Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Sindrom nefrotik merupakan penyakit ginjal yang sering terjadi pada anak ditandai dengan proteinuria, hipoalbuminemia, dan edema. Pasien anak sindrom nefrotik dapat mengalami relaps yang dipicu oleh infeksi sebelumnya. Infeksi yang sering dilaporkan pada sindrom nefrotik adalah infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA). Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan ISPA dengan kejadian relaps pada anak dengan sindrom nefrotik. Desain penelitian ini adalah kasus-kontrol berpasangan mengamati apakah terdapat ISPA sebelum relaps pada sindrom nefrotik. Penelitian dilakukan di Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RSCM pada bulan Mei-Desember 2015. Uji untuk mengetahui perbedaan proporsi pajanan ISPA antara sindrom nefrotik relaps dan remisi adalah z-test. Metode uji hipotesis digunakan McNemar dan rasio odds (RO) menggunakan program SPSS for Windows versi 20.0. Dengan menggunakan z-test 2 proporsi, terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara proporsi ISPA pada relaps vs kontrol (42,1 % vs 18,4 %; p=0,02). Uji hipotesis McNemar menunjukkan pajanan ISPA dan relaps pada sindrom nefrotik memiliki hubungan yang signifikan (p=0,049) dengan RO 3,25(IK 95% 1,06-9,97). Disimpulkan bahwa ISPA merupakan faktor risiko relaps pada anak dengan sindrom nefrotik.

---

Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disease commonly found in children. This disease is characterized by proteinuria. In its natural course, some patients may experience relapse. Relapse in nephrotic syndrome can be triggered by previous infections. Respiratory tract infection (RTI) is frequently reported to occur in patients with relapse of nephrotic syndrome. This research aimed to investigate the association between RTI and relapse in nephrotic syndrome. This research was a matched case-control study that observed whether there was RTI before relapse of nephrotic syndrome. The research was done at Department of Child Health RSCM from May-December 2015. Z-test was used to investigate the difference of RTI exposure in relapse and remission. McNemar test was used to test the hypothesis and Odds Ratio (OR) was calculated with the program SPSS for Windows version 20.0. Using 2 proportions z-test, there was a significant difference between RTI in relapse patients vs control (42.1 % vs 18.4 %; p=0.02). McNemar hypothesis test for RTI exposure to relapse had a significant association (p=0.049) with OR 3.25(CI 95% 1.06-9.97). Therefore, RTI was a risk factor of relapse for pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome."

"Relaps pada sindrom nefrotik dapat memengaruhi tumbuh kembang anak. Relaps dapat dipicu oleh beberapa faktor, salah satunya adalah infeksi. Diare adalah salah satu infeksi yang perlu diwaspadai pada anak, karena prevalensi diare di Indonesia cukup tinggi. Studi ini dilakukan untuk meneliti diare sebagai faktor risiko sindrom nefrotik idiopatik relaps pada anak di poliklinik anak RSCM. Studi ini dilakukan dengan kasus-kontrol berpasangan pada 38 pasang episode relaps dan remisi dari delapan belas pasien yang dilaksanakan Mei-Oktober 2015. Dalam studi ini dilakukan peninjauan adanya diare atau tidak dalam 2 minggu sebelumnya untuk setiap pasangan. Dengan uji hipotesis McNemar menggunakan program SPSS 20.0 for Windows didapatkan bahwa diare bukan merupakan faktor risiko relaps pada sindrom nefrotik (p = 0,18) dengan nilai RO = 3,5 (95%CI = 0,73-16,84). Uji perbandingan 2 proporsi menggunakan z-test menunjukkan perbedaan proporsi diare pada kelompok relaps dengan kelompok remisi tidak bermakna secara statistik (z = 1,34; p = 0,07) sehingga tidak dapat disimpulkan bahwa diare merupakan faktor risiko dari sindrom nefrotik relaps pada anak di RSCM. Terdapat kemungkinan bahwa diare bukan merupakan faktor risiko relaps dan dibutuhkan penelitian lain dengan bentuk studi kohort untuk membuktikannya

