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"[ABSTRAKDosimetri CT scan dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan konsep CTDI, MonteCarlo, atau dengan pengukuran langsung dalam fantom fisis. Pengukuranlangsung menggunakan thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) merupakan proseduryang rumit dan membutuhkan waktu yang lama. Saat ini sudah tersedia filmradiochromic yang dapat digunakan di radiologi. Pada penelitian ini dilakukanpengukuran distribusi dosis radiasi dalam fantom Rando menggunakan filmGafchromic XR-QA2 dan TLD. Film Gafchromic XR-QA2 dan TLD dikalibrasidi CT scanner Siemens Sensation 64. Pengukuran distribusi dosis dengan filmdilakukan pada faktor pitch 0.8, 1.0, dan 1.4. Film Gafchromic XR-QA2disisipkan diantara slab 22-23 (Film A), 23-24 (Film B), dan slab 24-25 (Film C).Pengukuran distribusi dosis dengan TLD dilakukan dalam slab nomor 23 denganfaktor pitch 1.4. Film Gafchromic XR-QA2 yang telah dieksposi dipindai denganflatbed scanner Epson Perfection V700 Photo. Dosis serap tulang belakang padaFilm A, Film B, dan Film C yang dieksposi dengan faktor pitch 1.4 secaraberturut-turut adalah 2.0 mGy, 1.9 mGy, dan 2.2 mGy. Berdasarkan profil dosis,rata-rata dosis serap pada film yang dieksposi dengan faktor pitch 1.0 dan 1.4secara berturut-turut adalah 8% dan 24% lebih tinggi dibanding rata-rata dosisserap pada film yang dieksposi dengan faktor pitch 0.8. Rentang dosis hasilpengukuran dengan TLD adalah (1.9 ± 0.1) – (2.3 ± 0.2) mGy dan rentang dosishasil pengukuran dengan film Gafchromic XR-QA2 adalah 1.8 – 2.3 mGy denganperbedaan maksimum 10.6%. Perbedaan tersebut masih berada dalam rentangkeakurasian TLD yaitu < 15%. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, film Gafchromic XRQA2dapat digunakan untuk pengukuran dosis CT scan selanjutnya.

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ABSTRACTComputed tomography (CT) dosimetry can be approached by using CTDImethod, Monte Carlo computer technique, and direct measurement withinphysical phantom. Direct measurement using thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLDs) is a laborious procedure. Radiochromic film for radiology application wasavailable. In this study, dose distribution within adult anthropomorphic physicalphantom was measured using TLD and Gafchromic XR-QA2 film. TLD andGafchromic XR-QA2 film was calibrated on CT scanner Siemens Sensation 64.Gafchromic XR-QA2 film was sandwiched between slab Rando phantom number22-23 (Film A), 23-24 (Film B), and 24-25 (Film C). Pitch factor 0.8, 1.0, and 1.4were used. TLDs were placed at the holes in the slab number 23 ofanthropomorphic phantom. TLDs were scanned using pitch factor 1.4. Afterexposure, Gafchromic XR-QA2 film was digitized using Epson Perfection V700Photo flatbed scanner. Absorbed dose at vertebra on Film A, Film B, and Film Cwhich exposed by using pitch 1.4 respectively were 2.0 mGy, 1.9 mGy, and 2.2mGy. Based on dose profile, average dose of XR-QA2 film which exposed byusing pitch 1.0 and 1.4 respectively were 8% and 24% higher than average dose ofXR-QA2 film which exposed by pitch 0.8. TLDs dose range were (1.9 ± 0.1) –(2.3 ± 0.2) mGy and Gafchromic XR-QA2 film dose range were 1.8 – 2.3 mGywith maximum difference 10.6%. The difference is still within the range of TLDaccuracy, < 15%. Based on this result, Gafchromic XR-QA2 film can be used tomeasure CT dose, Computed tomography (CT) dosimetry can be approached by using CTDImethod, Monte Carlo computer technique, and direct measurement withinphysical phantom. Direct measurement using thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLDs) is a laborious procedure. Radiochromic film for radiology application wasavailable. In this study, dose distribution within adult anthropomorphic physicalphantom was measured using TLD and Gafchromic XR-QA2 film. TLD andGafchromic XR-QA2 film was calibrated on CT scanner Siemens Sensation 64.Gafchromic XR-QA2 film was sandwiched between slab Rando phantom number22-23 (Film A), 23-24 (Film B), and 24-25 (Film C). Pitch factor 0.8, 1.0, and 1.4were used. TLDs were placed at the holes in the slab number 23 ofanthropomorphic phantom. TLDs were scanned using pitch factor 1.4. Afterexposure, Gafchromic XR-QA2 film was digitized using Epson Perfection V700Photo flatbed scanner. Absorbed dose at vertebra on Film A, Film B, and Film Cwhich exposed by using pitch 1.4 respectively were 2.0 mGy, 1.9 mGy, and 2.2mGy. Based on dose profile, average dose of XR-QA2 film which exposed byusing pitch 1.0 and 1.4 respectively were 8% and 24% higher than average dose ofXR-QA2 film which exposed by pitch 0.8. TLDs dose range were (1.9 ± 0.1) –(2.3 ± 0.2) mGy and Gafchromic XR-QA2 film dose range were 1.8 – 2.3 mGywith maximum difference 10.6%. The difference is still within the range of TLDaccuracy, < 15%. Based on this result, Gafchromic XR-QA2 film can be used tomeasure CT dose]"

