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Berbagai penelitian terus dilakukan untuk mencari intervensi dalam upaya mencegah komplikasi sistem kardiovaskular yang timbul akibat kondisi hiperglikemia pada diabetes. Pada kondisi hiperglikemia, latihan fisik intensitas tinggi interval (HIIT) dan intensitas sedang kontinu (MICT) diketahui memiliki pengaruh positif, salah satunya melalui peningkatan kadar GLP-1. GLP-1 selanjutnya meningkatkan kadar eNOS aorta dan menekan ekspresi RAGE. Keseluruhan proses tersebut memberikan proteksi pada endotel dan mencegah perubahan struktur pembuluh darah. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui perbedaan pengaruh HIIT dan MICT terhadap kadar GLP-1, eNOS, ekspresi RAGE pada aorta dan dampaknya pada struktur aorta. Digunakan tikus jantan wistar usia 8 minggu yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok (6 tikus per kelompok): kelompok kontrol tanpa intervensi latihan fisik (KN), hiperglikemia tanpa perlakuan (KHG), hiperglikemia dengan intervensi MICT (HG CT), dan hiperglikemia dengan intervensi HIIT (HG IT). Hiperglikemia diinduksi dengan injeksi streptozotocin intraperitoneal dosis tunggal (40mg/BB). Tikus dianggap memenuhi kriteria hiperglikemia jika kadar glukosa darah 72 jam pasca injeksi >200mg/dL. Intervensi latihan fisik dilakukan selama 6 minggu, dilanjutkan dekapitasi dan pengambilan jaringan aorta. Kadar GLP-1 dan eNOS diuji menggunakan metode ELISA sandwich, sementara ekspresi RAGE diuji menggunakan metode qPCR. Gambaran histologi aorta dilihat menggunakan metode pewarnaan hematoxylin-eosin. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat perbedaan nilai median kadar GLP-1 dan ekspresi RAGE antara KHG dengan HG CT dan HG IT (p < 0.05), namun tidak terdapat perbedaan nilai median kadar eNOS antara KHG dengan HG CT dan HG IT (p > 0.05) dan tidak terdapat perbedaan diameter serta ketebalan dinding aorta antar kelompok. Untuk seluruh parameter yang diukur, tidak ditemukan perbedaan antara HG CT dan HG IT. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa baik HIIT dan MICT memberikan efek proteksi vaskular yang sama pada kondisi hiperglikemia, melalui peningkatan GLP-1 dan inhibisi RAGE. ......Research is continuously performed to seek interventions to prevent cardiovascular system complications in diabetes arising from hyperglycemia. In hyperglycemia, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) are known to have a positive effect, one of which is through increasing GLP-1 levels. GLP-1 further increases aortic eNOS levels and inhibit RAGE expression. The whole process provides protection to the endothelium and prevents pathological changes in structure of the blood vessels. The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of HIIT and MICT on GLP-1 level, eNOS level, and RAGE expression in the aorta and how these affect the structure of aorta. Wistar male rats aged 8 weeks were divided into 4 groups (6 rats per group): control group without exercise (KN), hyperglycemia without treatment (KHG), hyperglycemia with MICT (HG CT), and hyperglycemia with HIIT (HGIT). Hyperglycemia was induced by a single dose of intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/BW). Rats were considered hyperglycemia if the blood glucose level within 72 hours after injection was >200 mg/dL. The exercise intervention was carried out for 6 weeks, followed by decapitation and aorta tissue collection. GLP-1 and eNOS levels were tested using the sandwich ELISA method, while RAGE expression was tested using the qPCR method. Histology of the aorta was analyze using the hematoxylin-eosin staining method. The results showed that there was a difference in the median value of GLP-1 levels and RAGE expression between KHG and both HG CT and HG IT (p < 0.05), but there was no difference in the median value of eNOS levels between KHG and both HG CT and HG IT (p > 0.05). There was no difference in aorta diameter and wall thickness within groups. For all parameters measured, no difference was found between HG CT and HG IT. It can be concluded that both HIIT and MICT exert similar vascular protective effects in hyperglycemic conditions, through increased GLP-1 and RAGE inhibition.

