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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman non-plastik, kebutuhan akan teknologi ramah lingkungan menjadi perhatian penting. Inovasi berkelanjutan terus mengalami perkembangan, khususnya dengan meningkatnya pemanfaatan nanoselulosa yang berasal dari serat alami. Shorgum adalah tanaman yang secara fisiologis menarik karena ketahanannya terhadap lingkungan yang panas dan kering. Meskipun demikian, belum ada penelitian mengenai isolasi nanoselulosa dari biomasanya dalam literatur. Hal inilah yang mendorong penelitian nanoselulosa yang berasal dari shorgum kali ini melalui metode perlakuan kimia, fibrilasi mekanik, dan pembuatan nanopaper biomasa sorgum. Penelitian ini telah dilakukan dengan penekanan terhadap sifat mekanik nanopaper sorgum yang dihasilkan dari berbagai bagian (daun, selubung, batang) dan tahap pematangan (vegetative, mid-grain, late-grain), serta pengaruh berbagai perlakuan mekanis (ball milling, homeginisation). Hasil uji menunjukan bahwa pada daun cenderung lebih kaku sedangkan pada batangnya memiliki nilai tarik lebih besar. Namun, tidak ada perbedaan signifikan pada sifat mekanis pada bagian tanaman dengan perbedaan tahap pematangan. Selain itu, milling menyebabkan nanopaper menjadi lebih kaku dibandingkan dengan homogenisation. Penelitian dengan jenis shorgum bervariasi dan perlakuan kimia ramah lingkungan disarankan untuk diteliti lebih lanjut.

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ABSTRACT
As the anti-plastic era evolves, the imperative for environmentally friendly technology continues to grow. The development of sustainable innovations has been steadily progressing, especially with the rising utilisation of nanocellulose derived from natural fibres. Sorghum is a cereal crop that is physiologically appealing for its resistance to hot and arid environmental conditions, yet there are no widely known reported cases involving the isolation of nanocellulose from its biomass within literature. This has prompted the investigation of sorghum-derived nanocellulose in this project, produced by chemical pre-treatment, mechanical fibrillation and nanopaper fabrication of sorghum biomass. Studies were performed with an emphasis on the mechanical properties of sorghum nanopaper produced from different sections (leaf, sheath, stem) and maturation stages (vegetative, mid-grain, late-grain), as well as the influence of different mechanical treatments (ball milling, homogenisation). Overall, the results revealed that the leaf tends to be stiffer while the stem has a slightly greater tensile index. On the other hand, there are no significant discrepancies in mechanical properties between the different maturation stages. Moreover, milling seems to cause the nanopaper to become stiffer compared to homogenisation. Performing studies on different sorghum varieties and exploring sustainable chemical pre-treatments are suggested to further the research.

Abstrak :
Sesuai Perpres No. 4 tahun 2010 tentang Penugasan kepada PT PLN (Persero) Untuk Melakukan Percepatan Pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik yang Menggunakan Energi Terbarukan, Batubara dan Gas, maka dibangunlah proyek PLTU Parit Baru Site Bengkayang (2 x 50 MW) dengan kontrak No. 158.PJ/041/DIR/2011 tanggal 30 April 2011. Laporan Praktik Keinsinyuran ini dibatasi hanya membahas tentang perencanaan dan pelaksanaan backfeeding PLTU parit Baru Site Bengkayang 2 x 50 MW. Back feeding itu sendiri telah berhasil dilakukan pada tanggal 7 September 2017. Evakuasi daya PLTU Parit Baru Site Bengkayang 2 x 50 MW pada awalnya direncanakan masuk ke dalam sistem khatulistiwa melalui gardu induk PLTU 2 Kalimantan Barat 2 x 27,5 MW namun dikarenakan proyek ini mengalami kendala maka dilakukan tapping dari jaringan eksisting SUTT 150 kV Senggiring - Singkawang, hal ini menyebabkan adanya perubahan sistem proteksi pada gardu induk yang berhadapan. Prosess