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"Cryptosporidiurn sp. adalah parasit protozoa usus intraseluler yang rnenginfeksi berbagai hewan verteblata termasuk manusia dan menyehabkan penyakit kriptosporidiosis, juga merupakan agen penycbab diare yang bersifat oportunistik. Gejaia yang berulang dan angka penularan yang tinggi akan menurunkan kualitas hidup penderita sehingga diperlukan diagnosis kriptosporidiosis yang cepat secara mikroskopis pada sediaan tinja yang diwarnai.Tesis ini bcrtujuan membandingkan metode pewamaan modiiikasi tahan asam (MTA) dan auramin fenol (AF) untuk dcteksi ookista Cryploaporidiwn sp. dari sampel tirja dengan dan tanpa konsentrasi. Sensitivitas dan spesifisitas setiap metode dari tinja yang dikonsentrasi, ditentukan dengan PCR* sebagai baku emaa Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain cross sectional menggunakan uji diagnostik. Hasil uji skrining dan tingkat agreement dihitung Dari 130 sampel tirqa yang diperiksa, 5,4%, 10%, 10%, l9,2% dan 32,3% positif Cryprosporidium sp. dengan metode MTA tanpa konsentrasi, MTA dikonsentrasi, AF tanpa konsenuasi, AF dikonsemrasi dan PCR*. I-Iasil positif ookista Cfgptosporidium sp. lebih banyak ditemukan pada sediazm tinja yang dikonsentrasi. Hasil tidak berbeda bermakna pada perbandingan basil MTA dengan dan tanpa konsentrasi(p=0,07), sedangkan hasil berbeda bcrmakna pada AF (p=0,00). Sensitivitas MTA dan AF tinja konsentrasi adalah 30,9% dan 54,8%; spesifisitas 100% dan 97,7% dibandingkan dengan PCR*. Metode pewarnaan AF memiliki nilai sensitivitas lebih tinggi, tetapi spesifisitasnya sama dengan MTA. Metode pewamaan AF dapat digunakan scbagai altematif dari pewamaan MTA untuk deteksi ookista Cfyptosporidium sp. pada sampel tinja.

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Cryptosporzdnm sp. is intestinal protozoa parasite intracellular which infect widely vertebrata include human and cause cryptosporidiosis disease, also opportunistic agent for diarrhea. Reinfection and high transmission can decrease quality of life patient, so it needs a quick diagnostic with microscopy analysis to stain fecal smears. The objective of this study is to investigate the comparison of the modified acid fast (MAF) and auramine phenol (APh) staining method in order to detecting Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts 'nom unconcentrated and concentrated fecal sample. The sensitivity and specificity of each method from concentrated fecal sample was determined with PCR* as the gold standard.

The result of the screening test and the levels of agreement were quantified This research is qualitative interpretation with cross sectional design study which using diagnostic test. Of the |30 fecal samples that has examined, 5,4%, 10%, 10%, 19,2% and 32,3% were positive Cryptosporidium sp. by the MAF unconcentrated, MAF concentrated, APh unconoentrated, APh concentrated and PCR* method respectively. The majority of positive Cryptosporidium sp. samples were found in concentrated samples.

The results have no significant differences between MAF staining with unconcentrated and concentrated fecal sample (p=0,07), but there is a significant difference for APh staining (p=0,00). In comparison with PCR* results, the sensitivities of MAF and APh concentrated methods were 30,9% and 54,8%; the specificities were l00% and 97,7% respectively. The APh staining method apparently has more sensitivity than MAF staining method, but has the same speciticity. The APh staining method proved to be a valuable altemative to MAF staining for detection of' Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts in fecal sample."