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Latar belakang: Pengukuran kebugaran kardiorespirasi individu dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji latih. Uji naik turun bangku enam menit UNTB6M adalah uji latih yang mudah dilakukan, tidak membutuhkan peralatan yang rumit dan tidak membutuhkan ruang yang besar. Tujuan penelitian adalah melihat korelasi antara UNTB6M dengan UJ6M metode Nury yang telah divalidasi pada orang Indonesia. Metode: Desain observasional potong lintang. Subjek melakukan kedua uji latih. Variabel yang dinilai adalah jarak tempuh UJ6M dan jumlah langkah UNTB6M. Parameter fisiologis yaitu denyut nadi dan skala Borg Usaha, Sesak, Kaki Lelah dinilai sebelum dan sesudah kedua uji dilakukan. Hasil: Subjek penelitian adalah 36 orang laki-laki 42,4 dan 49 orang perempuan 57,6 , dengan rerata usia 29,1 5,53 tahun. Rerata jarak tempuh UJ6M 517 55,1 meter dan jumlah langkah UNTB6M 164,3 22,1 langkah. Jarak tempuh UJ6M berkorelasi dengan jumlah langkah UJNTB6M r = 0,526; p < 0,001 . Pada usia 18 ndash; 25 tahun dan usia 26 -35 tahun, korelasi jarak tempuh UJ6M dan jumlah langkah UJNTB6M adalah r = 0,70 and r = 0,53. Parameter denyut nadi dan skala Borg UNTB6M secara statitik signifikan lebih tinggi dibandingkan UJ6M. Simpulan : Terdapat korelasi kuat pada usia 18 ndash; 25 tahun dan korelasi sedang pada usia 26 ndash; 35 tahun antara jarak tempuh UJ6M metode Nury dan jumlah langkah UJNTB6M

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ABSTRACT
Background Assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness using the exercise testing. Six minute step test 6MST is one of exercise testing that is easy to do, does not require complex equipment and large space. The purpose of study is to determine the correlation between 6MST and Nury rsquo s method 6MWT that has been validated on Indonesian people. Methods A cross sectional observational. Each subject did both of exercise testing. Variables assessed were distance on 6MWT and number of steps on 6MST. Physiological parameters such as heart rate and Borg scale Effort, Dyspnea, Leg Fatigue were assessed before and after the test. Results The subjects were 36 men 42.4 and 49 women 57.6 , with a mean age of 29.1 5.53 years. The mean of distance on 6MWT 517 55.1 metres and number of steps on 6MST 164.3 22.1 steps. Distance on 6MWT have correlation with number of test on 6MST r 0.526 p

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Proses penuaan menyebabkan penurunan massa otot rangka, terutama pada protein kontraktil. Latihan interval merupakan salah satu latihan fisik yang dapat menginduksi sintesis miofibril, sehingga berpotensi dapat meningkatkan massa otot rangka pada proses penuaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan interval terhadap kadar protein aktin dan myosin heavy chain (MHC) otot rangka tikus dewasa muda dan dewasa. Penelitian ini menggunakan 24 tikus strain Wistar jantan usia 6 dan 12 bulan yang dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok (n=4). Latihan interval terdiri dari berlari selama 4 menit (intensitas tinggi) dengan interval istirahat aktif 1 menit sebanyak 4 kali pengulangan. Kecepatan berlari pada treadmill ditingkatkan dari 16 m/menit hingga 25 m/menit. Latihan diberikan selama 8 minggu. Kadar aktin dan MHC jaringan otot gastrocnemius diukur dengan ELISA. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa tidak terdapat penurunan bermakna kadar protein kontraktil aktin dan MHC otot rangka antara kelompok usia dewasa muda dengan usia dewasa. Tidak terdapat peningkatan kadar protein kontraktil aktin dan MHC antara kelompok tanpa latihan dan dengan latihan interval pada kelompok usia dewasa muda. Pada kelompok usia dewasa, tidak terdapat peningkatan bermakna kadar protein kontraktil aktin dan MHC otot rangka antara kelompok tanpa latihan dan dengan latihan interval

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Aging process leads to decline skeletal muscle mass, particularly in contractile protein. Interval training is the one of physical training that induce myofibrillar protein synthesis, thus increase skeletal muscle mass in aging process. This study aims to determine the effect of interval training on actin and myosin heavy chain (MHC) levels in rats skeletal muscle young adult and adult. This study use twenty-four male Wistar rats aged 6 and 12 months were divided into six groups (n=4). Interval training consisted of 4 min running (high intensity) interspersed by 1 min of active rest, 4 repetitions. The running speed of the treadmill were gradually increased from 16 to 25 m/min. The treatments were given for 8 wk. Actin and MHC gastrocnemius muscle levels were measured by ELISA. This study shows that there were no significant decrease in actin and MHC skeletal muscle levels between young adult and adult groups. There were no increase in actin and MHC skeletal muscle levels between interval training group and control group in the young adult group. For adult group, there were no significant increase in actin and MHC skeletal muscle levels between interval training group and control group.

