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"ABSTRAKIn the last 2002, the result of quality test to road and bridge construction projects in Jakarta, which was done by the construction contractors, found a problem situation, where many contractors were lacking in professionalism. According to the problem situation, the core of the problem is the low of organizational knowledge, which support competitive advantage of the companies. The aims of this research are to know the model shape of organizational knowledge creation process, the present of the others important components in the model, understanding the relational behavior between components in the model, and the present of the most important component in the model. The context scope of this qualitative research is organizational learning theory. Research location is the contractor companies X, Y, and Z in Jakarta The research involving 16 persons from these companies who gave respond to closed questionnaire, with three directors, three technical managers, and three technical staffs who did depth interview with researcher. Empirical studies are used to help identify the frame of research idea. Based on the theories of organizational learning and the result of the empirical research that had done and relevant, this research try to make a cognitive map model with system thinking approach. This conceptual model focused to knowledge creation process to support the competitive advantage construction contractor companies. Epistemological position of this research is radical constructivism. Research execution adopts soft system methodology approach with tool to analyze research data using systems dynamics method. Further, sensitivity test and extreme condition test analysis are done toward the model. These analyses mean to know the behavior over time of important components in system modeling. The result of qualitative field research adopted soft system methodology conclude, based on reality, previous conceptual model get a change, so that the model must be revised become a more complex system model. Model simulation experiment with analysis technique of systems dynamics gets three conclusions. First, manager's mental model which is very difficult to be changed become braver toward business risk has influence weaken the acceleration of learning process in his company. Second, manager's effort to emphasize the important of knowledge for company's competitive advantage, which also include the application of project bonus policy to his employees, is an important matter for building organizational learning. Third, knowledge dissemination component is the most important component to be carried out or not the organizational teaming. Managers, who want to increase his company's knowledge, suggested to must pay more attention to the realization of knowledge dissemination process, which is practiced by his employees. Managers who want to build his company's competitive advantage through organizational learning process, suggested to must be able to improve his own mental model to be more brave toward business risk. Managers who want to compete based on company's knowledge, suggested to must emphasize his employees continuously, that the company's life depend on the ability of employees to do learning and increasing knowledge for company's competitive advantage. Of course, to support it, managers must give project bonus to his employees. "

"Berbeda dengan perusahaan besar yang mampu mengembangkan kegiatan penelitian dan pengembangan, kemampuan inovasi UKM merupakan perwujudan the economics of proximity. UKM dihadapkan pada kelemahan internal yakni ketiadaan kegiatan penelitian dan pengembangan serta kelemahan mengakses sumber-sumber informasi. Akibatnya, peran aktif mitra menjadi sangat penting dalam rangka mendorong kemampuan inovasi. Kedekatan UKM dengan kekuatan eksternal seperti konsumen, distributor, pemasok, dan pesaing justeru menjadi elemen penting sebagai sumber pengetahuan dalam pengembangan kemampuan inovasi.Peran UKM di Indonesia sangat penting sebagai kegiatan ekonomi rakyat yang memberikan sumbangan besar dalam meningkatkan taraf kehidupan sosial. Walaupun merupakan kegiatan bisnis terbesar, tetapi pada kenyataannya UKM menghadapi permasalahan dalam membangun kemampuan inovasi karena penguasaan ketrampilan dan adopsi teknologi yang kurang memadai bagi efektivitas dan efisiensi proses bisnisnya. Kelemahan substansial yang dimiliki adalah proses pembelajaran dalam mengadopsi ketrampilan dan teknologi baru.Sebagian persoalan tersebut sebenarnya tidak terlepas dari kendala internal yang dihadapi. Terbatasnya kompetensi sumberdaya manusia, akses permodalan, dan teknologi merupakan kelemahan mendasar. Penelitian bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan grounded research dan beberapa proses pendukung untuk pengumpulan data penelitian.Obyek penelitian adalah aktivitas para perajin gerabah di Sentra UKM Kasongan dalam mencari informasi, melakukan pembelajaran, dan merekayasa inovasi produk. Selain itu digunakan pendekatan partisipasi sebagai metode untuk menangkap elemen-elemen penting dalam proses pengelolaan modal pengetahuan UKM kawasan Kasongan. Untuk mempertajam analisis, proses pengumpulan data juga menggunakan metode wawancara mendalam (indepth interview) dengan informan kunci yang ditetapkan