"Sumber brakhiterapi I-125 pemancar foton energi rendah telah banyak digunakan dalam pengobatan kanker. Sesuai rekomendasi AAPM TG-43, karakteristik dosimetri dari sumber brakhiterapi baru harus ditentukan terlebih dahulu sebelum penggunaan klinis. Dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan penentuan karakteristik dosimetri dari dua buah sumber I-125 buatan BATAN S1 dan S2 dengan menggunakan Thermolumnescene Dosimeters ( TLD ) dan film gafchromic XR-QA2. Pengukuran fungsi dosis radial dilakukan pada jarak 0.5 cm sampai 10 cm dari pusat sumber. Pengukuran fungsi anisotropi dilakukan pada jarak 2 cm, 3 cm, dan 5 cm dari pusat sumber untuk sudut 0o sampai 90o di setiap kuadran. Hasil peneltian menunjukkan konstanta laju dosis sumber S1 sebesar 1,07 + 5% cGy.Jam-1.U-1 dan 0,95 + 5% cGy.Jam-1.U-1, sedangkan untuk sumber S2 sebesar 0,94 + 5% cGy.Jam-1.U-1 dan 0,98 + 5% cGy.Jam-1.U-1 berturut-turut untuk pengukuran TLD dan film gafchromic. Fungsi dosis radial sumber S1 dan S2 menurun seiring dengan meningkatnya jarak terhadap sumber dan memenuhi persamaan polinomial orde 5. Hasil fungsi anisotropi menunjukkan bahwa anisotropi distribusi dosis meningkat seiring perubahan sudut menuju arah tegak lurus sumber. Hasil pengukuran karakteristik dosimetri sumber I-125 ini memiliki kesesuaian dengan hasil simulasi Monte Carlo EGSnrc dan memiliki pola yang serupa dengan karakteristik sumber I-125 komersil buatan IsoAid dan Echoseed. ......I-125 brachytherapy sources with low photon energies have been widely used in treating tumors. According to AAPM TG-43 recommendations, dosimetric characteristic of the new brachytherapy sources should be determined before clinical use. In this study, dosimetric characteristic of two I-125 manufacturing by BATAN with notation S1 and S2 have been determined by measurement using TLD and gafchromic XR-QA2 film. The radial dose function measurements were performed at distances ranging from 0.5 to 10 cm from the source center. The anisotropy functions were measured at distances of 2, 3, and 5 cm from the source center for angles ranging from 0 to 90 degree in all quadrants. The results indicated a dose rate constant of 1.07 + 5% cGy.h-1.U-1 and 0.95 + 5% cGy.h-1.U-1 for S1 and 0.94 + 5% cGy.h-1.U-1 and 0.98 + 5% cGy.h-1.U-1 for S2 with using TLD and film, respectively. Radial dose function for S1 and S2 decreased along with increace of distance from source and meet the 5th order polynomial equation. The anisotropy function result shows that the anisotropy in dose distribution increased along the source axis. This measurement data are in agreement with EGSnrc Monte Carlo result and have a similar pattern with IsoAid and Echoseed commercial I-125 source."