---

Relapse on Nephrotic Syndrome can cause abnormalities in children’s growth and development. Relapse can be caused by several factors, such as infection. Diarrhea is one of the infection which requires special attention in children due to prevalence of diarrhea in Indonesia which is quite high. This study was conducted to see the diarrhea as a risk factor of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome relapse in Pediatrics Health Center RSCM. Study was conducted with matched case control on 38 pairs of relapse-remission episodes from 18 patients and was conducted on May 2015 until October 2015. In this study, the occurence of diarrhea within 2 weeks prior of each control was valued. With hypothesis McNemar test by SPSS 20.0 for Windows result was obtained that diarrhea is not a risk factor of relapse in nephrotic syndrome (p = 0.18) with OR = 3.5 (95%CI = 0,73-16,84). Proportion of diarrhea between relapse group and remission group was analyzed through Z test and the difference between two groups is not statistically significant (Z = 1.34; p = 0.07) which is not conclusive enough to determine diarrhea as a risk factor of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome relapse in children in RSCM. There is a possibility that diarrhea is not a risk factor of nephrotic syndrome relapse. Another study with a cohort design is needed to prove the possibility."

"Latar Belakang: Hipertensi merupakan salah satu faktor risiko kejadian penyakit kardiovaskular. Hipertensi pada remaja dapat terus berlanjut pada usia dewasa dan menyebabkan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang lebih tinggi. Faktor risiko hipertensi pada remaja multifaktorial. Tujuan: Mengetahui prevalens dan faktor yang memengaruhi kejadian hipertensi pada remaja siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) di Jakarta Pusat. Metode: Studi potong lintang pada 313 anak usia 12-18 tahun siswa SMP. Data riwayat hipertensi dalam keluarga, ras/suku, berat lahir, aktifitas fisis, merokok dan konsumsi alkohol diperoleh dari kuesioner. Pada subjek penelitian juga dilakukan pemeriksaan berat badan, tinggi badan dan tekanan darah. Kriteria hipertensi berdasarkan The Fourth Report of National High Blood Pressure Education Programme Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescent. Hasil: Di antara 313 remaja dengan rerata usia 13,97±1,02 tahun, prevalens hipertensi adalah sebesar 9,6%. Pada analisis bivariat didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara riwayat hipertensi dalam keluarga (ayah hipertensi; p = 0,012, IK 95% = 1,20-6,02) dan berat badan lebih/obesitas (p<0,001; IK 95% = 2,99-14,42) dengan hipertensi. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa berat badan lebih/obesitas mempunyai risiko enam kali mengalami hipertensi dibandingkan remaja dengan berat badan normal. (OR = 6,5; IK 95% = 2,99-14,43). Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara jenis kelamin, berat lahir rendah, ras/suku, aktivitas fisis, dan merokok dengan hipertensi. Simpulan: Prevalens hipertensi pada remaja dalam penelitian ini cukup tinggi. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara riwayat hipertensi dalam keluarga dan berat badan lebih/obesitas dengan hipertensi. Pencegahan berat badan lebih atau obesitas diharapkandapat menurunkan prevalens hipertensi pada remaja.

---

Background: Hypertension in adolescent has been often associated with other cardiovascular risk factors. Contributing factors of hypertension in adolescent are multifactorial.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of hypertension in Junior High School adolescents in Central Jakarta and its potentially associated factors, such as gender, family history of hypertension, race/ethnic, low birth weight, overweight/obesity, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

Methods: A cross sectional study involved 313 children aged 12-18 years, where were randomly selected from Junior High Schools in Central Jakarta, during March – May 2014. Information about family history, race/ethnic, birth weight, physical activity levels, smoking and consumption of alcohol was gathered by questionnaire. Body weigth, heigth and blood pressure were measured. Hypertension was defined according to The Fourth Report of National High Blood Pressure Education Programme Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescent.

Results: The study included 313 adolescents with mean age 13.97±1.02 years. Prevalence of hypertension was 9.6%. Bivariate analysis showed that family history of hypertension (parental hypertension; p = 0.012; CI 95% = 1.20-6.02) and overweight/obesity (p<0.001; CI 95% = 2.99-14.42) were significantly associated with hypertension. The multivariate analysis indicated that overweight/obese adolescents displayed six times more chance of having hypertension than adolescents with light/normal weight (OR = 6.5; CI 95% = 2.99-14.43). Gender, low birth weight, race/ethnic, physical activity, and smoking were not significantly associated with hypertension.