backfeeding dilakukan selangkah demi selangkah, mulai dari pemberian tegangan pada bus bar hingga sampai pemberian tegangan ke 6 kV. Pada saat pelaksanaan backfeeding, K3 menjadi hal yang sangat diperhatikan. Proses ini dilakukan dengan tetap menjunjung tinggi etika keinsinyuran. ......Refer to Perpres No. 4 2010 about Penugasan kepada PT PLN (Persero) Untuk Melakukan Percepatan Pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik yang Menggunakan Energi Terbarukan, Batubara dan Gas, Parit Baru Site Bengkayang CFSS project have been commenced with contract document number 158.PJ/041/DIR/2011 dated 30th April 2011. This report only cover the commencement and planning of the backfeeding. The back feeding it self have been carried out successfully on 7th September 2017. In the beginning, energy evacuation of Parit Baru Site Bengkayang CFSPP 2 x 50 MW as part of Khatulistiwa System Grid has been planned to be transported from Kalimantan Barat 2 2 x 27,5 MW CFSPP, however caused by delayed of the progress of Kalimantan Barat 2 CFSPP, tapping from existing grid Senggiring - Singkawang. has been conducted. This condition lead to protection system alteration. Backfeeeding process conducted step by step, from bus bar energizing to 6 kV transformer. As backfeeding took placed, safety become one of the important concern. This process carried out with fully concern of ethic as basic practice of engineer.

Abstrak :
[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kekasaran, proses phosphating, serta ketebalan adhesive bonding terhadap ketahanan delaminasi komposit laminat. Variasi kekasaran substrat, yaitu pada rentang 5-8 μm dan 10-13 μm, variasi terhadap proses phosphating, yaitu ada yang melalui proses phosphating dan ada yang tidak, serta variasi ketebalan adhesive baik primer ataupun topcoat dengan rentang 1-5 μm, 6-10 μm, serta 11-15 μm. Pembentukan komposit laminat ini dilakukan melalui proses transfer moulding pada suhu 160 C selama 450 detik. Komposit laminat yang sudah terbentuk kemudian diuji peel-off untuk mengetahui kekuatan delaminasinya lalu dikarakterisasi dengan SEM-EDX. Hasil menunjukan bahwa kekasaran permukaan, lapisan zinc phosphate, serta ketebalan adhesive bonding mempengaruhi ketahanan delaminasi komposit laminat yang diinterpretasikan dengan kekuatan ikat antarlapisan dan visual delaminasi. Kekasaran optimum terjadi pada rentang 10-13 μm dengan kekuatan ikat 179,68 N dan visual delaminasi R-R sebanyak 35%. Adanya lapisan zinc phosphate memberikan nilai kekuatan ikat optimum sebesar 157,38 N dan visual delaminasi R-R sebanyak 50%. Ketebalan adhesive primer optimum terjadi pada rentang 1-5 μm dengan kekuatan ikat 163,35 N dan visual delaminasi R-R sebanyak 50%. Ketebalan adhesive topcoat optimum terjadi pada rentang 6-10 μm dengan kekuatan ikat sebesar 154,65 N dan visual delaminasi R-R sebanyak 41,6%.;This study aims to determine the effect of roughness, phosphating process, and the thickness of the adhesive bonding into delamination resistance of laminate composite. Variation of the substrate roughness are 5-8 μm and 10-13 μm. Some substrates are coated by zinc phosphate and other substrate are uncoated. Variations of the thickness of adhesive primer and adhesive topcoat are in a range of 1-5 μm, 6-10 μm, and 11-15 μm. The process of forming the laminate composite occurs through transfer molding process at 1600C in 450 seconds. Laminate composite that has been formed then tested by peel-off test to determine the strength of delamination. Visual of delamination was characterized by SEM-EDX. The results showed that the optimum surface roughness occurs in the range of 10-13 μm with bonding strength 179.68 N and 35% of R-R visual. The coated substrate has a higher bonding strength compared to uncoated substrate, which is 157.38 N and 50% of R-R visual. The optimum thickness of adhesive primer occurs in the range of 1-5 μm with bonding strength is 163.35 N and 50% of R-R