"Monosodium glutamat (MSG) merupakan penyedap rasa makanan yang sangat sering digunakan. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa MSG dalam dosis tinggi dapat bersifat neurotoksik/eksitotoksik bagi sel saraf di sistem saraf pusat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh MSG terhadap pembentukan memori khususnya memori spasial dan pengaruh MSG terhadap selsel saraf di hipokampus mengingat area ini sangat berperan dalam proses pembentukan memori. Subjek penelitian adalah 25 ekor tikus putih jantan galur Sprague Dawley (berusia 8-10 minggu, berat 150-200 gr) yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok (dua kelompok kontrol dan tiga kelompok perlakuan masing-masing mendapat MSG sebanyak 2 mg/gr, 4 mg/gr dan 6 mg/gr yang diberikan secara oral selama 30 hari). Uji memori spasial dilakukan dengan menggunakan water-E maze, sebelum pemberian MSG dimulai dan setiap minggu hingga minggu ke-4 (dilakukan 5x pengujian). Setelah hari terakhir pemberian MSG, seluruh hewan coba dikorbankan. Jaringan otak diambil dengan hati-hati, segera difiksasi dalam cairan formalin untuk selanjutnya diwarnai dengan pewarnaan HE. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan one way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Post Hoc. Hasil uji memori dengan perangkat water-E maze menunjukkan adanya peningkatan jumlah kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh kelompok perlakuan dosis 4 mg/gr dan 6 mg/gr serta peningkatan durasi waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh semua kelompok perlakuan untuk menyelesaikan uji memori yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol setelah pemakaian MSG selama 30 hari. Gambaran histologi hipokampus menunjukkan peningkatan persentase kerusakan sel saraf di hipokampus pada seluruh kelompok perlakuan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Penggunaan MSG dalam dosis tinggi seperti yang digunakan pada penelitian ini menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan sel saraf di hipokampus tikus dan menurunkan fungsi pembentukan memori spasial.