berdasarkan kapabilitas individu maupun jabatan struktural.Penelitian berhasil menemu-kenali bahwa pengelolaan pengetahuan menyebabkan munculnya karakter yang khas. Analisis terhadap proses pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan pengetahuan serta rekayasa kemampuan inovasi dipengaruhi oleh aspek kemitraan yang ada di kawasan Kasongan. Kedua elemen tersebut membedakan UKM dalam 5 kategori berdasarkan informational, technological, dan innovation capability. Kemampuan informasi ada kemampuan unit usaha mendekati sumber-sumber informasi dan memecahkan kode-kode informasi melalui pembelajaran. Kemampuan teknologi adalah kemampuan untuk menyusun metode, peralatan, dan jaringan kerja proses produksi. Kemampuan inovasi adalah kemampuan rekayasa ide dan gagasan produk inovatif. Berdasarkan karakteristik kemampuan, maka disusun kategori UKM dalam mengelola pengetahuan, yakni tradisional, modifikasi tradisional, pendukung bahan baku, sanggar seni, dan modern. Ke-5 tipe UKM menunjukkan adanya disparitas dalam pengelolaan pengetahuan dan kemampuan inovasi.Berdasarkan hasil analisis masih ada ruang kajian yang berpotensi untukditeliti lebih dalam, seperti kajian tentang kriteria perusahaan berdasarkan technological capability yakni kemampuan teknologis dalam menciptakan peralatan, informational capability yakni kemampuan informatik dalam menemukan sumber, menggali kedalaman, dan mempelajari informasi sehingga menjadi pengetahuan, serta innovational capability yakni kemampuan inovasi yang mendorong pengetahuan dan peralatan yang dimiliki menjadi sebuah proses maupun produk yang bernilai baru. Pendekatan knowledge management di sektor UKM banyak dikaitkan dengan kemampuan inovasi, padahal bisa diterapkan dalam berbagai aspek organisasi. Telaah tentang pengelolaan dan penggunaan pengetahuan dalam rangka pengembangan organisasi (Organizational Development) di sektor UKM pada kenyataannya masih membuka ruang untuk dikaji lebih dalam.

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Kasongan is a village where most of the people earn their living by making pottery. The product from this village successfully reaches world market. Various factors have contributed to the sustainability, as well as innovation, of the process of ceramic-making and the business environment surrounding it. Also essential are the roles of potters in facing the competitions era and the steps taken by ceramics workshop. By producing its product, Kasongan Village of Pottery has grown the spirit of development in self-creativity and ability to innovate are effort to cope with dynamics market. The capability to innovate in SME is different form the large company.Research and development in large company is use to function for their innovativeness whereas the SME believed that the capability to innovate depend on their business network. The business network called the economics of proximity. Most of SME lack of market orientation and information. The business network is the most important part to build the capability to innovative for SME.They lack of money to do the research and to propose development programs. The role business network such as customer, distributor, supplier, and competitor take an important role for SME to sustain their life. The role of the business network can be called knowledge capital.In Indonesia, SME play an important role for people?s economic activities. They have been taking an important part to build the people?s life. Even though the SME become the most important business activities, it?s still facing the very basically business problem. They lack of skill, competence, people, and capital to join global competition. But, The Kasongan Village of Pottery said the different. Their product have the capability to compete in global market level because the ability of the workers to innovate.This is the qualitative research using grounded research approach. The research is focused on the activities of the worker in Kasongan Village of Pottery. The mean of research is analyzed on use and creation of knowledge capital. The participatory research used to collect data form the informant. The key informant decided by some discussion with the local government and the cratfment associated.The study provides an illustration of the development of Kasongan Village of Pottery Craftmanship, including its background and production and marketing pattern. The result of the study can be relevant for both private and government.Firstly, It will particularly serve as an example of clustering policy and the relationship between center of industry and their surrounding areas. Secondly, it exemplifies one of business activity of productive people-based economic.Thirdly, there are 5 types of SME in Kasongan Village of Pottery that tight together in business network. The type is differentiated by technological, informational, and innovational capabilities. The informational capability is that the SME capability to collect and processed the information from their business network. The technological capability is that the ability to build methods and means of their business process. And the innovational capabilities mean the ability to build product based on the information from their business network. The type of SME is traditional, traditional modified, supported, studio art, and modern."