Conclusions: The prevalence of hypertension in the sample studied was high. Overweight/obesity and family history of hypertension were significantly associated with hypertension. The prevention of overweight and obesity can decrease the prevalence of hypertension."

"Latar belakang. Profil hormon tiroid belum banyak dipelajari pada anak dengan sindrom nefrotik idiopatik (SNI). Prevalens disfungsi tiroid pada anak dengan SNI di Indonesia belum jelas. Beberapa studi mempunyai hipotesis bahwa hipotiroidisme pada SNI dapat terjadi akibat peningkatan ekskresi protein pengikat hormon tiroid dan hormon tiroid. Terapi steroid merupakan salah satu faktor yang memengaruhi terjadinya hipotiroidisme.Tujuan. Mengetahui angka kejadian hipotiroidisme pada anak dengan SNI aktif dan remisi.Metode. Penelitian potong lintang yang dilakukan pada 103 pasien sindrom nefrotik idiopatik berusia 1-18 tahun di RSCM. Prevalens abnormalitas hormon tiroid adalah sebanyak 15,5% mengalami hipotiroidisme overt, 1,9% mengalami hipotiroidisme sekunder, 1,9% mengalami hipotiroidisme subklinis, 47,6% mengalami low-T3 syndrome, 10,7% mengalami low-T3 dan low-T4 syndrome dan sebanyak 22,3% subjek dengan status eutiroid. Sebanyak 16/103 subjek pada penelitian ini mengalami hipotiroidisme overt. Pada penelitian ini, seluruh subjek yang mengalami hipotiroidisme overt tersebut berasal dari kelompok SNI aktif. Secara statistik terdapat hubungan bermakna antara status SNI aktif dengan kejadian hipotiroidisme overt dengan nilai p <0,001. Pada penelitian ini, 13/16 subjek yang mengalami hipotiroidisme overt tersebut mengalami hipoalbuminemia Secara statistik terdapat hubungan bermakna antara hipoalbuminemia pada SNI dengan kejadian hipotiroidisme overt dengan nilai p <0,001. Rasio protein/kreatinin urin sewaktu berkorelasi negatif dengan kadar T3, T4, dan T4 bebas serum (r=-0,563, p=<0,001; r=-0,586, p=<0,001; r=-0,405, p=<0,001), secara berturut-turut. Rasio protein/kreatinin urin sewaktu berkorelasi positif dengan kadar TSH serum (r=0,618, p=<0,001).Kesimpulan. Prevalens abnormalitas hormon tiroid pada anak dengan SNI adalah sebanyak 15,5% mengalami hipotiroidisme overt. Proteinuria masif dan hipoalbuminemia merupakan salah satu faktor risiko terjadinya hipotiroidisme pada pasien anak dengan SNI. Pemeriksaan penapisan hipotiroidisme overt (TSH dan T4 bebas) dapat dilakukan pada kelompok SNI fase aktif dan/atau kelompok SNI yang mengalami hipoalbuminemia.

---

Background. Thyroid hormone profiles in Indonesian pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) patient has not been fully studied. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in INS has not been established. Nephrotic syndrome is a common kidney disease among children which is characterized by proteinuria, hypercholesterolemia, hypoproteinemia, and edema. The urinary losses of proteins including albumin, thyroid hormone and thyroid-binding globulin might affect the thyroid hormone levels in those children. Glucocorticoid might also affect the occurrence of hypothyroidism in INS patients.

Objectives. To evaluate the prevalence of hypothyroidism in active and remission pediatric INS patients.

Methods. In this cross-sectional study included 103 pediatric INS patients. The thyroid hormone profiles included serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and free T4.

Results. In this study we recruited 103 children aged 1-18 years with active and remission phase INS. Of the 103 patients, 15.5% had overt hypothyroidism, 1.9% had subclinical hypothyroidism, and had 47.6% low-T3 syndrome and 10.7% had low-T3 and low-T4 syndrome. Of the 16/103 patients, 16 had overt hypothyroidism. All subjects with overt hypothyroidism are active INS patients. There was significant relationship between active INS and overt hypothyroidism. There was also significant relationship between hypoalbuminemia and overt hypothyroidism. The urinary protein/ creatinine ratio was significantly negatively correlated with serum T3, T4, and free T4 levels (r=-0.563, P=<0.001; r=-0.586, P=<0.001; r=-0.405, P=<0.001, respectively) as well as it positively correlated with TSH levels (r=0.618, P=<0.001).