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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is commonly used as a flavor enhancer in modern nutrition. Recent studies have shown that high dose of MSG was neurotoxic/excitotoxic to neuronal cells in Central Nervous System. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of MSG on spatial memory formation and neuronal cells in hippocampus which play the role in forming memory. Twenty five male albino Sprague Dawley rats (age: 8-10 weeks, weight: 150-200 gr) were divided into five groups (two control groups and three treated groups with varying doses of MSG: 2mg/gr, 4 mg/gr and 6 mg/gr respectively received MSG dissolved in normal saline by oral gavage for a period of 30 days). To measure the spatial memory, the animals were exposed to the water-E maze before treatment and every week until the 4th week (5 times measurement). The rats were sacrified after the last day of MSG treatment. The brain was carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde and then stained with HE staining. Result were analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by a Post Hoc test. Water-E maze performance showed a significant increase in the number of errors in the 4 mg/gr and 6 mg/gr MSG treated groups and increase duration time to finish the spatial memory task in all treated groups compared to control groups after 30 days of MSG treatment. Histological structure of hippocampal showed significant increase in the percentage of neuronal cells damage. The study conclude that high dose of MSG at the doses administered was damaged neuronal cells in the rat's hippocampus and impaired the spatial memory formation."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Prematuritas merupakan salah satu kelainan yang masih menjadimasalah global. Kejadian prematuritas tidak hanya terjadi di negara berkembangtetapi juga di negara maju. Beberapa kondisi ibu hamil dapat memicu keadaanhipoksia dalam rahim sehingga menyebabkan kelahiran prematur. Keadaanplasenta menggambarkan kesejahteraan janin intra uteri. Kondisi hipoksia selulermemicu ekspresi HIF-1α yang menjadi faktor transkripsi bagi CA9 sebagaipenanda hipoksia. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh hipoksiaterhadap plasenta prematur.Metode: Sampel menggunakan plasenta prematur yang hipoksia (H) dan nonhipoksia(N) sebagai kontrol. Parameter yang dinilai adalah struktur histologisplasenta (Hematoksilin-Eosin), regulator hipoksia HIF-1α (imunohistokimia), danpenanda hipoksia CA9 (ELISA).Hasil: Penilaian struktur histologis menunjukkan adanya perbedaan jumlahpembuluh darah fetus antara kedua kelompok secara bermakna, dimana padakelompok hipoksia jumlah pembuluh darah fetus lebih banyak dibandingkankelompok non-hipoksia. Distribusi intensitas ekspresi HIF-1α kedua kelompokjuga berbeda bermakna. Rerata kadar CA9 kedua kelompok tidak berbedabermakna, namun terdapat kecenderungan rerata kadar CA9 kelompok hipoksialebih tinggi 28% dibandingkan yang non-hipoksia.Kesimpulan: Pengaruh hipoksia terhadap plasenta prematur pada tingkatmolekuler berupa stabilitas protein HIF-1α yang menyebabkan peningkatanjumlah pembuluh darah fetus dan terjadi kecenderungan peningkatan sintesisprotein CA9.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Prematurity is a disorder that is still a global problem. Incidence ofprematurity is a problem in developing and also in developed countries. Certaincondition accompanying pregnancies may trigger uterine hypoxia, causingpremature birth. The placental condition is related with the intra-uterine fetalcondition. Cellular hypoxic condition caused by systemic chronic hypoxia, lead tostabilization of HIF-1α protein, a transcription factor of CA9. This study aimed toanalyze the effect of hypoxia on the premature placenta.Methods: Samples from hypoxic premature placenta (H) and non-hypoxicpremature placenta (N) were collected. Parameters assessed were histologicalstructure of the placenta (Hematoxylin-Eosin), expression of HIF-1α(immunohistochemistry) and the level of CA9 (ELISA).Results: Assessment of histological structure showed the number of fetal bloodvessels were differed significantly between the two group, wherein the hypoxiagroup was more than the non-hypoxia. The distributions of HIF-1α expressionbetween the two groups were also differed significantly. The average level of CA9between two groups were not significant, but there is a tendency of higher level ofCA9 in the hypoxia group (28% higher compared to the non-hypoxia group).Conclusion: It is concluded that the effect of the hypoxia on premature placentain this study occured at molecular level and lead to HIF-1α protein stability thatcauses an increase of the number of fetal blood vessel and synthesis of CA9protein.;Background: Prematurity is a disorder that is still a global problem. Incidence ofprematurity is a problem in developing and also in developed countries. Certaincondition accompanying pregnancies may trigger uterine hypoxia, causingpremature birth. The placental condition is related with the intra-uterine fetalcondition. Cellular hypoxic condition caused by systemic chronic hypoxia, lead tostabilization of HIF-1α protein, a transcription factor of CA9. This study aimed toanalyze the effect of hypoxia on the premature placenta.Methods: Samples from hypoxic premature placenta (H) and non-hypoxicpremature placenta (N) were collected. Parameters assessed were histologicalstructure of the placenta (Hematoxylin-Eosin), expression of HIF-1α(immunohistochemistry) and the level of CA9 (ELISA).Results: Assessment of histological structure showed the number of fetal bloodvessels were differed significantly between the two group, wherein the hypoxiagroup was more than the non-hypoxia. The distributions of HIF-1α expressionbetween the two groups were also differed significantly. The average level of CA9between two groups were not significant, but there is a tendency of higher level ofCA9 in the hypoxia group (28% higher compared to the non-hypoxia group).Conclusion: It is concluded that the effect of the hypoxia on premature placentain this study occured at molecular level and lead to HIF-1α protein stability thatcauses an increase of the number of fetal blood vessel and synthesis of CA9protein., Background: Prematurity is a disorder that is still a global problem. Incidence ofprematurity is a problem in developing and also in developed countries. Certaincondition accompanying pregnancies may trigger uterine hypoxia, causingpremature birth. The placental condition is related with the intra-uterine fetalcondition. Cellular hypoxic condition caused by systemic chronic hypoxia, lead tostabilization of HIF-1α protein, a transcription factor of CA9. This study aimed toanalyze the effect of hypoxia on the premature placenta.Methods: Samples from hypoxic premature placenta (H) and non-hypoxicpremature placenta (N) were collected. Parameters assessed were histologicalstructure of the placenta (Hematoxylin-Eosin), expression of HIF-1α(immunohistochemistry) and the level of CA9 (ELISA).Results: Assessment of histological structure showed the number of fetal bloodvessels were differed significantly between the two group, wherein the hypoxiagroup was more than the non-hypoxia. The distributions of HIF-1α expressionbetween the two groups were also differed significantly. The average level of CA9between two groups were not significant, but there is a tendency of higher level ofCA9 in the hypoxia group (28% higher compared to the non-hypoxia group).Conclusion: It is concluded that the effect of the hypoxia on premature placentain this study occured at molecular level and lead to HIF-1α protein stability thatcauses an increase of the number of fetal blood vessel and synthesis of CA9protein.]"