"Mendapatkan citra kualitas tinggi dengan dosis pasien yang rendah merupakan suatu tujuan sekaligus tantangan dalam pemeriksaan radiologi diagnostik. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan fantom in house yang dibuat dan didesain berdasarkan pengukuran ketebalan 116 pasien anak usia 0-15 tahun sebagai acuan ketebalan toraks, abdomen dan kepala. Citra fantom diambil dari berbagai faktor ekposi dalam rentang 45-60 kVp dan 4-12.5 mAs untuk toraks, 50-81 kVp dan 8-25 mAs untuk abdomen, serta 44-60 kVp dan 7.1-16 mAs untuk kepala. Optimasi ditentukan dengan menggunakan parameter figure of merit FOM yang merupakan rasio antara kuadrat dari signal-to-noise rasio SNR dengan dosis permukaan kulit ESD. Hasilnya diperoleh kondisi eksposi optimum pada fantom toraks sebesar 45-56 kVp dengan 4-5 mAs untuk anak usia 0-5 tahun, 45-60 kVp dengan 5-6.3 mAs untuk anak usia 5-10 tahun dan 45-60 kVp dengan 6.3-8 mAs untuk usia 10-15 tahun. Untuk fantom abdomen diperoleh kondisi optimum sebesar 50-53 kVp dengan 8 mAs untuk 0-3 tahun, 60-66 kVp dengan 12.5-16 mAs untuk usia 3-5 tahun, dan 63-70 kVp dengan 12.5-16 mAs untuk usia 5-15 tahun. Hasil optimasi untuk fantom kepala diperoleh 47-50 kVp dengan 8 mAs untuk usia 0-5 tahun, 50-56 kVp dengan 8 mAs untuk usia 5-15 tahun. Disamping itu diperoleh juga nilai Backscatter Factor BSF untuk fantom toraks sebesar 1.274-1.435 pada rentang 45-60 kVp, abdomen sebesar 1.274-1.395 pada rentang 50-81 kVp, dan kepala sebesar 1.110-1.586 pada rentang 44-60 kVp. ......Obtaining high image quality with low dose i.e. optimization remains a challenge in the practice of diagnostic radiology procedures, especially in pediatric cases. This research was carried out as an attempt to address the issue using an in house phantom designed based on the geometry in terms of thoracic, abdomen and cranial thickness of 116 pediatric patients 0 to 15 years . Images of the phantom were obtained from varied factors of tube potentials ranging from 45 60 kVp with 4 12.5 mAs for thoracic, 50 81 kVp with 8 25 mAs for abdomen, and 44 60 kVp with 7.1 16 mAs for cranial. Figure of Merit FOM was employed as optimization parameter, being a ratio of squared signal to noise ratio SNR and entrance surface dose ESD calculated and measured, respectively, for each exposure. The result demonstrated that the optimum exposure parameter on thoracic phantom ranged from 45 56 kVp with 4 5 mAs 0 5 years, 45 60 kVp with 5 6.3 mAs 5 10 years, and 45 60 kVp with 6.3 8 mAs 10 15 years. For abdomen examination with grid, optimized parameters were at the ranges of 50 53 kVp with 8 mAs 0 3 years, 60 66 kVp with 12.5 16 mAs 3 5 years , and 63 70 kVp with 12.5 16 mAs 5 15 years. For cranial examinations, the optimum parameter combination was obtained at the ranges of 47 50 kVp with 8 mAs 0 5 years , and 63 70 kVp with 12.5 16 mAs 5 15 years. This work also obtained that the backscatter factors for thoracic phantom were 1.274 1.435 at 45 60 kVp, 1.274 1.395 at 50 81 kVp for abdomen phantom, and 1.110 1.586 at 44 60 kVp for cranial phantom."

"ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan pengembangan dan mengevaluasi derajat kompleksitas berbasis bukaan MLC statik menggunakan pengukuran detektor matrix Octavius, EPID, film Gafchromic dan dosis titik dan membandingkannya dengan penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya. Pengukuran derajat kompleksitas disarankan menjadi bagian program jaminan mutu teknik penyinaran intensity modulated radiation therapy IMRT dan volumetric modulated arc therapy VMAT . Serangkaian bukaan MLC statik berukuran kecil dan tak beraturan dibuat dalam penelitian ini untuk mewakili bukaan MLC statik pada teknik IMRT dan VMAT. Selanjutnya dilakukan perbandingan antara perbedaan dosis dose difference perhitungan TPS dengan hasil pengukuran detektor matriks Octavius, EPID dan film Gafchromic menggunakan perbandingan perbedaan dosis global piksel per piksel dengan kriteria passing rate 3 mm, 3 . Hasil perbandingan dosis tersebut bervariasi antara 72,67 sampai 100 . Nilai derajat kompleksitas dihitung menggunakan edge area metric, edge metric, converted aperture metric, modulation complexity score, rasio MU/Gy dan circumference per area dengan nilai korelasi Pearson nilai-r menunjukkan hubungan yang cukup linier terhadap kompleksitas bukaan MLC statis dengan nilai bervariasi antara -0.688 sampai dengan -0.999 untuk pengukuran film gafchromic dan -0.714 sampai dengan -1.000 untuk pengukuran EPID.

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to develop and to evaluate complexity metrics based on static MLC openings by using Octavius Detector, EPID, Gafchromic Film, and point dose measurement, and then compares them to the previous study. Complexity metrics have been suggested to be a part of quality assurance program for intensity modulated radiation therapy IMRT and volumetric modulated arc therapy VMAT techniques. A set of small and irregular static MLC openings were created as a representative of IMRT and VMAT radiation field segment. Furthermore, the dose difference between calculated and measured are evaluated using a pixel by pixel comparison with global dose difference criteria of 3 mm, 3 . The dose difference results were variated between 72.67 and 100 . The complexity scores was calculated by the edge area metric, edge metric, converted aperture metric, modulation complexity score, MU Gy ratio and circumference per area, show good linear those complexity metrics of the static MLC opening with the Pearson rsquo s r values variated between 0.688 and 0.999 for gafchromic film measurement and between 0.714 and 1.000 for EPID measurement."