Conclusion. Overt hypothyroidisms was observed in 15.5% pediatric patients with active INS. Massive proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia are risk factors of overt hypothyroidism in INS patients. Thyroid profile should be evaluated routinely in active and/or hypoalbuminemia subset of patients."

"[ABSTRAKLesi tubular lebih sering ditemukan pada sindrom nefrotik resisten steroid (SNRS)dengan proteinuria masif, yang menyebabkan disfungsi tubulus proksimal. Cederatubular dapat pula didiagnosis dengan uji fungsi tubulus, diantaranya adalah fraksiekskresi magnesium (FE Mg) dan β2-mikroglobulin (β2M) urin. Tujuanpenelitian ini membandingkan FE Mg dan β2M urin pada SNRS dan SN sensitifsteroid (SNSS) remisi. Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di Departemen IlmuKesehatan Anak RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta, RSUD UlinBanjarmasin, RSUP Fatmawati dan RSAB Harapan Kita Jakarta pada Juli sampaiDesember 2015 pada penderita SNRS dan SNSS remisi berusia 2 ? 15 tahun. Padasubyek diperiksakan kadar β2M urin dan FE Mg. Didapatkan 62 subyek yangterdiri dari 31 subyek SNRS dan 31 subyek SNSS remisi. Rerata FE Mg padaSNRS lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan SNSS remisi (p=0,0065).Median kadar β2M urin pada SNRS lebih tinggi dibandingkan SNSS remisi (p <0,001). Peningkatan kadar β2M urin lebih banyak secara bermakna pada SNRSdibandingkan SNSS (p=0,007). Dengan titik potong 1,64%, peningkatan FE Mgpada SNRS lebih banyak dibandingkan SNSS remisi (p=0,022). Simpulan: Fraksiekskresi Mg dan β2M urin pada SNRS lebih tinggi dibandingkan SNSS remisi.Terdapat perbedaan proporsi peningkatan FE Mg antara SNRS dan SNSS remisi.Proporsi peningkatan β2M urin pada SNRS lebih besar dibandingkan SNSSremisi.

