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"ABSTRAKIn the last 2002, the result of quality test to road and bridge construction projects in Jakarta, which was done by the construction contractors, found a problem situation, where many contractors were lacking in professionalism. According to the problem situation, the core of the problem is the low of organizational knowledge, which support competitive advantage of the companies. The aims of this research are to know the model shape of organizational knowledge creation process, the present of the others important components in the model, understanding the relational behavior between components in the model, and the present of the most important component in the model. The context scope of this qualitative research is organizational learning theory. Research location is the contractor companies X, Y, and Z in Jakarta The research involving 16 persons from these companies who gave respond to closed questionnaire, with three directors, three technical managers, and three technical staffs who did depth interview with researcher. Empirical studies are used to help identify the frame of research idea. Based on the theories of organizational learning and the result of the empirical research that had done and relevant, this research try to make a cognitive map model with system thinking approach. This conceptual model focused to knowledge creation process to support the competitive advantage construction contractor companies. Epistemological position of this research is radical constructivism. Research execution adopts soft system methodology approach with tool to analyze research data using systems dynamics method. Further, sensitivity test and extreme condition test analysis are done toward the model. These analyses mean to know the behavior over time of important components in system modeling. The result of qualitative field research adopted soft system methodology conclude, based on reality, previous conceptual model get a change, so that the model must be revised become a more complex system model. Model simulation experiment with analysis technique of systems dynamics gets three conclusions. First, manager's mental model which is very difficult to be changed become braver toward business risk has influence weaken the acceleration of learning process in his company. Second, manager's effort to emphasize the important of knowledge for company's competitive advantage, which also include the application of project bonus policy to his employees, is an important matter for building organizational learning. Third, knowledge dissemination component is the most important component to be carried out or not the organizational teaming. Managers, who want to increase his company's knowledge, suggested to must pay more attention to the realization of knowledge dissemination process, which is practiced by his employees. Managers who want to build his company's competitive advantage through organizational learning process, suggested to must be able to improve his own mental model to be more brave toward business risk. Managers who want to compete based on company's knowledge, suggested to must emphasize his employees continuously, that the company's life depend on the ability of employees to do learning and increasing knowledge for company's competitive advantage. Of course, to support it, managers must give project bonus to his employees. "

