rendah dari subyek yang merokok [0,68 (0,32-3,01) nmol/mL]. Tidak didapat hubungan yang bermakna (p > 0,05) antara asupan vitamin E, kadar vitamin E plasma, kadar MDA plasma dengan kebiasaan merokok. Terdapat korelasi positif yang bermakna (p < 0,05) antara IMT (r = 0,28), persentase massa lemak tubuh (r = 0,25) dengan kadar vitamin E plasma. Didapatkan korelasi negatif yang sangat lemah (r = -0,11) antara kadar vitamin E dengan MDA plasma pada subyek penelitian yang tidak merokok dan pada subyek yang merokok hampir tidak didapat korelasi (r = -0,07) dan tidak bermakna secara statistik. Kesimpulan: Didapatkan korelasi yang bermakna antara kadar vitamin E plasma dengan kadar MDA plasma pada pekerja laki-laki yang tidak merokok dan yang merokok. ...... Objective: To study plasma vitamin E concentration, MDA concentration and smoking habit male workers. The results are expected to be used as one of the basis to enhance life pattern, and to decrease the risk of atherosclerosis. Place: PT. National Gabel Bogor, West Java. Method: A cross sectional study was carried out among 115 male smoking workers and non smoking workers, age 20-55 years old, who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria selected by simple random sampling using random table. Data collection consist of age, education, income, body mass index, fat mass percentage, fat intake, vitamin E intake, plasma vitamin E and MDA concentrations. Results: Median of plasma vitamin E concentration among non smokers was higher [24,76(18,89-50,61) μmol/L] than smokers [23,80(12,25-38,14) μmol/L]. While median of plasma MDA concentration among non smokers [0,61(0,22-4,75) μmol/L] was lower than smokers [0,68(0,32-3,01) μmol/mL]. There were no significant relationship (p>0,05) between vitamin E intake, plasma vitamin E concentration, plasma MDA concentration and smoking. There were significant (p<0,05) positive correlation between body mass index (r=0,28), fat mass percentage (r=0,25) and plasma vitamin E concentration. Weak negative correlation was found between plasma vitamin E and MDA concentration. Conclusions: There was weak negative correlation but not significant between plasma vitamin E and MDA concentration in smoking workers.

Abstrak :
Tujuan: Mengetahui status asam folat dan perilaku tentang asupan asam folat pada akseptor KB, sehingga dapat dipertimbangkan perlu tidaknya suplementasi asam folat pada akseptor KB, khususnya akseptor pil. Tempat: RW 014 Kelurahan Pisangan Baru, Kecamatan Matraman, Jakarta Timur. Bahan dan Cara: Penelitian crows-sectional dan subjek penelilian adalah semua akseptor KB yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi data sosio demografi, pola makan, asupan giri (makro matrial dan asam folat), status kadar asam folat serum dan sel darah merah (SDM). Hasil: Tidak didapatkan kadar asam folat serum < 3 ag/ml. Status asam folat serum subjek tidak berhubungan dengan pemakaian pil, karakteristik demografi, asupan gizi dan status gizi. Persentase kadar asam folat SDM < 160 mg/ml. adalah 3,5%. Kadar asam folat SDM subjek pil tidak berbeda dengan subjek bukan pil, namun ada kecenderungan kadar asam folat SDM subjek pil lebih rendah dari subjek bukan pil. Secara bermakna kadar asam folat SDM subjck bcrhubungan dengan kebiasaan mengkonsumsi sayur hijau dan kelompok umur. Perbedaan dalam mengolah sayur menyebabkan perbedaan bermakna pada jumlah subjek yang mempunyai kadar asam folat SDM < 160 mg/ml. Rata-rata asupan zat-zat gizi subjck penelitian di bawah AKG yang dianjurkan. Subjek pil mempunyai rata-rasa asupan asam folat lebih rendah bermakna dari subjek bukan pil, namun tidak didapatkan korelasi antara asupan asam folat dengan kadar asam folat serum dan SDM subjek penelitian. Kcsimpulan: Status asam folat serum dan SDM subjek penelitian tidak berhubungan dengan pemakaian pil dan bukan pil, sehingga