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"Dental implants have become an accepted form of permanent tooth replacement. Successful dental implant treatment requires knowledge of the precise location in connection with critical structures in maxillae and mandible. Injury to the nerve canal or perforation of maxillary antrum can cause paresthesia or antral infection that may leads to failure of the treatment. Measuring the height and width of residual alveolar ridge is necessary to select the appropriately sized implant as well as to assure the adequacy of bone. Presurgical radiographic evaluation of dental implants plays very important role in the success of implant treatment procedure. Various imaging modalities from conventional intraoral radiographs to more sophisticated and modern ones can be used for this purpose. The conventional imaging modalities have very limitted diagnostic information in accordance with details and accurate in bone evaluation of the implants sites. On the other hand, modern imaging modalities such as Dental CT have been proven to produce excellent image either for measuring or detailed evaluating the sites. Selecting the appropriate imaging modality will be one of the key to success in dental implant treatment."

"Toleransi perubahan angulasi vertikal pada radiografi gigi insisif rahang atas (studi in vitro). Tingkat distorsi vertikal yang cukup besar pada radiograf periapikal gigi anterior rahang atas serta penggunaan lebar singulum sebagai acuan evaluasi distorsi vertikal radiograf gigi anterior. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui perubahan sudut vertikal yang masih dapat ditoleransi pada radiograf periapikal gigi insisif rahang atas. Metode: Pada 30 gigi insisif rahang atas, dilakukan pembuatan radiograf periapikal sudut vertikal 0° sebagai acuan standar, selanjutnya dilakukan perubahan sudut vertikal -10°, +10°, -15°, +15°, -20°, dan +20°. Sumbu panjang gigi diatur posisinya supaya sejajar film pada saat dilakukan paparan sinar-X. Kemudian panjang gigi dan lebar singulum pada radiograf dengan perubahan sudut vertikal diukur dan dibandingkan dengan kondisi sebenarnya. Seluruh hasil pengukuran diuji secara statistik dengan menjadi uji T. Hasil: Perbedaan antara panjang gigi klinis dengan panjang gigi radiografik pada seluruh perubahan sudut vertikal terbukti tidak signifikan (p>0.05), sedangkan perubahan lebar singulum signifikan pada sudut +15° dan -10° (p<0.05). Simpulan: Panjang gigi pada radiograf periapikal gigi insisif rahang atas yang diposisikan sejajar dengan film radiograf masih dapat ditoleransi sampai dengan perubahan sudut vertikal sebesar 20º. Lebar singulum menyempit secara signifikan pada radiograf yang mengalami perubahan sudut +15º dan melebar secara signifikan pada radiograf yang mengalami perubahan sudut -10º.

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The prevalence of vertical distortion in the periapical radiograph of the anterior maxillary teeth is quite significant and cingulum is commonly used as the reference of vertical distortion in anterior radiograph.

Objective: To evaluate the limit of vertical angulation error that still can be tolerated.

Methods: Periapical radiograph with vertical angle 0° was obtained from 30 maxillary incisors as reference, then the vertical angulation was changed into -10°, +10°, -15°, +15°, -20° and +20°. Long axis of the teeth was adjusted parallel to the film. Tooth length and cingulum width with vertical angulation alteration was measured and compared to the actual length. All of the measurement was tested using T test.

Results: There were no significant differences between all the measurements of tooth length with the alteration in vertical angulation (p>0.05), whereas cingulum width had a significant difference at +15° and -10°, p<0.05.

Conclusion: Tooth length in periapical radiograph of maxillary incisor with parallel position is still tolerable until 20º vertical angle errors. Cingulum width on radiograph with +15º vertical angle alteration is significantly narrowed and on radiograph with -10° vertical angle alteration is significantly widened."