---

ABSTRACTTubular lesions more often found in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS)with massive proteinuria, leading to proximal tubular dysfunction. Tubular injurycan also be diagnosed by tubular function test, such as fractional excretion ofmagnesium (Mg FE) and urinary β2-microglobulin (β2M). The aim of this studyis to compare the FE Mg and urinary β2M on SRNS and steroid-sensitivenephrotic syndrome (SSNS) in remission. A cross-sectional study was conductedin the Department of Pediatrics RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta, RSUDUlin Banjarmasin, RSUP Fatmawati and RSAB Harapan Kita Jakarta from July toDecember 2015. Children aged 2-15 years who either had SRNS or SSNS inremission were recruited. Fractional excretion of magnesium and urinary β2Mlevels were examined. There were 62 subjects consisted of 31 subjects SRNS and31 subjects SSNS in remission. The mean FE Mg on SRNS was significantlyhigher than SSNS in remission (p=0.0065). Median levels of urinary β2M onSRNS was higher than SNSS remission (p<0.001). Increased levels of urinaryβ2M was more significantly in SRNS compared to SSNS (p=0.007). With a cutoffpoint of 1.64%, an increased of FE Mg proportion on SRNS was more thanSSNS in remission (p = 0.022). Conclusion: Fractional excretion of Mg andurinary β2M on SRNS were higher than SSNS in remission. There is a differencebetween the increased of FE Mg on SRNS and SSNS in remission. The increasedof urinary β2M on SRNS was higher than SSNS in remission.;Tubular lesions more often found in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS)with massive proteinuria, leading to proximal tubular dysfunction. Tubular injurycan also be diagnosed by tubular function test, such as fractional excretion ofmagnesium (Mg FE) and urinary β2-microglobulin (β2M). The aim of this studyis to compare the FE Mg and urinary β2M on SRNS and steroid-sensitivenephrotic syndrome (SSNS) in remission. A cross-sectional study was conductedin the Department of Pediatrics RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta, RSUDUlin Banjarmasin, RSUP Fatmawati and RSAB Harapan Kita Jakarta from July toDecember 2015. Children aged 2-15 years who either had SRNS or SSNS inremission were recruited. Fractional excretion of magnesium and urinary β2Mlevels were examined. There were 62 subjects consisted of 31 subjects SRNS and31 subjects SSNS in remission. The mean FE Mg on SRNS was significantlyhigher than SSNS in remission (p=0.0065). Median levels of urinary β2M onSRNS was higher than SNSS remission (p<0.001). Increased levels of urinaryβ2M was more significantly in SRNS compared to SSNS (p=0.007). With a cutoffpoint of 1.64%, an increased of FE Mg proportion on SRNS was more thanSSNS in remission (p = 0.022). Conclusion: Fractional excretion of Mg andurinary β2M on SRNS were higher than SSNS in remission. There is a differencebetween the increased of FE Mg on SRNS and SSNS in remission. The increasedof urinary β2M on SRNS was higher than SSNS in remission., Tubular lesions more often found in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS)with massive proteinuria, leading to proximal tubular dysfunction. Tubular injurycan also be diagnosed by tubular function test, such as fractional excretion ofmagnesium (Mg FE) and urinary β2-microglobulin (β2M). The aim of this studyis to compare the FE Mg and urinary β2M on SRNS and steroid-sensitivenephrotic syndrome (SSNS) in remission. A cross-sectional study was conductedin the Department of Pediatrics RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta, RSUDUlin Banjarmasin, RSUP Fatmawati and RSAB Harapan Kita Jakarta from July toDecember 2015. Children aged 2-15 years who either had SRNS or SSNS inremission were recruited. Fractional excretion of magnesium and urinary β2Mlevels were examined. There were 62 subjects consisted of 31 subjects SRNS and31 subjects SSNS in remission. The mean FE Mg on SRNS was significantlyhigher than SSNS in remission (p=0.0065). Median levels of urinary β2M onSRNS was higher than SNSS remission (p<0.001). Increased levels of urinaryβ2M was more significantly in SRNS compared to SSNS (p=0.007). With a cutoffpoint of 1.64%, an increased of FE Mg proportion on SRNS was more thanSSNS in remission (p = 0.022). Conclusion: Fractional excretion of Mg andurinary β2M on SRNS were higher than SSNS in remission. There is a differencebetween the increased of FE Mg on SRNS and SSNS in remission. The increasedof urinary β2M on SRNS was higher than SSNS in remission.]"

"Latar Belakang: Penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK) merupakan terminologi baru yang dikeluarkan oleh the National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney Disease and Outcome Quality Initiative (NKF KDOQI) pada tahun 2002 untuk pasien yang mengalami kerusakan ginjal paling sedikit selama tiga bulan dengan atau tanpa penurunan LFG atau pasien yang memiliki LFG < 60 mL/menit/1,73 m2 lebih dari tiga bulan dengan atau tanpa kerusakan ginjal. Progresivitas PGK ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor risiko seperti hipertensi, proteinuria, anemia, genetik, ras, usia dan jenis kelamin. Terminologi PGK belum banyak digunakan di Indonesia, sehingga karakteristik dan kesintasan PGK stadium 3 dan 4 pada anak belum banyak diteliti.Tujuan: Mendapatkan karakteristik dan kesintasan PGK stadium 3 dan 4 pada anak yang berobat di Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FKUI-RSCMMetode: Desain penelitian ini adalah kohort prospektif historikal yang diambil dari rekam medis di Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FKUI-RSCM sejak Januari 2004 hingga 30 November 2012, kemudian diamati luaran akhirnya sampai penelitian dinyatakan selesai. Kriteria pemilihan subjek meliputi usia 2-18 tahun dan memenuhi kriteria PGK stadium 3 dan 4 menurut NKF KDOQI. Data ditabulasi untuk melihat karakteristik subjek. Kesintasan dianalisis dengan menggunakan Kaplan Meier dengan event yang dinilai adalah PGK stadium 5 atau kematian.Hasil: Dalam kurun waktu 8 tahun ditemukan 50 rekam medis yang masuk dalam analisis, terdiri atas 36 subjek PGK stadium 3 dan 14 subjek PGK stadium 4. Median usia adalah 7,9 (2-15) tahun dengan jenis kelamin perempuan (58 %) sedikit lebih banyak dari pada lelaki (42 %). Etiologi terbanyak adalah glomerulonefritis (56 %) dengan sindrom nefrotik memiliki proporsi terbesar. Gambaran klinis yang ditemukan adalah hipertensi (42 %), gizi kurang (40 %), anemia (70 %), gangguan elektrolit (78 %), asidosis (34 %), proteinuria (72 %), perawakan pendek (56 %), osteodistrofi renal (2 %), dan kardiomiopati dilatasi (14 %). Median kesintasan keseluruhan adalah 57,13 bulan (IK 95 % 11,18 sampai 103,09).Simpulan: PGK stadium 3 dan 4 sedikit lebih banyak terjadi pada perempuan (58 %) dengan etiologi terbanyak adalah glomerulonefritis (56 %). Komplikasi PGK di Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FKUI-RSCM yang paling sering adalah gangguan elektrolit (78 %), anemia (70 %), perawakan pendek (56 %), gizi kurang (46 %), dan hipertensi (42 %). Median kesintasan keseluruhan adalah 57,13 bulan (IK 95 % 11,18 sampai 103,09).