belum diperlukan suplementasi pada subjek penelitian khususnya subjek pil. ...... Objective: To determine the folic acid slates and the behavior of folic acid intake in contraceptive users. This is in order to decide whether folic acid supplemeration is necessary, especially for pill users. Location: RW 014 Kelurahan Pisangan Baru, Kecamatan Matraman, Jakarta Timur. Methods: cross-sectional study and subjects were all contraceptive users who fulfill study criteria. Data ' collected were socio-demographic, eating paucrn, nutritional intake (macro nutrient and folic acid), nutritional status, serum and RISC folic acid level. Results: Serum folic acid level of < 3 mg/ml, was not found, Scrum folic acid level was not associated with using pill or non pill, socio-demographic, eating pattern, nutritional intake and nutritional status. The percentage of RISC folic acid level of N 160 mg/ml, was 3.5%. RISC folic acid level was not associated with using pill or non-pill, but there was a tendency Chef ItBC folic acid level in pill users was lower than non-pill users, There was a significant correlation between R13C folic acid level wish the frequency of green vegetables consumption and age group, 'Ihe difference in the manner of cooking significantly associated with the number of subject with RBC folic acid level of 160 mg/ml. Nutritional intake was under RDl level in almost subjects. Pill users had in average significant lower folic acid intake compare to non-pill users, but there was no correlation between folic acid intake with scrum and RBC folic acid level. Conclusions: Serum and RHC folic acid stains is not associated with using pill or non-pill. From this study it is still not necessary for folic acid supplementation, especially for pill users.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui nilai pembatas indikator kelebihan lemak tubuh pada lansia. Tempat : Puskesmas Kecamatan Kotamadya Semarang yang mempunyai program lansia binaan. Bahan dan cara : Studi cross-sectional pada lansia 60 tahun ke atas(69 pria dan 173 wanita), subyek penelitian dipilih secara acak sederhana pada tingkat Puskesmas. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi : data non nutrisi, data nutrisi, antropometri, kadar lipid serum data gula darah puasa .Penetapan nilai pembatas indikator kelebihan lemak tubuh (IMT, Lpe, rasioLPe/Lpa ,ML) ditetapkan pada nilai median. Sedangkan nilai indikator metabolik sebagai faktor risiko PJK ditetapkan pada batas diwaspadai (berdasarkan Konsensus Nasional Dislipidemia Indonesia, 1993). Hasil : Profil kol. total dan kol. HDL serum subyek wanita lebih tinggi daripada subyek pria (p = 0,001). Prevalensi faktor risiko PJK seperti dislipidemia pada subyek wanita lebih tinggi dibandingkan subyek pria (p < 0.05). Nilai-nilai pembatas indikator kelebihan lemak tubuh yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini yaitu IMT (pria 21 kg/m2; wanita 23 kg/m2 ), LPe (pria 79 cm; wanita> 80 cm), rasio LPe-LPa (pria) 0,91; wanita > 0,85), massa lemak tubuh (pria > 22 %; wanita > 35 %). Sensitifitasnya dikaitkan dengan profit lipid sebagai faktor risiko PJK yaitu 40 - 60 %, sedangkan spesifisitasnya 70 - 80 %. Terdapat perbedaan determinan komposisi tubuh terhadap gangguan metabolik pada subyek pria dan wanita. Pada subyek pria nilai pembatas indikator kelebihan lemak tubuh berkorelasi dengan TG dan GDP, sedangkan pada subyek wanita berkorelasi dengan kol. HDL, kol. total, kol. LDL dan TO. Kesimpulan : Nilai-nilai pembatas indikator kelebihan lemak tubuh yang didapat pada penelitian ini cenderung memberi spesifisitas yang lebih tinggi dibanding dengan sensitifitasnya (dikaitkan dengan dislipidemia). Pada subyek pria indikator kelebihan lemak tubuh lebih terkait pada TG den GDP. Sedangkan pada subyek wanita indikator kelebihan lemak tubuh lebih terkait pada dislipidemia.