"Penelitian ini dilakukan karena telah terjadi konflik akibat perbedaan kepentingan antar-stakeholder dalam penetapan kebijakan Peraturan Pemerintah nomor 17 tahun 1988 atau yang dikenal dengan kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Materi dari kebijakan ini antara lain pencabutan alias cabotage, pembukaan pelabuhan terbuka untuk ekspor sebanyak 117 pelabuhan dan pencabutan izin trayek. Kebijakan PAKNOV-21 tahun 1988 ternyata memberikan implikasi positif dalam meningkatkan volume ekspor nonmigas. Namun di sisi lain justru memberikan implikasi negatif dengan menurunnya perolehan muatan oleh angkutan laut nasional.Sehubungan dengan itu, melalui penelitian ini ingin diketahui lebih dalam latar belakang penetapan kebijakan PAKNOV. 21 serta dampak yang diterima oleh Stakeholder. Untuk itu, tujuan penelitian ini ada tiga. Pertama, untuk mengetahui dampak yang dihasilkan dari penetapan kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Kedua, untuk mengetahui seberapa besar deviasi yang terjadi sebagai akibat dari kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Ketiga, untuk mengetahui seberapa besar keberhasilan yang diperoleh dari kebijakan PAKNOV-21.Dalam melaksanakan evaluasi terhadap kinerja kebijakan PAKNOV-21, didasarkan atas teori dan perspektif yang relevan yaitu. Pertama, penelitian ini untuk mengelola dan menyempurnakan kebijakan PAKNOV-21 agar dapat lebih efisien dan efektif. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan teori administrasi publik. Kedua, keputusan penetapan kebijakan PAKNOV-21 didasarkan atas perspektif pilihan publik (public choice), mengingat bahwa kebijakan PAKNOV-21 telah berlangsung sekitar 16 (enam belas) tahun sehingga perlu dilakukan evaluasi kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Sehubungan dengan itu, diperlukan teori kebijakan publik. Ketiga, implementasi kebijakan PAKNOV-21 ternyata memberikan implikasi positif terhadap sektor perdagangan dan implikasi negatif terhadap sektor angkutan laut, sehingga menimbulkan konflik kepentingan antarorganisasi, untuk itu diperlukan teori organisasi. Keempat, berdasarkan pertimbangan bahwa kebijakan PAKNOV-21 ditetapkan bukan hanya berdasarkan aspek ekonomi saja namun dalam kepentingan yang lebih luas yaitu memaksimumkan kesejahteraan masyarakat sehingga unsur politik juga dipertimbangkan dalam penetapan kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Atas dasar hal tersebut digunakan perspektif ekonomi politik. Kelima, mengingat bahwa kebijakan PAKNOV-21 didasarkan atas menurunnya harga minyak dipasaran internasional sehingga perspektif globalisasi perlu digunakan untuk menilai seberapa besar globalisasi dapat mempengaruhi perekonomian nasional dalam kaftan dengan kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Keenam, Konflik antar-organisasi tersebut menimbulkan derajat kompleksitas yang tinggi sehingga perlu penyelesaian dengan pendekatan kesisteman, untuk itu diperlukan teori kesisteman. Ketujuh, sebagai sistem terdiri dari sub-sistem Perdagangan dan subsistem Angkutan Laut maka masing-masing digunakan perspektif pendukung yaitu perspektif ekonomi makro dan perspektif transportasi laut.Kontribusi teori terhadap kebijakan publik dari basil penelitian ini adalah pembuktian keberadaan kondisi optimal dalam suatu kebijakan publik. Pendekatan yang dilakukan adalah dengan menurunkan nilai konflik yang terjadi pada setiap implementasi kebijakan publik dengan menggunakan metode yang integral dan menyeluruh (comprehensive) melalui intervensi optimal sehingga tercapai "gain" optimal dari stakeholder. Teori ini didasarkan atas pemikiran Nash yang kemudian disebut sebagai Nash Equilibrium atau keseimbangan noncooperative, yaitu: satu kompetisi sempurna dimana setiap produsen memaksimalisasi keuntungannya dan konsumen dapat memaksimalisasi utilitas berdasarkan kondisi harga yang diberikan (tertentu). Jika kondisi optimal ini tidak tercapai maka pasti ada pihak yang diuntungkan dan dirugikan atau tidak terjadi keseimbangan (equilibrium). Kondisi ini disebut sebagai kondisi optimal dari penciptaan kebijakan publik yang tepat. Rumusan teori yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini adalah: "Bahwa setiap penetapan kebijakan publik tentunya dapat memberikan suatu kondisi equilibrium atau solusi optimal bagi setiap pihak yang terkait dengan menghadirkan suatu metode yang komprehensif dengan mengkombinasikan antara pendekatan agregasi kepentingan dan interaksi dinamis melalui intervensi optimal sehingga tercapai gain optimal".Konstribusi kebijakan yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini adalah pengenalan metode evaluasi kebijakan publik. Metode ini dikembangkan atas dasar evaluasi terhadap formulasi kebijakan dan evaluasi terhadap implementasi kebijakan. Evaluasi terhadap formulasi kebijakan menggunakan model statis sedangkan evaluasi terhadap implementasi kebijakan menggunakan model dinamis. Model statis digunakan untuk memotret kondisi saat kebijakan PAKNOV-21 ditetapkan dan saat tujuan kebijakan PAKNOV-21 dipertanyakan. Selisih antara kedua penilaian kondisi tersebut adalah nilai "ketidaksesuaian" antara kondisi harapan dan kenyataan terhadap kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Namun model statis ini memiliki keterbatasan yaitu bersifat subjektif karena sumber data yang digunakan berdasarkan preferensi stakeholder. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan model dinamis yang dapat memberikan gambaran lebih objektif. Kelebihan dari model dinamis dapat mengetahui interaksi dinamis antara variabel yang terkait dengan kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Kondisi objektif pada model dinamis didasarkan pada sumber data sekunder dari masing-masing variabel terkait. Untuk kepentingan evaluasi kebijakan PAKNOV-21 diperlukan kombinasi antara model stasis dengan model dinamis. Kombinasi ini dilakukan dengan cara memasukkan nilai deviasi dari model statis ke dalam model dinamis. Sehingga dapat diperoleh "model penilaian keberhasilan kebijakan PAKNOV-21", dengan kriteria sebagai berikut:- Apabila nilai elastisitas pada kondisi harapan lebih besar daripada nilai elastisitas kondisi kenyataan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kebijakan tersebut tidak atau kurang berhasil.- Apabila nilai elastisitas harapan sama besar dengan nilai elastisitas kondisi kenyataan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kebijakan tersebut cukup berhasil.- Apabila nilai elastisitas harapan lebih kecil daripada nilai elastisitas kondisi kenyataan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kebijakan tersebut sangat berhasil.

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This research was carried out due to a conflict of interests among stakeholder during the implementation of the Government Decree no. 17/1988 (known as PAKNOV-21 Policy). The substance of this policy was partly the withdrawal of Cabotage rules, the opening of 117 ports for export, and the withdrawal of route licenses for domestic shipping. On the one hand, the PAKNOV-21 has apparently given positive impacts on boosting the volume of non-oil export whilst, on the other hand, it has given negative impacts on the degradation of freight volume for national shipping fleet.

In response to these phenomena, this research is seeking for further investigation of the mindset under which the decision was derived, and the impacts imposed on the stakeholder. As such, the objectives of this research are written as follows: first, to investigate the impacts resulting from the implementation of PAKNOY-21; second, to measure the deviation due to the implementation of PAKNOV-21; and third, to measure the degree of successfulness upon the implementation of PAKNOV-21.