"ABSTRAKLingkungan bisnis berubah semakin kompleks, dinamis, menghujamkan informasi tanpa jeda pada organisasi. Masalah organisasi mencuat manakala informasi yang dihadapi berbeda dari pengalaman yang telah dimiliki. Konsekuensinya, organisasi yang mampu memaknai dan menginterpretasikan lingkungan (sensemaking), membangun Simpulan pertama, karakteristik knowing organization menunjukkan: (a) sensemaking mengakar pada identitas organisasi yang terkonstruk melalui outward looking dan inward looking, (b) knowledge creating dipengaruhi strategi hasil sensemaking, dan (c) mode decision making berpola process ketika menjamin service delivery, bounded rational ketika terkait market positioning, dan political ketika proses knowledge sharing. Kedua, dinamika knowing organization bersifat (a) self-fulfilling prophecy dengan identitas organisasi sebagai leverage, dan (b) eksistensi ?paradox of belonging? terjadi dengan dampak overshoot & collapse akibat menguatnya learning itu sendiri. Sebagai early warning paradoks: (a) waktu adaptasi untuk yakin terhadap produk dan metode service delivery, dan (b) intensitas konflik nilai komunitas praktek: selling, consulting, dan product developing.Penelitian menghasilkan sintesis, modifikasi teori, bahwa knowing organization terjadi jika informasi mengalir berpola feedback di antara aktivitas sensemaking, knowledge creating, dan decision making, dimana identitas organisasi menjadi sumber nilai anggota organisasi dalam bertindak sehingga keluaran dari setiap aktivitas menyajikan konteks dan sumber daya yang terinci untuk aktivitas yang lainnya, dan paradoks learning melekat di dalam dinamika knowing organization. Sebagai kajian akademis, implikasi penelitian ini yaitu pada: (a) modifikasi teori knowing organization, (b) teorisasi deskriptif-preskriptif untuk kajian organizational learning, (c) metode preskripsi dari konstruktivisme dalam kajian strategi organisasi, dan (d) disain mixed model research untuk ilmu administrasi bisnis dengan karakter applied science.

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ABSTRACTThe greatly and dynamically changing business environment has continuously hammered the organization with abundant information. The problem of organization comes up when the information faced by is different from the experience on organization that someone has had. Consequently, the organization able to conceive and to interpret the environment (sensemaking) must construct the knowledge to overcome the problem and mobilize the knowledge and its skill (knowledge creating) that it can provide the organization with the detailed context for decision making in managing the organizational resources (decision making) required by an environmentally adaptive organization. This Choo?s proposition of knowing organization has led to the strong interest in understanding more deeply the phenomenon of the social construction process of knowing in a Human Resources management consultant organization under the case study of ?Daya Dimensi Indonesia?.This research applies the design of the mixed model research combining both the qualitative and the quantitative approaches. The etnomethodology method qualitative approach is used to answer questions about the characteristics of knowing organization observed in an organization. The system dynamics method quantitative approach is used to answer questions about what the dynamic of knowing organization is like. The research is aimed at presenting the knowledge about: Firstly, the characteristics of the knowing Human Resources consultant management organization or the learning organization; and secondly, the dynamic or the structure of cause and effect relationship among the activities of sensemaking, knowledge creating and decision making, the possible paradox of knowing organization, the prescription for managing the effects of paradox.The first conclusion, the characteristics of knowing organization shows (a) the sensemaking underlines the organization identity constructed through both the outward looking and inward looking, (b) the knowledge creating is influenced by the sensemaking strategy, (c) the decision making has the process mode when it guarantees the service delivery, the bounded rational mode when related to marketing positioning, and the political mode when during the knowledge sharing process. The second, the dynamic of knowing organization is characterized by its self-fulfilling prophecy with the organization identity as its leverage, (b) the extension of the ?paradox of belonging? with its overshoot and collapse effects caused by the increase of the learning itself. As an early warning paradox: (a) the adaptation time to convince with the product and the method of delivery service, (b) the conflict intensity of the community value practice: selling, consulting, and product developing.This research results in a synthesized, modified theory saying that knowing organization happens when the pattern of the flowing information shows feedback among the activities of sensemaking, knowledge creating and decision making in which the organization identity serves as the value source for the members of the organization in their taking actions so as to gain each activity output providing any other activities with the detailed context and resources and with the learning paradox embedded in the dynamic of knowing organization. As an academic study, the implication of this research is on: (a) the modified theory of knowing organization, (b) the theorized descriptive-prescriptive method for the organizational learning, the prescriptive method of constructivism in a case study of organizational strategy; and (d) the design of the mixed model research for business administration science characterized as an applied science."