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ABSTRACT The Cut Off Point Determination Of Overfatness In Relation to Selected CHD Risks In Elderly In Semarang Objective : To determine cut off points of overfatness in the elderly using CHD risks factors as the end points. Place : Seven public health centers with elderly clubs in Semarang municipal. Materials and Methods : This cross-sectional study involved 242 elderly individuals (69 males & 173 females), aged 60 years and over. Simple random sampling was applied at the PHC level. Structured questionnaires were used to collect information on sosiodemography, life styles, food habits and practices Anthropometric assessments were done to estimate body compositional status. Serum lipids and fasting blood glucose were measured to identify metabolic disorders. High body mass index, high abdominal circumference, high abdominal hip ratio and high fat mass values were used as overfatness indicators. The Indonesian National Consensus on Dyslipidemia was used to identify dyslipidemic cut off values. Results : Mean serum total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in females were higher than those in males (220.99 ± 46.66 vs 199.31 ± 35.71, p = 0.001 and 51.17 ± 11.58 vs 45.22 ± 12.52, p = 0.001, respectively). The prevalence of CHD risks (dyslipidemic profiles) in females were also higher than that in males (p < 0.05). With respect to CHD risks, cut-off points for overfatness using BM1 values were > 21 kglr2 and ) 23 kglm2 for males and females respectively. Cut off points for other overfatness indicators were AC) 79 cm and ) 80 cm; AHR > 0.91 and ) 0.85 and percent body fat 3 22% and ) 35% for males and females, respectively. Using these cut off values, the sensitivity ranged from 40 -- 60% and the specificity ranged from 70 -- 80%. There were gender differences in the determinants of metabolic disorders. In males, overfatness was more related to TG and fasting blood glucose values. On the other hand, in females, overfatness was more related to total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and TG. Conclusion : This study supports the findings reported by other investigators that cut off values for overfatness, in relation to metabolic disorders, are more specific than sensitive. Gender differences in the determinants of metabolic disorders indicate that interpretation on body compositional disorders in the elderly should be taken cautiously.

Abstrak :
Tujuan : Mengetahui korelasi antara kadar vitamin E dengan jumlah limfosit CD4 penderita HIV/ AIDS Tempat : Klinik Kelompok Studi Khusus AIDS Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia/ RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta. Metodologi : Penelitian potong lintang pada 52 penderita HIV/ AIDS , berusia 20-40 tahun. Data yang diambil meliputi data demografi, infeksi oportunistik, asupan energi asupan lemak dengan metode food recall 1x24 jam, asupan vitamin E dengan food frequency questionnaire (F Q) semikuantitatif, kadar vitamin E plasma dan hitung limfosit CD4. Analisis bivariat dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson. Hasil : Subyek terdiri dari 44 orang laki-laki dan 8 orang perempuan, median usia 26 tahun, 75% berpendidikan sedang, 63,5% berpenghasilan di bawah UMP, 59,6% tidak merokok, 80,77% golongan IDU, 82,7% AIDS, 80,8% dengan IO. Rerata IMT 19,53 kg/m2 dan 53,8% termasuk normal , rerata asupan energi 1574,1 ± 198,48 kkal, rerata asupan lemak 31,17 ± 7,26%, median asupan vitamin E 10,00 ± 1,82 mg/ hari, dan 84,6% memiliki asupan vitamin E kurang. Nilai median kadar vitamin E plasma 22,59 (11,08-70,24) µmol/L dan 90,4% subyek memiliki kadar vitamin E normal. Didapatkan korelasi positif bermakna antara asupan lemak dengan kadar vitamin E plasma(r=0.307, p-0.027*) dan antara asupan vitamin E dengan jumlah CD4 (r=0.363, p=0.008*). Tidak ada korelasi antara IMT dengan limfosit CD4 (r-0.210, p=0.135), asupan vitamin E dengan kadar vitamin E plasma (r-0.222, p=0.114), kadar vitamin E plasma dengan jumlah limfosit CD4(r= 0.028, p'.843). Kesimpulan : Tidak terdapat korelasi antara kadar vitamin E plasma dengan jumlah CD4 penderita HIV/ AIDS.

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Objective : To investigate the correlation between plasma vitamin E concentration and the number of CD4 lymphocytes count in HIV/ AIDS patients Method : This was a cross-sectional study involving 52 HIVIAIDS patients, aged 20-40 years in University of Indonesia AIDS Working Group (POKDIKSUS) Clinic at Dr Ciptomangunkusumo General Hospital Jakarta. Data were collected including demographic characteristic, energy and fat intake by the 24-hour dietary recall method, vitamin E intake using FFQ semi quantitative method, vitamin E plasma concentration and CD4 lymphocytes count. Statistical analysis was carried out using Pearson's correlation test to investigate the correlation between vitamin E plasma concentration and the number of CD4 lymphocytes count in HIVIAIDS patients. Result : The subjects were comprised 44 men and 8 women with median of age 26 years. 75% of the subjects were in middle education level; 63.5% were earned under Jakarta's minimum wages; 59.6% were non-smoker; 80.77% were IDU; 82.7% were infected by AIDS; and 80.8% with opportunistic infection. The BMI mean was 19.53kg/m2 of which 518% were normal. The mean of daily energy intake was 1574.11 ± 198.48 kcal, the mean of fat intake was 31.17 ± 7.27%, the median of vitamin E intake 10.00 (7.67- 15.38) mgld and 84.6% had a low vitamin E intake. The median value of vitamin E plasma level was 22.59 (11.08-70.24) µmol/L and 90.4% of subjects had normal vitamin E plasma concentration. There was a significant correlation of fat intake with vitamin E plasma concentration (r=0.307, p=0.427*), also of vitamin E intake with CD4 lymphocytes count (r 0.363, p-0.008*). But, there was no correlation of BMI with CD4 lymphocytes count (r0.210, p=0.135), of vitamin E intake with vitamin E plasma concentration (r=0.222, p=0.114), also the concentration of vitamin E plasma with CD4 lymphocytes count (r= 0.028, p=0.843). Conclusion: No correlation was found between plasma vitamin E concentration and CD4 lymphocytes count in HIV/ AIDS patients..