visual. While the optimum thickness of adhesive topcoat occurs in the range of 6-10 μm with a bonding strength is 154.65 N and 41,6% of R-R visual;This study aims to determine the effect of roughness, phosphating process, and the thickness of the adhesive bonding into delamination resistance of laminate composite. Variation of the substrate roughness are 5-8 μm and 10-13 μm. Some substrates are coated by zinc phosphate and other substrate are uncoated. Variations of the thickness of adhesive primer and adhesive topcoat are in a range of 1-5 μm, 6-10 μm, and 11-15 μm. The process of forming the laminate composite occurs through transfer molding process at 1600C in 450 seconds. Laminate composite that has been formed then tested by peel-off test to determine the strength of delamination. Visual of delamination was characterized by SEM-EDX. The results showed that the optimum surface roughness occurs in the range of 10-13 μm with bonding strength 179.68 N and 35% of R-R visual. The coated substrate has a higher bonding strength compared to uncoated substrate, which is 157.38 N and 50% of R-R visual. The optimum thickness of adhesive primer occurs in the range of 1-5 μm with bonding strength is 163.35 N and 50% of R-R visual. While the optimum thickness of adhesive topcoat occurs in the range of 6-10 μm with a bonding strength is 154.65 N and 41,6% of R-R visual, This study aims to determine the effect of roughness, phosphating process, and the thickness of the adhesive bonding into delamination resistance of laminate composite. Variation of the substrate roughness are 5-8 μm and 10-13 μm. Some substrates are coated by zinc phosphate and other substrate are uncoated. Variations of the thickness of adhesive primer and adhesive topcoat are in a range of 1-5 μm, 6-10 μm, and 11-15 μm. The process of forming the laminate composite occurs through transfer molding process at 1600C in 450 seconds. Laminate composite that has been formed then tested by peel-off test to determine the strength of delamination. Visual of delamination was characterized by SEM-EDX. The results showed that the optimum surface roughness occurs in the range of 10-13 μm with bonding strength 179.68 N and 35% of R-R visual. The coated substrate has a higher bonding strength compared to uncoated substrate, which is 157.38 N and 50% of R-R visual. The optimum thickness of adhesive primer occurs in the range of 1-5 μm with bonding strength is 163.35 N and 50% of R-R visual. While the optimum thickness of adhesive topcoat occurs in the range of 6-10 μm with a bonding strength is 154.65 N and 41,6% of R-R visual]

Abstrak :
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) digunakan sebagai matriks dari komposit dengan zat penggabung PP-g-MA, dan pengisi yang digunakan berasal dari industri powder coating, berupa serbuk limbah poliester dan poliester-epoksi sebagai salah satu bentuk usaha daur ulang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh komposisi serbuk limbah poliester dan poliester-epoksi sebagai pengisi terhadap sifat mekanis, sifat termal, dan morfologi komposit bermatriks HDPE. Penelitian ini menggunakan HDPE sebagai matriks dengan penambahan variasi komposisi pengisi 20%, 30%, dan 40% dengan 5% PP-g-MA. Selain itu, untuk mengetahui pengaruh komposisi PP-g-MA sebagai zat penggabung, dilakukan penambahan PP-g-MA dengan variasi komposisi 0%, 2%, 5%, dan 10% dalam komposit dengan komposisi matriks 70% dan pengisi 30%. Pencampuran dilakukan menggunakan metode hot melt mixing dengan kondisi temperatur 180oC, kecepatan pencampuran sebesar 60 rpm, dan total waktu 9 menit. Karakterisasi dan pengujian yang dilakukan adalah pengukuran nilai tegangan permukaan dengan metode sessile drop, FTIR, SEM, TGA dan DSC, serta uji tarik mikro. Kompatibilitas pencampuran terbaik didapatkan pada pengisi poliester dengan komposisi 30% dan 40% untuk pengisi poliester-epoksi. Untuk komposisi PP-g-MA, didapatkan pada komposisi 10% dengan