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"Tumbuhan obat dari genus Garcinia, termasuk familia Guttiferae telah banyak dikenal mengandung senyawa metabolit skunder seperti xanton, bitlavonoid dan benzofenon. Banyak senyawa yang ditemukan memiliki bioaktivitas yang potensial sebagai antibakteri, antimalaria dan bersifat sitotoksik terhadap beberapa se] kanker. Kurang lebih 50 spesies Garcinia tumbuh cli Indonesia termasuk Garcinia tetrandra Pierre, Garcinia eugeniaejblia Wall dan Garcinia maingayi Hook. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkapkan kandungan senyawa kimia dari ekstrak n-heksana dan aseton kulit batang pohon tiga tanaman tersebut di atas serta uji aktivitas biologi, yang meliputi uji awal toksisitas terhadap udangfirtemia salina Leach dan uji sitotoksisitas terhadap sel leukemia murin P388 serta qii antibakteri terhaclap Baccil us subtilis ATCC 6633, Exrherichia cali ATCC 25922,,S!aphyIococcus aureus ATCC 6538 dan Psedomonas auregenase DSM 43286. Isolasi dilakukan dengan tehnik kombinasi lcromatografi. Penentuan Slrulftur molekul dilakukan dengan menganalisis data-Clataspaktrunl UV-Vis, infra merah, massa, resonansi magnet inti ?H dan '3 C sam dan dua dimensi. Beberapa senyawa dinalisis dengan difraksi sinar-X. Dari basil isolasi ditemukan I l seuyawa termasuk 2 senyawa bam, meliputi beberapa senyawa turunan xanton, xanton dimer, isopltnilbenzofenon dan flavanol. Dari G. Ietrandra telah diisolasi dan diidentifikasi stigmasterol, cudmksanton, lupeol dan, xanton baru yang dinamai tetrandraksanton atau [l,3-dihidroksi .2?, 2?-dirneiil pimno (5?, 6?, 5, 6)]- xanton. Dari G. eugeniaefolia-telah diisolasi dan diidentiikasi stigmasterol dansexiyawa baru yang dinamai eugeniaefenon rnerupakan turunan benzofenon yangmengandung gugus isoprenil dan dimetil siklobutan. Dari G. maingayi telah diisolasi dan diidentlfikasi stigmasteml, camb0ginol, isoksantochymol, griffipaviksanton dan 5, 7, 2', 5?-3tetrahidrokSi flavan-3-ol. Dari hasil uji bioaktivitas, gtiflipaviksanton, carnboginol dan eugeniaefenon dinyatakan sangat aktif/toksik terhadap larva udimg (Anemia Salina Leach) yang memiliki alctivitas dengan LC50 masing-masing 1,06 x io* ; 1,69 dan 3,24 ,ug/mL, sedangkan senyawa isoksantochymol, cudraksanton dan lupeol dinyatakan tidal: aktii Dari hasil uji terhadap sel murin P3 88, senyawa isoksanthochymol dan grifiipaviksanton dinyatakan sangat aktif dalam menghambat pertumbuhannya, dengan IC50 1,47 dan 0,42 ,ug/ml.. Senyawa eugeniaefenon memiliki aktivitas sedang dengan IC50 2,5 ,ug/mL, sedangkan senyawa camboginol dan 5, 7, 2?, 5?- tetrahidroksi flavan-301 tidak aktif yang menunjukkan aktivitas dengan IC50 > 4 pg/rnL . Dari hasil uji antibakteri, senyawa camboginol dan eugeniaefenon memiliki aktivitas hambatan pertumbuhan mikroba pada lconsentrasi 10.000 ppm terhadap mikroba B. subtilis ATCC 6633, E. colli ATCC 25922, .SZ aureus ATCC 6538, P.auregenase DSM 43286 bertmut-turut 16, 13, 15 dan 14 mm: 13, 16, 13 dan 15 mm. Pada konsetrasi yang sama tetrasiklin menunjukkan aktivitas hambatan pertumbuhan mikroba rata-rata 30 mm.