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data pengaruh penghentian pajanan monosodium glutamat terhadap gambaran histologis tubuli seminiferi testis pada tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) dewasa. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental in vivo prospektif, menggunakan tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) dewasa strain Sprague Dawley yang diberi msg dosis 4 g/kgBB dan 6 g/kgBB tiap hari selama 30 hari. Msg diberikan dengan dosis 4 g/kgBB dan 6 g/kgBB yang dilarutkan dalam aquades, masing-masing pada satu kelompok besar. Selain itu digunakan sekelompok besar tikus sebagai kelompok perlakuan yang hanya diberikan aquades. Perlakuan dilakukan dengan pemberian menggunakan sonde 1,5 ml aquades atau aquades 1,5 ml yang merupakan larutan msg sesuai dosis. Sehari, 14 hari dan 28 hari pasca penghentian pajanan, tikus disakrifikasi dan dilakukan pengamatan. Pengamatan dilakukan pada tubuli seminiferi testis, yaitu pada diameter tubuli seminiferi, jumlah spermatogonia, jumlah spermatosit dan jumlah spermatid. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan adanya perubahan (regenerasi) pada tubuli seminiferi, meskipun belum sampai pada keadaan seperti kontrol perlakuan. Data ini diharapkan dapat memberi informasi dan membuka kesempatan penelitian lanjut yang terkait dengan mekanisme regenerasi pasca kerusakan oleh monosodium glutamat.

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ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to analize histological appearance of testis after termination of msg exposure. Msg was given 4 g/kg BW and 6 g/kg BW soved ini aquadest. Each those treatment was given in two group of rats. This study also used a group of treatment control rat. The treatment was done by giving with sonde 1,5 ml aquadest or 1,5 ml aquadest with msg according the doses. The testis were isolated one day, 14 days and 28 days after termination of msg exposure; the rat were sacrificed and were examined the histological appearances of the testis. Spesificaly, the examination was done to tubuli seminiferi diameter, the amount of the spermatogonia, spermatocyts and spermatids. This study concluded that there was changed (regeneration) of the tubuli seminiferi, although not yet reach the situation in the control groups."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: latihan fisik aerobik teratur dapat menyebabkan perubahan morfometrik, peningkatan ukuran miosit dengan peningkatan ekspresi connexin43 (Cx43) tanpa lateralisasi, serta peningkatan deposisi matriks ekstraseluler. Latihan fisik sebaiknya dimulai sejak masa anak-anak, guna mencapai kesehatan kardiovaskular di masa dewasa.Metode: Tikus usia juvenile dan dewasa muda dibagi secara acak dalam 7 kelompok, yaitu: kelompok latihan fisik onset juvenile durasi 4 minggu dan kontrol, kelompok latihan fisik onset juvenile durasi 8 minggu dan kontrol, kelompok latihan fisik onset juvenile durasi 12 minggu, kelompok latihan fisik onset usia dewasa muda durasi 8 minggu dan kontrol. Latihan fisik disesuaikan dengan usia tikus dan dipertahankan pada kecepatan 20 m/menit selama 20 menit intermitten, 5x seminggu. Analisis morfometrik jantung, peningkatan ukuran miosit, deposisi matriks ekstraseluler, serta ekspresi serta distribusi Cx43.Hasil: Tikus terlatih (5, 8, dan 12 minggu) pada kedua kelompok usia menunjukkan nilai berat jantung, berat ventrikel kiri, diameter rongga ventrikel, ketebalan otot jantung yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrolnya. Peningkatan ukuran panjang miosit juga meningkat kelompok latihan dibanding kontrol. Deposisi matriks ekstraseluler meningkat pada kelompok latihan dibandingkan kontrol. Ekspresi Cx43 juga meningkat pada sisi lateral.Kesimpulan: Latihan fisik aerobik dapat meningkatkan ukuran jantung dengan peningkatan ukuran sel, peningkatan deposisi matriks ekstraseluler, peningkatan Cx43 pada sisi lateral. Peningkatan matriks ekstraseluler dan peningkatan lateralisasi menunjukkan peningkatan risiko aritmia.