pengisi serbuk limbah poliester dan poliester-epoksi. Morfologi komposit menunjukkan seiring penambahan komposisi pengisi serbuk limbah poliester dan poliester-epoksi, semakin terlihat dan meningkatkan jumlah pengisi dalam matriks, serta adanya pengaruh penambahan PP-g-MA dalam berkurangnya pori-pori dalam komposit. Sifat mekanis terbaik diperoleh dengan komposisi pengisi 20% dan 5% PP-g-MA, baik dengan pengisi serbuk limbah poliester maupun poliester-epoksi. Sedangkan, untuk mendapatkan sifat termal terbaik dengan pengisi serbuk limbah poliester adalah 30% dengan 5% PP-g-MA dan untuk pengisi poliester-epoksi sebesar 20% dengan 0% PP-g-MA. ......High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) was used as matrix for composites with PP-g-MA as coupling agent, and the fillers used were from the powder coating industry, in the form of polyester and polyester-epoxy waste powder as a resort of recycling. This study aims to study the effect of polyester and polyester-epoxy waste powder as fillers on mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of High Density Polyethylene composites. This study used HDPE as matrix with various compositions of fillers, 20%, 30%, and 40% with 5% of PP-G-MA. To further determine the effect of PP-g-MA as coupling agent, PP-g-MA was added in variations of 0%, 2%, 5%, and 10% in the composite with 70% matrix and 30% filler. Mixing was done using hot melt mixing method with a temperature of 180oC, mixing speed of 60 rpm, and total time of 9 minutes. The characterizations and tests carried out were the measurement of surface tension using sessile drop test, FTIR, SEM, TGA and DSC, as well as micro-tensile test. The best mixing compatibility was found with polyester fillers with a composition of 30% and 40% for polyester-epoxy filler. For PP-g-MA composition, it was found at a composition of 10% with polyester and polyester-epoxy waste powder. The morphology of the composites showed that along with the addition of polyester and polyester-epoxy waste powder fillers, the more visible and increased the amount of filler in the matrix, as well as the effect of adding PP-g-MA in reducing voids in the composites. The best mechanical properties were obtained with a filler composition of 20% and 5% PP-g-MA, both with polyester and polyester-epoxy waste fillers. Meanwhile, to get the best thermal properties with polyester waste filler was 30% with 5% PP-g-MA and for polyester-epoxy filler it was 20% with 0% PP-g-MA.

Abstrak :
Poliuretan merupakan senyawa polimer tersegmentasi oleh hard segment dan soft segment. Modifikasi lanjut dari poliuretan memungkinkan untuk dijadikan produk busa, dengan berbagai macam sifat. Busa poliuretan memiliki kecenderungan bersifat rigid maupun fleksibel, dengan pengaturan oleh rasio segmen serta penambahan chain extender selama proses sintesis. Bahan dasar yang digunakan dalam sintesis busa bio-poliuretan yaitu Polipropilen Glikol (PPG) 2000, Toluene Diisosianat 80 (TDI 80), katalis Amina, katalis Tin, surfaktan, dan penambahan biomassa lignin sebagai chain extender dan sebagai variabel bebas dari penelitian ini dengan variasi penambahan 1, 2, 3 pbw. Metode sintesis yang digunakan ialah one shot method. Untuk mengetahui sifat penambahan chain extender lignin, maka dilakukan pengujian antara lain uji tarik, uji morfologi, uji kandungan senyawa dan uji stabilitas termal. Dari sintesis yang dilakukan, didapat busa bio-poliuretan dengan bentuk pori tertutup. Memiliki kekuatan tarik meningkat, namun sifat elongasi yang cenderung menurun seiring dengan bertambahnya biomassa lignin yang ditambah. Dari pengujian stabilitas termal, didapat bahwa, penambahan biomassa lignin memberikan efek stabilitas termal yang lebih baik dari PUF-Virgin jika dilihat dari perilaku degradasi yang terjadi selama pemanasan. ...... Polyurethane is a polymer compound segmented by hard segment and soft segment. Further modifications of polyurethane make it