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The medicinal plants in the genera of Garcinia belong to Guttiferae family have been known to be rich on secondary metabolites, such as xanthones, bitlavonoids and benzophenones. Some of wmpounds havetbeen reported as unique novel chemicals and having potential for various bioactivities as antibacterial, airimaia-ia, and eymmxie against cancer cells About so ? Garcinia species -growing in Indonesia include Gm'einrh?tetrandra Pierre, Garcinia eugeniawlia Wall. and Garcinia maingyi Hook. This research is conducted to isolate the chemical constituents of n~hexane and acetone extractsof stem barks and their biological activity evaluation, namely preliminary evaluation using brine shrimp lethality test against Artemia saline Leach, cytotoxic against P388 cultured murine cells and antimicrobial activity againstBaccilus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538" and Psedomonas auregenase DSM 43286. Isolation of the compounds was conducted through combined various chromatographic techniques. Structure elucidation ofthe isolates Wasperfonned by analysing their spectroscopic data, namely: UV-4Vis, inlia red, mass, one- and two-dimension NMR The structures of -some of the isolates were also clarified by their X-ray diffraction dam. From this research, among ll isolates, 2 isolates were novel compoimds. The isolates were triterpepnegxantlione- derivatives,xanthone dimers, isoprenylbenophenones, andtlavanol. From the stem bark of G. tetrandra stigrn asterol, cudraksantone, Iupeol and a new xanthone namely tetrandraxanthone or [l,3-dihydroxy-2?,2?;dimethyl pyrano-(5?,6?,5?,6)]-xanthone have been isolated and identified. The work on G. eugeniaefolia, led to the isolation stigmasterol and a novel compound, eugcniaephenone, a benzophenone having isoprenyl groups and dimethyl cyclobutane. From G. maingayi. stigmasterol, camboginol, isoxanthochymol, griflipavixanthone and 5,7,2?,5?-tetrahydroxy ilavan-3-ol have been isolated and identified. From bioactivity test, griffipavixanthone, eugeniaephenone and carnboginol were strong cytotoxic to brine shrimp (Artemia salina Leach) lethality test results showing LC? 1,06 xlO'2 ; 1,69 and 3,24 pg/mL respectively. Meanwhile, the isoxantochymol, cudraxanthone and Iupeol were not active. From cytotoxicity against murine P-3 88 cultured cells test, showed that griffipavixanthone and isoxanthochymol ,were strong cytotoxic, judged by their IC50 values of 0.42 and 1.47 /xg/mL, respectively. Eugeniaephenon were also moderate cytotoxic having IC5Q 2.5 pg/mL. Meanwhile camboginol and 5,7,2?,5?~tetrahydroxy tlavan-3-ol were inactive, represented by its IC50 values more than 4 ,ug/mL. On evaluated for,their antibacterial activity. Camboginol and eugeniaephenone showed the highest antibacterial activity, having 'microbial growth inhibition against B. subtillis ATCC 6633, E. coli ATCC 25922, .SI aureus ATCC 6538, and P. auregenase DSM 43286. The inhibition diameter using concentration of 10,000 ppm, camhoginol and eugeniaefenone showed 16, l3, 15 and 14 mm; ind 13, 16, 13, and 15 mm, respectively. Tetracycline s9lution_was used as the positive control concentration of 10,000 ppm, showed diameter inhibition of 30 mm."

"Lichen is a unique plant, because it is composed of two completely different organisms, algae and fungal. Lichen as metabolites secondary resources and have a biological activities. The aim of this research, is isolation and structur elucidation as well as biological activity test of acetone extract from thattus lichen Ramalina javanica Nyl. Extraction was done with maceraticn methods by using n-hexane and than acetone as solvent From acetone extract wasdone isolation over chromatographic coloumn with a solvent gradient n-hexane/ethyl acetate and followed by thin layer chromatograpic (TLC) preparative. Isolated compounds, then, was tested for their purity by TLC and melting point measurement. The structure etucidation was done by means spectroscopical and comparison data. From this work can be obtained 7 compounds, compound (1) is vicanicin, a known compound; compound (2) is diétit - 3- metoksi glulafal. as new new natural products compound; compound (3) is etii - 23 - metoksi trieicosancat. proposed as a new naturat produts compound; compound (4) is parietine, a known compound; compound (5) is 6-0 metil averantin; compound (6) is ursolic acid, a known compound; compound (7) is 3-dechloro-4-0-methyl diploicine, a known compound; From the compound content in the acetone extract of thallus R. javanica Nyl, showed that this species had chemistry family coretlation with: Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th.Fr., Taioschrstes flavicans (Sw.) Nonn., Diploicia mnesoens (Dicks.) Massal., Evemia prunastri (L.) Ach., Flavocetraria nivaiis (L.) Kamet et Thell. and Solorina crocea (L) Ach. The biological activity test of acetone extract, vicanicin and parietine to Artemia satina Leach larve, showed that acetone extract, vicanicin and parietine have a potential biological activity with LC50 = 4.23: 2.24 and 44.39 μg/mL. whereas a anticancer test of acetone extract, vicanicin and parietine to leukemia cancer cell L 1210 gives IC50 = 23.64; 1925 and 16.74 μg/mL.