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memahami peranan kuasa-pengetahuan dalam pengembangan atau transformasi menjadi learning organization (LO). Penelitian dilakukan dengan menganalisis peranan wacana birokrasi versus konsep LO dalam pengembangan ?governing ideas? (misi, nilai-nilai inti, visi), strategi, struktur dan budaya organisasi bisnis mikro BRI pada periode 1984 ? 2006, serta penerapan kedua wacana yang terimplikasikan pada subsistem orang-orang dalam proses tersebut. Penelitian kualitatif ini dirancang dengan menggunakan paradigma posmodernisme dan pendekatan berpikir sistem posmoderen. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap peristiwaperistiwa yang menunjukkan adanya kontradiksi atau ketegangan di antara wacana birokrasi dan wacana LO pada pengembangan keempat aspek dari organisasi bisnis mikro BRI, yaitu visi, strategi, struktur, dan budaya organisasi, serta pengembangan subsistem orang-orang sehubungan dengan proses pengorganisasian yang dilaksanakan. Analisis dilakukan dengan metode dekonstruksi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya penerapan yang luas dari wacana pengetahuan lokal pada awal transformasi BRI Unit menjadi BRI Unit komersial atau perbankan pedesaan komersial. Dibandingkan dengan pengorganisasian sistem BRI dalam program BIMAS, pengorganisasian BRI Unit komersial mencerminkan kondisi LO sejati, yang ditandai dengan penerapan ?paradigma bisnis baru dan cara-cara kerja baru.? Meskipun begitu, beberapa cara kerja baru dipinjam atau diambil-alih dari konsep birokrasi, dan diterapkan dalam perancangan struktur organisasi dan proses pengembangan visi, strategi, dan budaya organisasi. Kohabitasi dari dua paradigma yang bertentangan ini pada akhirnya menghasilkan suatau organisasi bisnis mikro yang dapat dikategorikan sebagai ?organisasi memfrustrasikan.? Hal ini terjadi karena praktek-praktek sistem BRI Unit komersial yang berhasil kemudian dipatenkan. Bersamaan dengan itu, birokratisasi dalam pengorganisasian bisnis mikro, baik dari dalam BRI sendiri mupun karena tekanan regulasi perbankan yang mengacu standar-standar universal, mengalami peningkatan dari waktu ke waktu. Dominasi wacana birokrasi dan pemapanan keberhasilan masa lalu membuat kualitas pembelajaran organisasi dalam pengorganisasian bisnis mikro mengalami kemunduran, yaitu bergeser ke posisi organisasi memfrutrasikan. Lebih dari itu, organisasi bisnis mikro dan Bank BRI pada umumnya tidak berhasil mendekonstrtuksi paradigma perbankan pedesaan komersialnya ketika harus memasuki siklus perbankan mikro dalam pengertian baru. Dengan kata lain, akumulasi pengetahuan yang dimiliki tidak memungkinkan untuk dilakukan transformasi sosial dan organisasional yang diperlukan dalam era keuangan mikro. Meskipun begitu, praktek pengorganisasian bisnis mikro BRI, khususnya dalam kondisi krisis, mendemonstrasikan suatu tipe pembelajaran organisasi yang lebih maju dari tipe triple-loop learning, dan dapat disebut sebagi quatro-loop learning. Dalam tipe pembelajaran ini, kapabilitas kebijaksanaan merupakan tataran yang mendorong pengelolaan perbedaan-perbedaan paradigmatik melalui manajemen keberagaman (diversity management). Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menawarkan suatu model organisasi alternatif dari LO, yaitu model yang menempatkan kebijaksanaan atau kearifan?pengetahuan yang paling tinggi?sebagai pusat dan penggerak dari berbagai sub-sistem dan aspek LO. Dalam kerangka pengembangan dan pendayagunaan kebijaksanaan secara maksimal untuk mendukung pembelajaran organisasi dan pengembangan fungsi transformatif dari bisnis perbankan mikro BRI, disarankan agar Pimpinan BRI memberikan otonomi pengorganisasian yang lebih tinggi kepada organisasi bisnis mikro BRI. Dengan begitu, organisasi bisnis mikro dapat dengan lebih leluasa memajukan kapabilitas pembelajaran dan penciptaan pengetahuannya yang diperlukan bagi transformasi kemasyarakatan dalam kerangka perbaikan kehidupan bagi semakin banyak kalangan dari masyarakat melalui perwujudan misi dan visinya di bidang perbankan mikro. Dengan begitu, organisasi bisnis mikro dapat dengan lebih mudah meningkatkan kapabilitas dan otoritasnya dalam mendekonstruksi paradigma perbankan mikro secara terus-menerus sehingga mampu menyesuaikan diri dengan tuntutan zaman, bahkan menjadi agen pembangunan atau transformasi masyarakat kebanyakan. Akhirnya, BRI mampu mempertahankan reputasinya di bidang perbankan mikro dengan bertumpu pada keunggulan kompetitifnya dalam pengembangan dan pendayagunaan pengetahuan lokal. Peningkatan otonomi organisasi bisnis mikro BRI dapat ditempuh melalui penyerahan semakin banyak wewenang kepada bisnis mikro, atau spin-off bisnis mikro dan pembentukan perusahaan induk (holding company) pada Bank BRI dimana bisnis mikro merupakan salah satu unitnya yang otonom. Dengan demikian, Bank BRI dapat mempertahankan keunggulan kompetitif dalam pelayanan perbankan mikro dan berkontribusi secara maksimal dalam memajukan perekonomian rakyat dan mendukung daya saing bangsa dalam masyarakat pengetahuan-global dengan berakar pada akar sejarah dan pengetahuan lokal.