The evaluation of PAKNOV-21 was carried out through stages based on some relevant theories and perspectives as follows: First, this research is intended to manage and to improve the PAKNOV-21 so that it will be more efficient and effective. Hence, the public administration theory is applied. Second, the decision to implement the PAKNOV-21 was also driven by the perspective of public choice. Given that PAKNOV-21 has been implemented for almost 16 years, it therefore needs to be reviewed and evaluated. In order to do the evaluation, the public policy theory was used. Third, the implementation of PAKNOV-21 has apparently given positive impacts to trade sector and a negative implication to sea transport sector, and it also produced a conflict of inter-organization performance measurement between those two sectors. Hence, the organization theory was applied. Fourth, historically, PAKNOV-21 was decided not only due to economic reasons, but also for maximizing the public welfare to a larger extent. It means that there was a political influence in the decision making process and hence the political economic perspective was applied. Fifth, recalling the event when the PAKNOV-21 was started, it was partially influenced by the decline of international oil prices. In this context, the globalization perspective is applied in order to measure how big the influences of globalization on our national economy. Sixth, the conflict of inter-organization has caused a high degree of complexities making system theory was required. Hence, the System Dynamic (SD) approach was applied. Seventh, the evaluation model can be viewed as a system comprising two subsystems, namely trade and sea transport sectors. In this case, as supporting theories, macro economic perspective and marine transport system perspective are applied for its respective sectors.

Theoretical contribution of this research to public policy is the proof of the existence of optimum condition to a public policy. The approach carried out in this research is to lower down the conflict which mostly occurred during the implementation phase of a public policy. This can be done by using a comprehensive method through optimum intervention, so that it will achieve optimal "gain" with respect to stake holder?s interests. Thanks to John Nash who developed this theory which was later known as Nash Equilibrium or Noncooperative Equilibrium, i.e., a perfect competition where each producer can maximize his own profits, and consumers can maximize his own utility under certain given price conditions. If this optimal condition is violated, then there must be a party that will gain at the expense of others. Theoretical formulation resulting from this research has confirmed that "every public policy decision could provide an equilibrium or optimum solution with respect to all parties involved by presenting a comprehensive method that can combine between aggregate interests approach and dynamic interactions through optimum intervention so as to achieve optimal gain".

Policy contribution resulting from this research is the introduction of a model for public policy evaluation. The development of this method is based on the evaluation of policy formulation and the evaluation of policy implementation. The former is carried out by using a static model, whereas the latter is done by applying a dynamic model. The static model is used in order to portray two conditions at two different times, namely, the time when the PAKNOV-21 was decided, and the time when it is being questioned or evaluated. The difference in values between those two conditions will reflect the value of "incompatibility" between the expected value and the reality value correspond to PAKNOV-21. The static model has some shortcomings due to its subjective stake holder?s preferences. Therefore, it should be validated by introducing a dynamic model that to some degree it can replicate the dynamic interaction among the variables involved in PAKNOV-21. The dynamic model is further validated by comparing with the secondary data of each respective variable. In order to use the model for the purpose of evaluation of PAKNOV-21, the two models (i.e. static and dynamic models) have to be combined. This combination can be conducted by plugging the deviation values of the static model into the dynamic model so that the successfulness value of PAKNOV-21 policy can be obtained. The following criterion showed the degree of successfulness of a public policy:

- If the elasticity under expected condition is greater than the elasticity of the condition of reality, it can be concluded that the policy is not or less successful.

- If the elasticity under expected condition is equal to the elasticity of the condition of reality, it can be concluded that the policy is fairly successful.

- If the elasticity under expected condition is less than the elasticity of the condition of reality, it can be concluded that the policy is very successful."

"ABSTRACTInspired by the fast development of knowledge-based competitiveness theories, in the beginning of 2000, Christine Soo and Timothy Devinney of Australian Graduate School of Management, University of New South Wales in Australia worked together with David Midgley of a leading business school INSEAD in Fontainebleau, France to conduct an exploratory study to identify variables that affect knowledge creation process in a company. The study identified there are 11 significant variables that play significant roles in the knowledge creation process of a company. The said eleven variables are: (1) formal collaboration activity, (2) formal interaction activity, (3) information acquisition activity, (4) knowledge acquisition activity, (5) creativity in problem solving and decision making activity, (6) completeness in problem solving and decision making activity, (7) consensus in problem solving and decision making activity, (8) new knowledge creation, (9) innovation, (10) individual absorption, and (11) organizational absorption.With the use of the said eleven variables, a study is conducted in 43 fully-fledged companies that develop, produce and sell their proprietary - not licensed - cosmetics. The objective of this study is to identify, analyze and elucidate the structure of knowledge creation model in national private, large scale cosmetics companies in Indonesia.Some statistical techniques were used to analyze data with the help of LISREL (Linear Structural Relation) software of 8.53 versions. Different from the research conducted by Soo, Midgley and Devinney (2000, 2002), Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) instead of Partial Least Square (PLS) was used to investigate into the model presented in this research.The research revealed that the structure of knowledge creation model of large-scale national private cosmetics companies in Indonesia is not identical to the structure of knowledge creation model developed by Soo, Midgley and Devinney (2000). The differences in the model are attributable to five factors, all of which resulting from the differences in data source, data gathering method and analysis tool."