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Paparan environmental enrichment EE memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap fungsi otak, salah satunya memperbaiki fungsi kognisi. EE memiliki berbagai aspek seperti interaksi sosial, stimulasi objek, dan aktivitas fisik. Latihan fisik aerobik dan EE dianggap dapat memperbaiki fungsi kognisi melalui mekanisme yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik A , model EE, dan kombinasi model EE disertai latihan fisik aerobik EEA terhadap fungsi memori spasial. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental in vivo pada tikus wistar jantan usia enam bulan yang diberikan latihan fisik aerobik, model EE, dan kombinasi model EE disertai latihan fisik aerobik selama enam minggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan fungsi memori spasial antar kelompok perlakuan yang ditinjau dari waktu tempuh dan jumlah kesalahan. Akan tetapi, berdasarkan kajian ekspresi protein, model EE lebih cepat dalam meningkatkan neuroplastisitas daripada latihan aerobik saja bahkan model EE saja tidak berbeda dengan kombinasi model EE disertai latihan fisik aerobik pada ekspresi protein SYP, subunit GluR1 AMPAR, dan PSD-95.. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa model EE sudah cukup baik dalam meningkatkan neuroplastisitas. Dengan demikian, stimulus yang lebih kompleks seperti model EE dapat digunakan sebagai metode dalam pencegahan demensia sejak dini.

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ABSTRACT
Exposure to environmental enrichment EE has a positive effects on brain function, including improved cognition through increased neuroplasticity. This study aimed to directly differentiate between the effects of enriched environment EE , aerobic exercise A , and the combination of enrichment and aerobic exercise EEA on spatial memory and neuroplasticity. A six week in vivo experimental study on twenty 6 month old male Wistar rats were housed under isolation, aerobic exercise, enrichment, and enrichment plus aerobic exercise. Spatial memory was tested by using water E maze WEM in terms of time travelled and total errors. Neuroplasticity was seen by comparing the expression of synaptophysin, AMPAR GluR1 subunit, and PSD 95. The results showed no differences in time travelled and errors for all groups. Enriched group is faster in improving the expression of the SYP, AMPAR GluR1 subunit, and PSD 95 than aerobic group. The expression of SYP, AMPAR GluR1subunit, and PSD 95 on enriched group are no different from the combination group. These results suggest that the EE model is better at improving neuroplasticity than aerobic exercise and compared to EE models, the combination of EE with aerobic exercise is no better in improving neuroplasticity.

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Latar belakang: Banyak studi menunjukkan latihan fisik memberikan efek positif pada metabolisme tubuh dan panjang telomer. Selain itu, diet juga memengaruhi dinamika panjang telomer sel darah putih. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah meneliti efek latihan fisik aerobik terhadap panjang telomer, kadar glukosa, trigliserida dan malondialdehida MDA pada subjek dengan diet tinggi lemak. Metode: Studi eksperimental menggunakan 12 tikus jantan 12 bulan yang dibagi dalam kelompok: 1 kontrol diet tinggi lemak 2 perlakuan diet tinggi lemak kaya minyak kedelai dan latihan aerobik . Latihan aerobik menggunakan treadmill 20 m/menit, 20 menit 5x/minggu . Pada minggu 0, 4 dan 8 dilakukan pengukuran ekspresi panjang telomer relatif sel darah putih dengan qRT-PCR, dan glukosa, trigliserida, dan MDA plasma dengan spektrofotometer. Hasil: Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara kadar glukosa, trigliserida dan MDA pada kedua kelompok. Terjadi penurunan kadar MDA pada kedua kelompok di minggu 8. Terdapat pemanjangan telomer relatif pada minggu 4 dan 8 di kedua kelompok jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol minggu 0, dengan laju pemanjangan yang tinggi pada kelompok kontrol di minggu 8. Kesimpulan : Delapan minggu latihan aerobik tidak mengubah glukosa dan trigliserida pada kondisi diet tinggi lemak kaya minyak kedelai. Diet tinggi lemak kedelai diduga menurunkan MDA pada kedua kelompok. Latihan aerobik selama 8 minggu menekan laju peningkatan panjang telomer relatif sel darah putih pada kondisi diet tinggi lemak kaya minyak kedelai.