---

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a new terminology in 2002, defined by the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease and Outcome Quality Initiative (NKF KDOQI) Group to classify any patient who has kidney damage lasting for at least 3 months with or without a decreased GFR or any patient who has a GFR of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 lasting for 3 months with or without kidney damage. The progression of established CKD is influenced by several risk factors, such as hypertension, proteinuria, anemia, genetic, race, age, and sex. In Indonesia, the term of CKD is not widely used so that its characteristic and renal survival remains sparse.

Objective: To find the characteristic and renal survival of pediatric chronic kidney disease in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.

Methods: A historical prospective cohort study was conducted from medical record in Department of Child Health CMH from January 2004 to November 2012. The outcome was followed up until the end of the study. The inclusion criteria were 2-18 years old children with chronic kidney disease stage 3 and 4 according to NKF KDOQI classification. Renal survival was analyzed by using Kaplan Meier survival function. The event was progression to CKD stage 5 or death.

Results: A total of 50 medical records were included in the analysis. Of those, 36 patients had CKD stage 3 and 14 patients had CKD stage 4. The median age at admission was 7.9 (2 to 15) years and 58 % were female. The most common etiology was glomerulonephritis (56 %) where nephrotic syndrome was the most frequent cause. The common clinical manifestations were hypertension (42 %), malnourished (40 %), anemia (70 %), electrolyte disturbance (78 %), acidosis (34 %), proteinuria (72 %), short stature (56 %), renal osteodystrophy (2 %), and dilated cardiomyopathy (14 %). Overall renal survival was 57.13 months (CI 95 % 11.18 to 103.09).

Conclusion: CKD stage 3 and 4 are more common in female (58 %) with glomerulonephritis (56 %) is the most common etiology. The most frequent complications are electrolyte disturbance (78 %), anemia (70 %), short stature (56 %), malnourished (46 %), and hypertension (42 %). Overall renal survival is 57.13 months (CI 95 % 11.18 to 103.09).

"