Abstrak :
Tujuan : Mengetahui hubungan kadar magnesium serum dan asupan magnesium dengan hipertensi, serta hubungan magnesium serum, asupan magnesium dan tekanan darah dengan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya, pada orang dewasa > 35 tahun. Tempat: Kecamatan Mampang Prapatan, Jakarta Selatan Bahan dan cara : Studi cross sectional dilakukan pada 105 subyek pria dan wanita > 35 tahun yang dipilah secara simple random sampling dari sampel MONICA Jakarta 2000. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi: data umum subyek, asupan makanan, antropometri, tekanan darah, pemeriksaan laboratorium (kadar magnesium serum, kreatinin serum dan gula darah puasa). Data dianalisis dengan uji statistik Chi-square, Fisher's exact, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anova dan t- tes. Hasil : Hipertensi didapatkan pada 40 % subyek dan makin banyak pada kelompok umur yang lebih tua. Sebanyak 38,8% subyek pria dan 55,4% subyek wanita mempunyai asupan magnesium kurang, Hipomagnesemia lebih sering terjadi pada subyek hipertensi daripada subyek tidak hipertensi. Dari hasil analisis bivariat, didapatkan hubungan bermakna antara :1) perilaku gizi dengan pola makan, 2) umur dan pola makan dengan asupan magnesium, 3) umur dengan tekanan sistolik, 4) asupan protein dengan tekanan darah sistolik, 5) asupan magnesium dengan tekanan darah diastolik dan hipertensi. Rata-rata kadar Mg serum lebih rendah pada subyek hipertensi, namun tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kadar Mg serum dengan hipertensi. Simpulan : Defisit asupan magnesium didapatkan pada semua subyek dan terutama berhubungan dengan pola makan yang kurang baik. Kurangnya asupan magnesium makanan dan rendahnya magnesium serum dapat menjadi salah satu faktor penunjang hipertensi. ......The Relationship Between Serum And Dietary Magnesium With Hypertension And The Influential Factors In Adults In Mampang Prapatan District, JakartaObjective: to determine the relationship between serum and dietary magnesium with hypertension, and the relationship between serum magnesium, dietary magnesium and blood pressure with the influential factors in age > 35 year. Location: Mampang Prapatan District, South Jakarta. Materials and method: A cross-sectional study had been carried out among 105 subjects selected by simple random sampling method. The collected information consist of socioeconomic status, smoking and physical activities, dietary intake, anthropometric, blood pressure and laboratory examinations for serum magnesium, creatinine serum and fasting blood glucose. Statistical analysis was performed by Chi Square, Fisher's exact, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anova and t -test. Results: Hypertension was found in 40 % subjects and more prevalent in older groups. Low level of magnesium intake was found in 38,8 % men and 55,4% women. Hypomagnesaemia was more prevalent in hypertensive subjects than in non-hypertensive. Bivariat analysis found significant relationships between :1) nutritional behavior with food pattern, 2) age and food pattern with dietary magnesium intake,3) age with systolic blood pressure, 4) dietary protein intake with systolic blood pressure, 4) dietary magnesium intake with diastolic blood pressure and hypertension. The average serum magnesium level was lower in hypertensive subjects, but no significant relationship between serum Mg levels with hypertension. Conclusions: Dietary magnesium deficit was found in all of subjects, especially associated with the poor food pattern. The reduced level in magnesium diets and the low level of magnesium serum could be a responsible factor in the development of hypertension.