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Background Many study results show that physical activity and exercise has a positive effect to glucose, triglyseride, stress oxidative status, and telomere length. Several studies have also shown that leucocyte telomere length dynamics were influenced by various environmental factors such as lifestyle and diet. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on telomere length in high fat diet rich in soybean oil condition. Methods This was an in vivo experimental study, using twelve 12 male rats 12 months old . They were divided into two groups n 6 1 control group high fat rich in soybean oil diet 2 treatment group high fat rich in soybean oil and aerobic exercise . The aerobic exercise was conducted using rat treadmill, 5x week, 20 m min for 20 minutes. After 4 and 8 weeks we compared the relative telomere length between control group and treatment group using qRT PCR and also measured glucose, triglyseride, and malondialdehyde MDA level with spectrophotometer. Results There was no significant difference between glucose, triglyceride and MDA levels in both groups. There was a significant decrease in MDA levels between weeks 0 and week 8 in both groups. There was a telomere lengthening in both groups at week 4 and even more significant telomere lengthening at week 8 in control group. Conclusions Aerobic exercise for 8 weeks does not change plasma glucose levels and triglycerides in high fat rich in soybean oil diet conditions. A decrease MDA in both groups probably caused by high fat diet rich in soybean oil. Aerobic exercise for 8 weeks can suppress the lengthening of telomere in high fat rich in soybean oil diet conditions.

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Latihan fisik bermanfaat menjaga kesehatan dan meningkatkan performa atlet. Ketika menghadapi kompetisi, atlet kadang meningkatkan beban latihan tanpa istirahat cukup sehingga terjadi overtraining syndrome (OTS). Pada OTS ditemukan berbagai gejala adaptasi patologis berbagai sistem organ tubuh, termasuk di jantung. Selain itu, terjadi peningkatan kadar IL-6 dan TNF-α sistemik. IL-6 akan berikatan dengan reseptornya dan mengaktivasi IL-6/MEK5/ERK5 sehingga terjadi hipertrofi jantung. Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn (HSL) diketahui memilki efek anti inflamasi. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui pengaruh overtraining dan pemberian HSL pada overtraining terhadap status inflamasi jantung. Penelitian menggunakan jaringan jantung dari 25 ekor tikus Wistar berusia 8-10 minggu, berat badan 300-350 gram. Tikus dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok, yaitu kontrol (C), kontrol + Hibiscus (C+HSL), aerobik (A), Overtraining, dan Overtraining + HSL. Perlakuan dilakukan selama 11 minggu. Pada akhir penelitian, dilakukan pengukuran kadar IL-6, ERK5, dan TNF-α. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar IL-6 dan ERK5 tidak berbeda bermakna antar kelompok. Kadar TNF-α pada kelompok latihan fisik overtraining (206,7±40,96 pg/mg), lebih tinggi secara bermakna jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol (93,03±20,23 pg/mg). Pada kelompok overtraining + HSL, kadar IL-6 (17,62±14,42 pg/mg) dan TNF-α (44,95±6,252 pg/mg) lebih rendah secara bermakna bila dibandingkan kelompok overtraining. Dari penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa overtraining menyebabkan inflamasi di jantung dan pemberian HSL dapat menguranginya. ......Physical exercise is beneficial for maintaining health and increasing the performance of athletes. When facing a competition, athletes sometimes increase their training load without adequate rest so overtraining syndrome (OTS) occured. Various symptoms of pathological adaptation in various body organ systems are found in OTS, including in the heart. In addition, there was an increase in IL-6 and systemic TNF-α levels. IL-6 will bind to its receptors and activate IL-6/MEK5/ERK5 resulting in cardiac hypertrophy. Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn (HSL) is known to have anti-inflammatory effects. This study wanted to find out the effect of overtraining and administration of HSL in overtraining on the inflammatory status of the heart. The study used heart tissue from 25 Wistar rats aged 8-10 weeks, weighing 300-350 grams. Rats were divided into 5 groups, namely control (C), control + Hibiscus (C + HSL), aerobics (A), Overtraining, and Overtraining + HSL. The treatment was carried out for 11 weeks. At the end of the study, IL-6, ERK5, and TNF-α level were measured. The results showed that level of IL-6 and ERK5 did not differ significantly between groups. TNF-α level in the overtraining exercise group (206.7 ± 40.96 pg/mg) were significantly higher when compared to the controls (93.03 ± 20.23 pg/mg). In the overtraining + HSL group, IL-6 levels (17.62 ± 14.42 pg / mg) and TNF-α (44.95 ± 6.252 pg/mg) were significantly lower than the overtraining group. It was concluded from this study that overtraining causes inflammation in the heart and administration of HSL can reduce it.