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This research aims at better understanding of the role of knowledge-power in organizational development or transformation into a learning organization (LO). The analysis puts concern on the role of the bureaucracy paradigm versus the learning organization concept in the development of the ?governing ideas? (mission, core values, and vision), strategy, organizational structure and culture in the period of 1984?2006, and the implied role of the two competing paradigms on the people subsystem in that processes. The research design assumes the postmodernism standpoint of view and applies the postmodern systems approach and qualitative style of research. The study investigates the role of the two competing paradigms in directing the organizing policies by scrutinizing the interplays and contradictions of the two paradigms in the organizational aspects and subsystems studied. The deconstruction or critical text analysis is applied as the main method of analysis. The research reveals that local knowledge as usually practiced in learning organizations was adopted in designing the governing ideas and the content of the organizational strategy and culture of BRI?s Micro Banking Business at the beginning of the transformation into a commercial rural banking in 1984. Compared to the organizing of BIMAS program, the organizing of BRI?s commercial Unit System at its early phase demonstrated the character of a genuine LO, in the sense of performing ?new thinking and new way of doing? commercial rural banking. Meanwhile, the role of bureaucracy paradigm was dominantly held in designing the organizational structure and also in the processes of developing the organizational vision, strategy, and culture. This co-habitation of the two contradictory paradigms eventually results in a retreat to a ?frustrating organization.? This tendency has been contributed by the fixation of the past successful practices along with the increase of bureaucratization in organizing BRI?s micro banking business that was caused by internally and externally imposed regulations. BRI?s micro banking system suffers learning disabilities that inhibits its ability to grow better in the new landscape of micro banking world. It fails in deconstructing its own paradigm on commercial rural banking and also in inventing the new ways in organizing micro banking business in the new context of micro banking. But in the major crises, some senior leaders of BRI practiced a higher type of organizational learning that can be typified as quatro-loop learning. In this type of organizational learning, the fourth loop is the deployment of wisdom in facing the diversity of paradigms. Based on this finding, the research comes out with an alternative model of organization of LO in which the virtue or the wisdom capability is deployed as the center and driver of all subsystems and aspects of organization and/or in organizing. In order to support the development and utilization of wisdom as the topmost level of knowledge in organizing BRI?s micro banking business, it is suggested that the BRI?s Micro Banking Business should be given more autonomy, either through providing greater decentralization or by splitting it up from BRI?s other businesses and positioning it as an autonomous unit along with other businesses of BRI?s holding company. By so doing, BRI can maintain its reputation and contribution in eradicating the poverty in the country and help the nation in building her competitive advantage in the global-knowledge society."

"Three occurrences that in someway interlink to one another have dramatically changed how companies conduct its activities. First is globalization reality, second is the growth of technologies and third, how knowledge is increasingly valued. Spectacular advances and convergence in computer are driving changes in organizations and communication technology - known to be computer mediated communication (CMC) -- and globalization that emerges new network forms in an organization as an integral part of the co-evolution of the new network society. These organizational and social forms are built around material and symbolic flows that link people and objects both locally and globally without regard for traditional, national, institutional, or organizational boundaries. The unity of people that shares or exchanges information - with or without technology - over time for a sustained pursuit is considered as a Community of Practice. This study is relevant in current organizational communication perspectives as the purpose of this research is to gain understanding how Communities of Practice as a computer-mediated-communication network applies knowledge sharing in a global organization. As Communities of Practice eliminates boundaries between countries and members, several questions of inquiry arise in this study. The study used ethnographic inquiry for gathering, organizing and understanding the data as well as discourse analysis for understanding how an organizational communication network is constructed in conversation and/or interactions; through the application of electronic discourse based on Biber's dimensions and using type-token ratio (TTR) for analysis (Davis & Brewer, 1997). Electronic discourse-conferences, e-mail, discussion lists, or forums focuses on how individuals use language