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Ruang lingkup dun metode penelitian: Gula pasir dan gula aren adalah dua jenis pemanis, yang pemakaiannya sangat luas di Indonesia. Kedua jenis gula ini disukai karena rasa manisnya, dan mengandung sukrosa dengan jumlah berbeda. Hasil penelitian terdahulu menunjukkan bahwa sukrosa merupakan jenis karbohidrat yang merupakan penyebab terjadinya karies gigi.Tetapi penelitian tentang gula pasir dan gula aren serta perbedaan pengaruhnya terhadap aktifitas karies gigi, sejauh yang peneliti ketahui belum pernah dilakukan. Hai ini menjadi sangat penting mengingat prevalensi karies gigi di Indonesia cukup tinggi yaitu 80% dari penduduk Indonesia. Berdasarkan hal diataslah penelitian ini dilakukan, dengan tujuan untuk melihat apakah ada perbedaan pengaruh dari gula pasir dan gula aren terhadap aktifitas karies gigi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan menggunakan 60 ekor tikus jantan jenis ?Wistar? sebagai subjek, yang dibagi secara acak menjadi tiga kelompok A, B dan C. Kelompok A adalah kelompok yang diberi makanan kontrol, yaitu makanan dasar yang biasa dimakan sehari-harinya sebelum penelitian. Kelompok B diberi makanan eksperimen 1 (56% dari berat total adalah makanan dasar + 44% dari berat total adalah gula pasir). Kelompok C adalah kelompok yang diberi makanan eksperimen 2 (56% dari berat total adalah makanan dasar + 44% dari berat total adalah gula aren). Gula pasir yang digunakan adalah gala pasir yang mengandung 95,56% sukrosa, sedangkan gala aren mengandung 77,82% sukrosa. Tes aktifitas karies gigi dilakukan dengan metode kolorimetrik Cariostat yang dilakukan dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama empat minggu setelah diberi makanan sesuai pengelompokannya, dan tahap kedua, empat minggu setelah tahap pertama. Disini dilalukan juga pengukuran perubahan pH plak dengan pHmeter serta berbagai faktor yang mungkin dapat mempengaruhi aktifitas karies gigi yaitu; jumlah konsumsi makanan perhari, jumlah kandungan sukrosa yang dimakan perhari, kandungan serat dari makanan, kandungan fluor, dan pH saliva. Hasil dan kesimpulan Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan antara pengaruh gula pasir dan gula aren terhadap aktifitas karies gigi, serta pengaruh gula aren lebih besar daripada gula pasir (pH plak berbeda bermakna (p< 0,05). Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan kandungan sukrosa yang lebih besar pada gula pasir, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa masih ada faktor-faktor lain yang mempengaruhi aktifitas karies gigi yang tidak diperiksa pada penelitian ini.

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ABSTRACT Scope and method of study : Cane sugar and palm sugar are two different types of sweeteners which are widely used in Indonesia. These two kinds of sugar are liked for their sweet taste and contain sucrose at different amount. Results from previous studies indicate that sucrose is the type of carbohydrate causing the formation of dental caries. However, study on cane sugar and palm sugar and their influence difference on caries activity has never been conducted as far as the research?s knowledge. This becomes very important due to the prevalence of dental caries in Indonesia which is quite high, 80% of the Indonesian population. Based on the above reason the study is conducted with the purpose to see the influence differences of cane sugar and palm sugar on caries activity. This study was an experimental study on 60 rats, which randomly divided into three groups, A, B, and C. Group A was fed a controlled diet (basic food normally given before the experiment), group B was fed experimental diet 1 (56% of total weight is basic food + 44% Of total weight is cane sugar). Group C was fed experimental diet 2 {56% of total weight is basic food + 44% of total weight is palm sugar). The cane sugar contained 95,56% sucrose, and palm sugar contained 77,82% sucrose. Tests on caries activity using Cariostat coloriemetric method in two stages. The first stage was performed four weeks after the group had been put on their respective diets, and the second stage is four weeks after the first stage test. Measurement of pH plaque changes by pHmeter and several factors which may influence caries activity such as the amount of food consumed per day, the amount of sucrose content consumed per day, fiber content, fluor content, and pH saliva, are also conducted in this study. Findings and conclusion : The result of this study shows the influence differences between cane sugar and palm sugar on caries activity, and the influence of palm sugar is greater than cane sugar (pH plaque difference is significant of p< 0,05). This is not in accordance with the sucrose content which cane sugar is higher than palm sugar, so it can be concluded that there are other factors which influence caries activity not observed in this study.