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Telah dilakukan isolasi , penentuan struktur serta uji aktivitas biologi senyawa kimia dan fraksi aseton talus lichen Ramafina javanica Nyl. Tumbuhan lichen dipilih sebagai bahan peneIitian karena lichen merupakan tanaman suku rendah yang unik, merupakan salah satu sumber metabolit sekunder yang berkhasiat obat dan di Indonesia belum banyak diteliti. Sementara itu penyakit kanker masih merupakan masalah kesehatan dunia. Dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menambah khazanah ilmu pengetahuan, memanfaatkan lichen R. Javanica Nyl. serta potensi aktiviias biologi senyawa yang dikandungnya. Ekstraksi terhadap talus lichen R. javanfca Nyi. dilakukan dengan cara maserasi, dalam pelarut pelaksana, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pelarut aseton. lsolasi senyawa dari ekstrak aseton dilakukan dengan ce kremalografi kolom (KK) gradien pelarut-heksana/etil asetat dan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) prepatatif secata berulang dan diperoleh 7 senyawa, yaitu vikanisin, senyawa (1): dietil - 3 - metoksi glularat, senyawa (2) dan diusulkan sebagai senyawa bahan alam baru; etil - 23- metoksi treicosanat, senyawa (3) yang diusulkan sebagai senyawa bahan alam baru; parietin, senyawa (4); 6-O-melil averantin, senyawa (5); asam ursolat, senyawa (6); dan 3-dekloro-4-O-metil diploisin; senyawa (7); Lichen Fi. javanica Nyl. masih mempunyai huhungan kerabat secara kimia dengan lichen spesies Xanihoria parietina (L. ) Th. Fr., Tefoschistes Havicans (Sw) Nunn., Dipioicia canescens (Dicks) Massal., Evernia prunasin (L.)Ach., Fiavoceiraria nivalis (L.) Kamef. et TheIl dan Solorina crocea (L) Ach. Uji aktivitas biologi ekstrak aseton, vikanisin dan parietin terhadap benur/larva udang Atermia salina Leach menghasilkan LC50 = 4,23; 2,24 dan 44,39 μg/mL. Uji aktivitas antikanker ekstrak aseton, vikanisin dan parietin terhadap sel leukemia L 1210 menghasilkan IC50 = 23,64; 19,25 dan 16,74 μg/mL."

"Naftokuinon dan turunannya dilaporkan mempunyai aktivitas multipotensi. Hasil skrining aktivitas sitotoksik 5 senyawa turunan naftokuinon terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF7 dan sel kanker hati HEPG2, menunjukkan bahwa senyawa 1,4 naftokuinon (N) dan senyawa 2-hidroksi-1,4-naftokuinon(2HN) mempunyai aktivitas sitotoksik yang kuat. Sebagai upaya optimisasi aktivitas sitotoksik selektif terhadap kedua senyawa tersebut dilakukan rancangan modifikasi strukturnya sehingga diperoleh 30 senyawa turunan. Senyawa turunan tersebut selanjutnya dilakukan skrining secara virtual terhadap reseptor target Polo like kinase 1 (Plk-1) dengan perangkat lunak Molegro Virtual Docker. PLk-1 adalah target potensial generasi terbaru dalam terapi kanker, proteinnya terekspresikan secra bermakna dalam beberapa jenis kanker. Hasil skrining virtual menunjukan bahwa senyawa hasil rancangan mempunyai afinitas pengikatan lebih tinggi dibandingkan senyawa induk, ligan acuan benzolaktam serta doxorubicin. Senyawa yang mempunyai nilai afinitas lebih baik dari senyawa induk dan nilai clogp<5 disintesis. Hasil modifikasi senyawa N diperoleh 3 senyawa yaitu senyawa 4-oksim-naftalen-1-on (NO-1); senyawa 4-((benzoiloksi)imino)naftalen-1(4h)-on (NO-2) dan senyawa (E)-4-(asetoxiimino) naftalen-1(4H)-on (NO-6). Sedangkan modifikasi senyawa 2HN diperoleh 4 senyawa yaitu 1,4-diokso-1,4-dihidronaftalen-2il-benzoat (2HN-13), 1,4-diokso-1,4-dihidronaftalen-2-il 4- metilbenzoat (2HN-14); 1,4-diokso-1,4-dihidronaftalen-2il-3-metilbenzoat (2HN-15), dan 1,4-diokso1,4-dihidro-naftalen-2-il 2-metilbenzoat (2HN-16). Struktur senyawa hasil modifikasi dikonfirmasi dengan FTIR, LCMS, 1H-NMR dan 13C-NMR serta aktivitas sitotoksik selektif terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF7, sel kanker hati HEPG2 dan sel normal CHO menggunakan metode MTT. Senyawa yang paling poten dilakukan analisis siklus sel dengan flowcytometry. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan senyawa N, NO-1, NO-2 dan NO-6 mampu menginhibisi proliferasi sel kanker payudara MCF7 dengan masing-masing nilai IC50 20,63 μM, 11,23; 48,18 μM.μM dan 3,24 μM. Senyawa NO-1 dan NO-6 mempunyai aktivitas sitotoksik selektif terhadap sel kanker MCF7 dan tidak selektif sitotoksik terhadap sel kanker hati HepG2. Mekanisme penghambatan proliferasi sel kanker MCF7 oleh senyawa NO-1 dan NO-2 diduga kuat melalui penghambatan plk-1 yang selanjutnya menginduksi apoptosis dan menekan mitosis sel. Hasil analisa HKSA menunjukkan bahwa efek hidrofobik khususnya log p senyawa turunan 1,4 naftokuinon menunjang aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF7, namun tidak demikian terhadap sel kanker hati HEPG2. Sedangkan efek sterik dan elektronik tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan.

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Naphthoquinone and its derivatives have been reported to have multipotent activity. Results from cytotoxic screening against breast carcinoma cell line (MCF7) and hepatocarcinoma cell line (HepG2) showed that 1.4-naphthoquinone and 2-hydroxy-1.4-naphthoquinone compounds had the highest cytotoxic activity. In this study, the selective cytotoxic activity was optimized, 30-naphthoquinone derivatives from 1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone were designed and virtually screened using Molegro Virtual Docker software. Those compounds were adhered to targeted receptor, which is Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk-1). Plk 1 is one of the potential targets for cancer therapy because it is expressed on several types of cancer cells. Result of the study demonstrated that naphthoquinone derivatives had more potent bonding activity compared to ligand references, i.e. benzolactam and doxorubicin. Modification of 1.4-naftokuinon to oxyme structure had been performed and resulted in NO-1 (4-oxime-naphtalene-1-on), NO-6 ((E)-4-(acetoxyimino) naphtalen-1(4H)-on) and NO-2 (4-((benzoyloxy)imino)naftalen-1(4h)-on). Furthermore, 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphtho- quinone had been modified and the synthesized compounds were 1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphtalen-2yl-benzoate (2HN-13), 1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl 4-methylbenzoate (2HN-14) 1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphtalen-2yl-3-metilbenzoate (2HN-15), and 1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl 2-methylbenzoate (2HN-16). Modified compounds had been confirmed using FTIR, LCMS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. MTT assay was performed to study the selective cytotoxic activity. Flow cytometry was also being used to observe the cell cycles of cell after treated with the potent compounds. In this present study, it was observed that the compound N, NO-1, NO 2 and NO-6 inhibited the proliferation of MCF7 breast carcinoma cell line with IC50 20.63 μM, 11.23.μM, 48.18 μM and 3.24 μM respectively. NO-1 and NO-6 had selective cytotoxic activity against breast carcinoma cell line, MCF7 and had no selective cytotoxic activity against hepatocarcinoma cell line, HepG2. Mechanism of proliferation inhibited breast carcinoma cell line (MCF7) of NO-1 and NO-6 compounds were estimated by Plk-1 inhibition which further induced apoptotic and suppressed mitotic. QSAR analysis presented the hydrophobic effect of oxyme derivatives, particularly log p, played a role to breast carcinoma cell line (MCF7) on cytotoxic effect, but not to hepatocarcinoma cell line (HEPG2). However, the steric and electronic effects did not significantly contribute to the activity."