"Infeksi saluran kemih (ISK) pada anak memiliki manifestasi klinis yang tidak khas dan bervariasi sehingga sulit terdiagnosis secara dini. Biakan urin memerlukan waktu hingga lima hari sehingga dapat menyebabkan keterlambatan terapi serta tingginya komplikasi ISK pada anak. Kelainan urinalisis yang saat ini digunakan masih memiliki spesifisitas yang rendah. Penelitian ini merupakan studi diagnostik NGAL urin, kelainan urinalisis, dan kombinasi keduanya, khususnya pada anak usia 2–5 tahun. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan desain potong lintang pada anak dengan tersangka ISK, yaitu anak dengan salah satu gejala ISK (demam lebih dari 380C, muntah, diare, sakit pinggang, atau gejala lokal saluran kemih) disertai kelainan urinalisis (leukosituria, dan/atau nitrit positif dan/atau leukosit esterase positif) yang berusia 2–5 tahun dan dirawat di Rumah Sakit Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Uji diagnostik pemeriksaan NGAL urin, kelainan urinalisis, dan kombinasi keduanya dibandingkan dengan biakan urin sebagai baku emas. Kombinasi ketiga kelainan urinalisis berupa leukosituria, nitrit dan leukosit esterase positif memiliki sensitivitas 38,1% dan spesifisitas 94,9%. NGAL urin diketahui memiliki sensitivitas 85,7% (IK95%: 63,6–96,9%), spesifisitas 74,3% (IK 95%: 57,8–86,9%), positive predictive value 64,3% (IK95%: 50,6–75,9%), dan negative predictive value 90,6% (IK95%: 76,9–96,5%) pada anak dengan minimal satu kelainan urinalisis. Pemeriksaan NGAL urin hanya meningkatkan spesifisitas kelainan urinalisis berupa leukosituria saja dan tidak meningkatkan spesifisitas pada yang telah memiliki tiga kelainan urinalisis. NGAL urin tidak dianjurkan untuk meningkatkan spesifisitas urinalisis dalam diagnosis ISK pada anak usia 2–5 tahun. Gabungan tiga kelainan urinalisis tanpa NGAL urin sudah memiliki spesifisitas yang baik. Perlu dilakukan penelitian biomarker lain yang dapat mendiagnosis dini ISK dengan lebih baik.

---

Urinary tract infection (UTI) in children has unspecific clinical manifestations leading to difficulties in its early diagnosis. Using urine culture as the gold standard for diagnosing urinary tract infection may need five days to know and may lead to delayed treatment and high complication rates. Urinalysis abnormalities are used to diagnose UTI early but still have low specificity. This study evaluated the diagnostic value of using urinary NGAL, urinary abnormalities, and their combinations, especially in children aged 2–5 years old. This cross-sectional diagnostic study was conducted in children aged 2–5 years old who were suspected to have UTI (fever more than 380C, vomit, diarrhea, abdominal pain, flank pain, or local UTI symptoms with abnormalities in urinalysis including leukocyturia and/or positive nitrite and/or positive leukocyte esterase) who were hospitalized at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. The diagnostic test was performed to urinary NGAL, urinary abnormalities, and their combination compared with urine culture as the gold standard for UTI diagnosis. Combination of urinary abnormalities (leukocyturia, positive nitrite, and positive leukocyte esterase) can have sensitivity 38.1% and specificity 94.9%. Urinary NGAL has sensitivity 85.7% (IK 95%: 63.6–96.9%), specificity 74.3% (IK 95%: 57.8–86.9%), positive predictive value 64.3% (IK 95%: 50.6–75.9%), and negative predictive value 90.6% (IK 95%: 76.9–96.5%). Combination of urinary NGAL and urinary abnormality can only increase specificity urinalysis which only shows leukocyturia from 74.3% to 97.4% but not increase specificity of three urinary abnormalities. Urinary NGAL is not recommended to increase urinalysis specificity to make early diagnosis of UTI in children aged 2–5 years old. The three combination of urinalysis abnormalities without urinary NGAL have had a good specificity. Further research about other biomarkers to make early diagnosis of UTI in children is needed."

"Renjatan sepsis pada anak diasosiasikan dengan angka mortalitas yang sangat tinggi dengan rentang 5% pada negara maju dan 35% pada negara berkembang. Skor PELOD-2 merupakan penilaian yang telah divalidasi dalam memprediksi mortalitas anak dengan renjatan sepsis tetapi membutuhkan banyak pemeriksaan penunjang tambahan yang tidak selalu tersedia diseluruh fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan di Indonesia, serta membutuhkan biaya yang cukup besar. Skor vasoaktif-inotropik (VIS) merupakan metode sederhana yang awal nya digunakan sebagai prediktor morbiditas dan mortalitas pada pasien dengan penyakit jantung bawaan pascaoperasi. Namun hingga saat ini telah banyak studi yang menunjukkan kemampuan VISdalam memprediksi mortalitas pada anak dengan berbagai penyakit kritis, termasuk renjatan sepsis,tetapi belum ada penelitian di dunia yang membandingkan kemampuan VIS dan PELOD-2 dalam memprediksi mortalitas anak dengan renjatan sepsis. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kemampuan VIS serta membandingkan kemampuan VIS dan PELOD-2dalam memprediksi mortalitas anak dengan renjatan sepsis. Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah studi kohort retrospektif dengan subyek anak berusia 1 bulan hingga 18 tahun dengan renjatan sepsis yang dirawat di PICU RSCM. Sebanyak 89 subyek memenuhi kriteria inklusi dengan prevalensrenjatan sepsis di PICU RSCM 17,6% dan angka kematian 78,6%. Skor vasoaktif - inotropik ≥ 11 memiliki sensitivitas 78,87%, spesifisitas 72,22%, positive predictive value(PPV)91,80%, dan negative predictive value (NPV) 46,43%. Diperoleh area under curve(AUC) berturut-turut untuk VIS dan PELOD-20,779 dan 0,757. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa VIS memiliki kemampuan yang cukup baik sebagai prediktor mortalitas anak dengan renjatan sepsis dengan titik potong ≥11, serta memiliki kemampuan yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan PELOD-2(p=0,747). Oleh karena itu, VIS dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor mortalitas anak dengan renjatan sepsis.