possible to make foam products, with a variety of properties. Polyurethane foam has a tendency to be rigid and flexible, by adjusting the segment ratio and adding chain extenders during the synthesis process. The basic ingredients used in bio-polyurethane foam synthesis are Polypropylene Glycol (PPG) 2000, Toluene Diisocyanate 80 (TDI 80), Amine catalyst, Tin catalyst, surfactant, and the addition of lignin biomass as a chain extender and as independent variables of this study with variations addition of 1, 2, 3 pbw. The synthesis method used is one shot method. To determine the nature of the addition of the lignin chain extender, tests were carried out including tensile test, morphological test, compound content test and thermal stability test. From the synthesis carried out, bio-polyurethane foam with closed pore shape was obtained. It has increased tensile strength, but the nature of elongation tends to decrease with increasing lignin biomass. From testing thermal stability, it was found that, the addition of lignin biomass had a better thermal stability effect than PUF-Virgin when viewed from the degradation behavior that occurred during heating.

Abstrak :
Proses sintesis busa bio poliuretan berbasis lignin dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode one shot methode. Bahan dasar yang digunakan dalam sintesis busa bio poliuretan adalah poliol berupa Polipropilen Glikol (PPG) 2000 dan diisosianat berupa Toluene Diisocyanate 80 (TDI 80). Persentase penambahan lignin sebanyak 1, 2, dan 3 pbw menjadi variabel bebas dari penelitian ini. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa penambahan lignin dapat membentuk struktur sel yang lebih tertutup. Penambahan lignin juga menaikkan nilai kekerasan dan kekuatan sobek, dengan nilai tertinggi didapat oleh sampel busa poliuretan dengan kandungan lignin sebanyak 2 pbw. Nilai kekerasan busa bio poliuretan dengan lignin sebanyak 2 pbw adalah sebesar 0,0023 MPa dan 0,0049 MPa pada ILD25 dan ILD60, sementara kekuatan sobeknya adalah sebesar 0,058 MPa. Pada pengujian ketahanan dimensi, busa poliuretan tanpa tambahan lignin mendapat nilai resilience tertinggi. Pengujian Differential Scanning Calorimetry dan Thermogravimetric Analysis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 1 titik temperatur dimana perubahan fisika terjadi, yaitu suhu 183 0C yang merupakan temperatur gelas (Tg). Penambahan material lignin terbukti menaikkan Tg dari busa bio poliuretan. Kenaikan nilai Tg diakibatkan oleh rantai busa bio poliuretan yang lebih panjang dan kompleks akibat dari efek pemberian lignin. ...... The synthesis process of lignin-based bio polyurethane foam was carried out using the one shot method. The basic material used in the synthesis of bio polyurethane foam is polyol in the form of Polypropylene Glycol (PPG) 2000 and diisocyanate in the form of Toluene Diisocyanate 80 (TDI 80). The percentage of lignin additions of 1, 2, and 3 pbw became the independent variable of this study. The results indicate that the addition of lignin can form more closed cell structure. The addition of lignin also increases the hardness and tear strength, with the highest value obtained by polyurethane foam samples with lignin content of 2 pbw. The hardness of bio polyurethane foam with lignin as much as 2 pbw is 0.0023 MPa and 0.0049 MPa in ILD25 and ILD60, while the tear strength is 0.058 MPa. In the dimensional stability testing, polyurethane foam without lignin addition has the highest resilience value. Testing of Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetric Analysis shows that there are 1 temperature points where physical changes occur, which are 183 0C. The temperature of 183 0C is the glass temperature (Tg). The addition of lignin material has been shown to increase Tg from bio polyurethane foam. The increase in the value of Tg is caused by the bio polyurethane foams chain that is longer and more complex due to the effect of lignin.