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ABSTRACT

Background: Regular aerobic exercise can improve morphometric changes, an increase in the size of myocytes with increased expression of connexin43 (Cx43) without lateralization, and increase extracellular matrix deposition. Exercise should be started since childhood, in order to achieve cardiovascular health in adulthood.

Methods: Juvenile and young adult Rats randomly divided into 7 groups: juvenile onset 4 weeks exercise duration and control group, juvenile onset 8 weeks exercise duration and control group, exercise juvenile onset 12 weeks exercise duration, young adult onset 8 weeks exercise duration and control group. Physical exercise adapted to the age of rats and maintained at speed of 20 m/minute for 20 minutes intermittent, 5 times a week. Morphometric analysis of the heart, increase the size of myocytes, extracellular matrix deposition, expression and distribution of Cx43.

Results: Trained rats (5, 8, and 12 weeks) in both age groups showed values of heart weight, left ventricle weight, ventricular cavity diameter, heart muscle thickness is higher than control group. Increased length of myocytes also increased in exercise group compared to the control. Increased deposition of extracellular matrix in exercise group than control. Cx43 expression was also increased in the lateral side.

Conclusions: Aerobic exercise can increase the size of the heart with increased cell size, increased extracellular matrix, increased Cx43 lateralization. Increased extracellular matrix deposition and increased lateralization showed an increased risk of arrhythmia."

"Karsinoma hepatoselular memiliki prognosis yang buruk akibat keterbatasan terapi seperti terlambat diagnosis, kurangnya biomarker spesifik, dan ketidakpekaan terhadap agen tumor ini. Imunoterapi berbasis sel NK autologus dengan stimulasi eksosom menjadi modalitas pengembangan imunoterapi berbasis sel NK untuk pasien karsinoma hepatoseluler. Sel NK pasien karsinoma hepatoseluler diisolasi dari darah vena perifer dan eksosom diisolasi dari serum darah donor sehat. Karakterisasi eksosom dengan particle size analyzer dan flow cytometry. Stimulasi eksosom ke sel NK selama 24 jam kemudian evaluasi ekspresi reseptor NKp44, NKp46, NKp30, NKG2D, KIR2D, dan NKG2A serta ekspresi perforin dan granzyme B. Visualisasi interaksi sel NK dengan fraksi sel mononuklear lainnya (CD4, CD8, CD11c, dan CD19) dengan imunofluorens. Ukuran partikel < 100 nm, muatan listrik negatif dan CD63+CD81+ (positif ganda) hasil isolasi eksosom. Terjadi peningkatan ekspresi reseptor NKp44, NKp46, NKp30, NKG2D, penurunan ekspresi NKG2A, serta peningkatan ekspresi perforin dan granzyme B pada sel NK terinduksi eksosom. Tidak ada interaksi sel berupa sinapsis imun antara sel NK terstimulasi eksosom dengan fraksi sel mononuklear lain pasien karsinoma hepatoseluler. Stimulasi eksosom ke sel NK pasien karsinoma hepatoseluler memulihkan kemampuan sitotoksik sel NK.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma has a poor prognosis due to limitations of therapy such as late diagnosis, lack of specific biomarkers, and insensitivity to this tumor agent. Autologous NK cell-based immunotherapy with exosome stimulation is a modality for developing NK cell-based immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients. NK cells from hepatocellular carcinoma patients were isolated from peripheral venous blood, and exosomes were isolated from the blood serum of healthy donors. Exosome characterization with a particle size analyzer and flow cytometry. Stimulation of exosomes on NK cells for 24 hours, then evaluation of expression of NKp44, NKp46, NKp30, NKG2D, KIR2D, and NKG2A receptors, as well as perforin and granzyme B expression. Visualization of interactions of NK cells with other mononuclear cell fractions (CD4, CD8, CD11c, and CD19) by immunofluorescence. Particle size < 100 nm, negative electric charge, and CD63+CD81+ (double positive) exosome isolated results. There was increased expression of receptors NKp44, NKp46, NKp30, NKG2D, decreased expression of NKG2A, and increased expression of perforin and granzyme B in exosome-induced NK cells. There was no cell interaction in the form of immune synapses between exosome-stimulated NK cells and other mononuclear cell fractions in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Stimulation of exosomes into NK cells of hepatocellular carcinoma patients restores the cytotoxic ability of NK cells."