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Latar belakang: Akumulasi volume latihan fisik yang berlebihan (overtraining/OT), dalam jangka panjang dapat menimbulkan penurunan performa yang disebut overtraining syndrome (OTS). Patofisiologi OTS banyak dihubungkan dengan stress oksidatif, kondisi ketidakseimbangan antara radikal bebas dan antioksidan endogen, yang dapat berujung pada gangguan kardiovaskular. Beberapa penelitan menunjukkan bahwa stres oksidatif dapat dihambat melalui suplementasi antioksidan. Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn. (H. sabdariffa) adalah tanaman yang mengandung antioksidan tinggi. Tujuan: Melihat efek OT terhadap tingkat stress oksidatif jantung tikus dan efek pemberian H. sabdariffa terhadap stress oksidatif jantung tikus OT. Metode: Studi eksperimental menggunakan 25 tikus Wistar dewasa, 8-10 minggu, 300-350 gr, diacak menjadi lima kelompok: Kontrol (C), Kontrol+Hibiscus (C-Hib), Latihan Aerobik (A), Overtraining (OT) dan Overtraining+Hibiscus (OT-Hib). Dosis H. sabdariffa yang diberikan: 500 mg/kgBB/hari. Latihan fisik (A dan OT) dilakukan 5x/minggu selama 11 minggu. Dihitung kadar MDA, SOD dan GSH pada jantung tikus menggunakan spektrofotometri dan Nox2 pada jantung tikus menggunakan ELISA pada akhir Minggu 11. Hasil: Pada kelompok OT-Hib kadar MDA secara bermakna mengalami penurunan, kadar GSH secara bermakna mengalami peningkatan, didukung dengan kadar SOD yang cenderung meningkat, namun tidak signifikan, dan Nox2 mengalami peningkatan yang tidak signifikan. Kesimpulan: Overtraining menyebabkan kondisi stres oksidatif pada jaringan jantung tikus dan pemberian suplementasi H. sabdariffa memiliki potensi menangani stres oksidatif pada jantung tikus overtraining

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Background: Accumulation of overtraining/OT volume, in the long run can lead to decreased performance called overtraining syndrome (OTS). Pathophysiology of OTS is associated with oxidative stress, a condition of imbalance between free radicals and endogenous antioxidants, which can lead to cardiovascular disorders. Some research shows that oxidative stress can be inhibited through antioxidant supplementation. Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn. (H. sabdariffa) is a plant that contains high antioxidants. Objective: This study was to look at the effect of OT on rat heart oxidative stress levels and the effect of giving H. sabdariffa to oxidative stress in OT rats. Methods: The study was an experimental study using 25 adult Wistar rats, 8-10 weeks, 300-350 gr, randomized into five groups: Control (C), Control + Hibiscus (C-Hib), Aerobic Exercise (A), Overtraining (OT ) and Overtraining + Hibiscus (OT-Hib). Dosage of H. sabdariffa given: 500 mg/kg/day. Physical exercise (A and OT) is given 5x/week for 11 weeks. Calculated levels of MDA, SOD and GSH using spectrophotometry and Nox2 using ELISA at the end of Week 11. Results: In the OT-Hib group, MDA levels significantly decreased, GSH levels significantly increased, supported by SOD levels which tended to increase, but were not significant, and Nox2 experienced an insignificant increase. Conclusion: Overtraining can causes oxidative stress conditions in rat heart tissue, and supplementation of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. can handle oxidative stress in overtraining rat's heart.