to exchange ideas rather than on the medium or channel by which they transfer and deliver their messages. In as much as electronic discourse involves interaction among people, the text implies something about the variety of social interactions among its composers. The particular communities of practice in this study is the Asia Pacific Marketing and Communications business practice, which has more than 40 people from 11 countries and with various levels of expertise and title as members. Although hierarchy does exist, the working relationship is considered as a flat organization to be able to nurture collaboration and sharing. As a community of practice it meets on a weekly basis through a conference call session, conduct monthly training together, and uncounted corresponding through e-mail. The practice also has a technology support database using lotus notes to compile all activities (plan and results) and the "SharePoint" portal as a share-forum. Based on the study it is obvious that the Communities of Practice build its own knowledge management practice and emphasize to its members to leverage knowledge sharing by using various forms. The community groups, or even as individuals, are also provided access to the use of technology and computer mediated communication networks in strengthening the knowledge transfer. But although a Communities of Practice format is intended to have less control, the Communities of Practice in this study sees that the lead person as a representative of a formal hierarchy sometimes apply normative characteristics in a functional role, addition to the function as a senior member to coordinate knowledge dissemination to others. In addition, in this study the context of learning and sharing is very much focused on the work the members do - especially that is considered their interest - and do not go beyond the working knowledge they need for their task. Knowledge management tools provided, in the form of various content portals, are not used at a maximum level. Whereas other forms of technology are more likely used to absorb more information or understanding of the work they do, i.e. using telephone, e-mail and messenger systems. Going back to the historical perspectives on emergence of communication structures in organizations, we can assume that a mediated network through CoP is considered more of the relational tradition. This tradition focuses primarily on the direct communication that establishes and maintains communication linkages. Taken collectively, these linkages create an emergent communication structure that connects different people and groups in the organization irrespective of their formal positions or roles. Also, differences in language and cultural background also restrict the dissemination of knowledge that is consistent and equal across all members. For the members who are raised and trained in a Western culture -- in this case the Australians - they are used to having open format discussions and are not shy of expressing their minds. As for the other many Asians, they would only take part if they were requested to do so or feel that they can actually contribute. Implications of this study are also two-fold. First, on a pragmatic basis, members in organizations have the Freedom to choose how they communicate within the formal and informal networks, and have the right to choose in which network forms they need to engage. The second-level effects also do not always support the intention to be innovative because it actually creates more pressure on task-orientation rather than creativity although it does provide more boundaries crossing communication. This indicates, that cultural understanding is important despite the fact that technology is supposed to decrease cultural differences. On a theoretical perspectives, this study provides a better understanding how organizational communication networks are established, especially emergent models that are informal in a way but correspond closely to the formal communication structures. Further, the increased use of new computer-mediated communication systems has made formal organizational structure as a benchmark against which to use for emergent communication networks."

"ABSTRAKPersaingan tiga perusahaan telepon bergerak seluler (PTBS) yang memiliki jangkauan pelayanan nasional dan masa operasi yang hampir lama yang merupakan "tiga besar" di Indonesia yaitu Telkomsel, Satelindo dan Excelcomindo pada periode 1996 -2002 sangat keras. Hal ini nampak dalam memperebutkan jumlah pelanggan yang semula dikuasai oleh Satelindo kemudian diambil alih oleh Telkomsel. Satelindo terus menurun, sementara itu Excelcomindo terus meningkat secara cepat walaupun pada tahun 2001 menunjukan gejala menurun. Penelitian membagai kurun waktu tersebut menjadi tiga yaitu kurun waktu 1997-1998, 1999-2000, dan 2001-2002.Penelitian bertujuan untuk: pertam a, mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor pengembang KOD pada PTBS; kedua, menganalisis hubungan dinamik dari faktor-faktor pengembang tersebut; dan ketiga, menganalisis bagaimana strategi yang dapat dilakukan oleh manajemen untuk melakukan pengembangan tersebut di masa depan.Penelitian yang menggunakan berbagai pendekatan antara lain strategic management dan system thinking ini mengkaji pengembangan kapabilitas organisasional yang dinamik (KOD), yaitu kemampuan perusahaan untuk mengintegrasikan, merekonfigurasi, memperoleh dan melepaskan sumber daya guna menyiasati dan bahkan menciptakan perubahan pasar. Pengembangan KOD dilihat terutama dari sudut capability lifecycle yaitu melihat faktor-faktor pengembang yang dominan bagi masing-masing PTBS dalam tiga kurun waktu tersebut untuk kemudian dianalisis guna memprediksi perkembangan di masa depan.Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan pemodelan system dynamics, yaitu suatu pendekatan yang mendasarkan pada asumsi adanya ciri kompleksitas, dinamis dan non-linearitas dalam suatu masalah yang diteliti. Dicirikan kompleks karena bisnis dan industri telepon bergerak seluler terkait dengan berbagai aspek yang saling mempengaruhi, ciri dinamis karena perubahan keterkaitan tersebut berbeda intensitasnya dari waktu ke waktu, dan ciri non-linear karena dalam perubahan tersebut terjadi aksi penundaan (delay) dari hubungan sebab akibat yang saling mempengaruhi tersebut.Analisis dan sintesis terhadap model masing-masing dari tiga PTBS dan gabungan ketiganya dilakukan pada kurun waktu masa lalu (ex post), tahun 1997-2002, dan masa depan (ex Gate), tahun 2003 -2008. Teknik statistik yang digunakan untuk menguji validitas output model adalah absolute mean error (ANNE) dan absolute varian error (AVE) dengan ketentuan nilai AME dan AVE di bawah 5% dianggap valid.Analisis dan sintesis ex post bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bangunan model dinamika KOD PTBS Indonesia, yaitu untuk tujuan pertama dan kedua penelitian ini. Sedangkan analisis dan sintesis ex ante bertujuan melakukan foresight (memprediksi bagaimana sistem berperilaku di masa depan dalam suatu kondisi yang diasumsikan) atau policy design (mendisain pengambilan keputusan strategis dan mengevaluasi efek-efeknya terhadap perilaku sistem), yaitu untuk tujuan ketiga penelitian ini.Hasil penelitian menemukan ada empat faktor pengembang KOD perusahaan telepon seluler di Indonesia yaitu: pertama, Networking Capabilities; kedua, Financing Capabilities; ketiga, Product-Marketing Capabilities; dan keempat, Customer Relations Capabilities. Masing-masing faktor pengembang tersebut dirinci ke dalam unsur-unsur yang dominan dalam pengembangan faktor tersebut.Dinamika KOD PTBS yang ditandai dari pola kecenderungan pertumbuhan subscriber berbentuk S-Shape, atau pola meningkat di awal dan menjadi pola stagnant kemudian. Pola ini disebabkan oleh pengaruh dinamis dari kompetisi, yang melahirkan pola kecenderungan customer value proposition, yang mencakup coverage, quality, dan price. Pola customer value proposition ini berbeda setiap periodenya, yaitu: pertama, tahun 1997-1998 dicirikan dengan intensi pasar terhadap coverage paling tingi; kedua, tahun 1999-2000 dicirikan dengan intensi pasar terhadap aspek quality tertinggi dibandingkan kedua aspek lain; dan ketiga, tahun 2001-2002 dicirikan dengan intensi price yang tertinggi dibandingkan kedua aspek lain.Hasil uji sensitivitas, sebagai pra skenario strategi, menyimpulkan bahwa pengembangan KOD mempunyai capability lifecycles yang berbeda pada tiga kurun waktu tersebut di atas. Faktor pengembang yang mempunyai leverage terbesar dalam perusahaan telepon bergerak seluler di Indonesia adalah Networking Capabilities dan Financing Capabilities.Analisis strategi enam tahun ke depan menyimpulkan bahwa pengembangan KOD cenderung akan lebih tepat jika diarahkan pada customer care capabilities. Di samping itu perlu diintroduksikan partnering capabilities, yaitu kapabilitas yang menyangkut content provider.Akhirnya di samping dari sudut capabilty lifecycle yang menemukan adanya empar faktor pengembang KOD, dari sudut teori dengan menggunakan dynamic thinking, ditemukan adanya hubungan langsung antara KOD dengan firm performance.

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ABSTRACT

There is very tight competition among cellular mobile telephone company (CMTC) in Indonesia in 1996-2002. The said companies are Telkomsel, Satelindo and Excelcomindo had the same characteristic: the scope of operation is the national territory and the period of operation in cellular mobile telephones relatively the same (around seven years). The very tight competition appears in the tough fight for getting subscriber. In the 1996 Satelindo was the market leader, but since 1997 Telkomsel take over that position; the gap between the two companies are bigger and bigger. In the mean time Excelcomindo are growing very fast, and then in 2001 the total subscriber begun decline. The research divided the time into three periods: 1997-1998, 1999-2000, and 2001-2002.

The objective of the research are: first, to identifies the developing factors of dynamic organizational capabilities in CMTC; second, to analyses the dynamic relationship among the said developing factors, and three, to analyses the possible strategy for the future.

The term dynamic organizational capabilities in this disertation mean the firm's ability to integrate, build, and reconfigure internal and external competences to address rapidly changing environment, to match and even create market change. About developing factors, research mainly focus to the capability lifecycle.

To meet with the objective of the research, there is several approach to analyses the problem among others: strategic management and system thinking. Systems dynamic used as the research method.