"Stres oksidatif telah diketahui menimbulkan efek yang merusak. Dalam fibrosis hati, stres oksidatif seolah-olah membentuk lingkaran setan yang menyebabkan perburukan fibrosis hati. Dalam hal ini, Nuclear Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) sebagai regulator antioksidan akan mengaktifkan sistem pertahanan antioksidan tubuh yang dapat memutus mata rantai fibrosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa ekspresi Nrf2 pada jaringan hati, menganalisa kadar Malondialdehyde (MDA) sebagai oksidan bebas dan Glutathione (GSH) sebagai pemulung oksidan. Selain itu, juga menilai pengaruh pemberian Sel Punca Mesenkim asal Tali Pusat (SPM-TP) 1 juta dan 3 juta pada fibrosis hati. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan menggunakan bahan biologis tersimpan berupa jaringan hati tikus Wistar 14 minggu. Terdapat empat kelompok perlakuan yaitu, kelompok sehat, kelompok 2AAF/CCl4, kelompok 2AAF/CCl4 yang diberikan SPM-TP 1 juta dan 3 juta dengan menggunakan tiga parameter yang diperiksa pada masing-masing kelompok yaitu, MDA, GSH, dan Nrf2. Pemeriksaan MDA dan GSH dilakukan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer, sedangkan pemeriksaan Nrf2 dinilai dengan menggunakan pulasan imunohistokimia dan kuantifikasi dengan ImageJ (IHC Profiller). Data terdistribusi normal yang diperoleh diuji dengan one way ANOVA  dan diuji post hoc Tukey sedangkan data tidak terdistribusi normal diuji dengan Kruskal Wallis dan post hoc Mann Whitney. Dari data-data tersebut didapatkan penurunan kadar MDA, peningkatan kadar GSH serta ekspresi Nrf2 pada kelompok yang diberikan SPM-TP 1 juta sedangkan pada kelompok yang diberikan SPM-TP 3 juta tidak menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik.

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Oxidative stress has been known to have deleterious effects. In liver fibrosis, oxidative stress seems to form a vicious circle that causes liver fibrosis to worsen. In this case, Nuclear Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) as an antioxidant regulator will activate the body's antioxidant defense system which can break the chain of fibrosis. This study aims to analyze the expression of Nrf2 in liver tissue, also the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) as a free oxidant and Glutathione (GSH) as an oxidant scavenger. In addition, it also assessed the effect of giving  Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UCMSCs) 1 million and 3 million on liver fibrosis. This study was an experimental study using stored biological material in the form of 14-week-old Wistar rat liver tissue. There were four treatment groups, namely the healthy group, the 2AAF/CCl4 group, the 2AAF/CCl4 group who were given UCMSCs 1 million and 3 million using three parameters examined in each group, namely MDA, GSH, and Nrf2. MDA and GSH examinations were carried out using a spectrophotometer, while the Nrf2 examination was assessed using immunohistochemical staining and quantification with ImageJ (IHC Profiler). Normally distributed data obtained was tested with one way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test while data that is not normally distributed was tested with Kruskal Wallis and post hoc Mann Whitney.  From these data it was found a decrease in MDA levels, an increase in GSH levels as well as Nrf2 expression in the group given UCMSCs 1 million while the group given UCMSCs 3 million showed no better results."