Finally, it is concluded that there are four developing factors of dynamic organizational capabilities in CMTC: (1) networking capabilities; (2) financing capabilities, (3) product marketing capabilities; and (4) customer relation?s capabilities. The most important leverage of dynamic organizational capacities are networking capabilities and financing capabilities."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami fenomena kelangkaan minyak solar di Indonesia dengan studi kasus di Jawa Timur. Distribusi minyak solar, menyimpan dinamika kompleksitas yang tinggi dengan adanya keterkaitan banyak faktor dan kepentingan. Sebagai mata rantai dalam sistem saluran distribusi fisik, Distributor mengutamakan volume dan waktu pasokan untuk persediaan guna menjaga kelancaran distribusi. Sedangkan faktor yang non fisik dari konsumen adalah faktor ketersediaan (availability),dan bagi penyeleweng adalah faktor keuntungan (profitability). Faktor-faktor tesebut akan menjadi dinamis dan menyebabkan kelangkaan bila faktor volume dan waktu pasok terganggu. Hal tersebut dianalisis dengan menggunakan dinamika sistem (system dynamics) dan QPID (qualitative politicised influence diagram) serta pilihan rasional (rational choice). Untuk memahami mental models ini digunakan gagasan teori pilihan rasional (rational choice theory) yang menjelaskan mengapa dinamika sistem distribusi minyak solar mudah berfluktuasi dan menimbulkan kepanikan masyarakat, penimbunan, pengoplosan, dan penyelundupan.Fenomena kelangkaan minyak solar di Jawa Timur dapat dipahami melalui model dinamika sistem distribusi dan mental model para aktornya. Ada empat subsistem dalam dinamika sistem distribusinya yang digambarkan melalui causal loop diagram, yaitu: (1) Subsistem pengadaan dengan mental model menjaga keseimbangan antara pengadaan dan permintaan minyak solar; (2) Subsistem konsumsi dengan mental model menjaga ketersediaan dan menekan biaya bahan bakar minyak solar bagi dirinya; (3) Subsistem pengawasan dengan mental model mencari keuntungan melalui keseimbangan antara sanksi hukum dan keuntungan ekonomi yang bisa diperoleh; dan (4) Subsistem penyelewengan dengan mental model mencari keuntungan ekonomi semata.Selain faktor fisik dan non fisik tersebut, faktor penting lainnya yang ikut mendorong sistem distribusi menjadi semakin kompleks dan sulit dikendalikan, ialah disparitas harga beberapa jenis BBM bersubsidi, yaitu premium, solar, dan minyak tanah.Secara simultan, faktor-faktor itu menjadi leverage dinamika sistem distribusi minyak solar. Artinya, ketika salah satu faktor tersebut berubah maka lima sub sistem akan berinteraksi dinamis sehingga memunculkan kejadian-kejadian seperti: harga minyak solar melambung, penegakan hukum melemah, pengoplosan meningkat, kolusi bertambah, dan menurunnya kegiatan produksi. Disertasi ini mengusulkan model solusi penanggulangan kelangkaan minyak solar dapat didasarkan pada skenario simulasi model solusi.

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This study is aimed to understand the phenomenon of diesel fuel oil scarcity in Indonesia based on a case study in the East Java. The diesel fuel oil distribution conceals the high complexity of dynamics due to its connection to various factors and interests respectively. As the links within the channel system of physical distribution, the distributor pays his main attention to the volume and suplying time for the availability aimed at maintaining the distribution smoothness. In the meantime, non-physical factors in terms of consumers is the availability while for the embezzlers is the profitability. Those factors will become dynamics and will result in the scarcity if the volume factor as well as supplying time is hampered. Those factors are analyzed by means of system dynamics and QPID or quantitative politicized influence diagram and rational choice. To understand these mental models we make use of rational choice theory which explains on how the system dynamics of diesel fuel oil distribution might easily fluctuate and cause panics among the society, and will result in piling up, mixing up with other products and smuggling of the product itself.The phenomenon of diesel fuel oil scarcity in the East Java is understandable through distributional model of system dinamics as well as mental model of the agents. There are four subsystems within the system dynamics of its distribution as described through the causal loop diagrams namely: (1) The subsystem of the availability with mental model which maintains the equilibrum between the availability and diesel fuel oil demand; (2) The subsystem of consumption with mental model which maintans the availability and suppresses the cost of diesel fuel oil for himself; (3) The subsystem of monitoring with mental model which tries to gain profit through the equilibrum between the legal sanction and the economic profit which might be gained; and (4) The subsystem of the embezzlement with the mental model which searches for merely the economic profit.Beside of the physical and non-physical factors, another important factor contributing to the more complicated system of distribution and more difficult condition to overcome is the price disparity among a number of subsidized fuel oils namely premium, diesel fuel oil, and kerosene.Simultaneously, those factors become the leverage of system dynamics for diesel fuel oil distribution, which means that when one of those factors is changing, the other four subsystems will interact dynamically leading to the happening of various things such as follows: diesel fuel oil price will soar up, law enforcement will decline, the mixing of the oil with other products will be increasing, collusion will grow up, while production activities will decline. This dissertation proposes for the solution model aimed at overcoming the scarcity of diesel fuel oil based on the scenario simulation in order to develop a solution model."