---

Septic shock in children is associated with a very high mortality rate in the range of 5% in developed countries and 35% in developing countries. The PELOD-2 score is amvalidated toolin predicting the mortality of patients with septic shockyet requires many additional evaluations which are costly and not always available in every health service facilities in Indonesia. Vasoactive - inotropic score (VIS) is a simple method that was initially used as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in postoperative patients with congenital heart disease.Nevertheless, many studies have shown the ability of VIS in predicting mortality in pediatric patients with various critical illnesses,including septic shock. However,until this study, there had been no research in the world that compares the ability of VIS and PELOD-2 in predicting mortality in pediatric patients with septic shock. Therefore, this study aims toevaluate the ability of VIS, and to compare VIS with PELOD-2 in predicting mortality in pediatric patients with septic shock. This study is a retrospective cohort study with subjects of children aged 1 month to 18 years withseptic shock treated inthe Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Indonesia. A total of 89 subjects met the inclusion criteria with the prevalence of septic shock 17.6% and mortality rate78.6%. Vasoactive-inotropic score ≥11 has a sensitivity of 78.87%, specificity 72.22%, positive predictive value(PPV)91.80%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 46.43%. Obtained area under curves (AUC)respectively for VIS andPELOD-2 are0.779 and 0.757. Therefore,it can be concluded that VIS has agood ability to predict mortality in children with septic shock with ≥11 as the optimum cut-off,and has no significant difference compared to PELOD-2(p=0.747). Hence, VIS can be used as a predictor of mortality inpediatric patients with septicshock."

"LATAR BELAKANG: Terapi ARV telah mengubah infeksi HIV dari penyakit yang mematikan menjadi penyakit kronik yang dapat dikendalikan. Salah satu efek samping terapi ARV adalah dislipidemia yang dapat meningkatkan risiko kardiovaskular. Studi tentang dislipidemia pada anak terinfeksi HIV di negara berkembang belum banyak dilakukan. TUJUAN: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui prevalens dislipidemia pada anak terinfeksi HIV dalam terapi ARV serta faktor risiko terkait. METODE: Studi potong lintang dilakukan di poliklinik anak RSCM dari bulan Januari hingga Juli 2019. Pemeriksaan profil lipid dikerjakan pada subyek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah status gizi, stadium klinis saat awal diagnosis, status imunosupresi terakhir, nilai VL terakhir, paduan ARV terakhir, dan kombinasi ARV terakhir dari rekam medis. HASIL: Dari 96 subyek yang ikut alam penelitian ini, 52 (54,2%) mengalami dislipidemia. Prevalens dislipidemia pada kelompok terapi ARV lini 2 adalah 80%, sementara pada kelompok lini 1 adalah 39%. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara penggunaan paduan ARV lini 2 dengan peningkatan risiko, yaitu sebesar 6,3 kali (p<0,01 IK95% [2,4-17,1]) untuk terjadi dislipidemia dibandingkan dengan paduan lini 1.KESIMPULAN: Prevalens dislipidemia pada anak terinfeksi HIV yang mendapatkan terapi ARV cukup tinggi dengan faktor risiko yaitu penggunaan paduan ARV lini 2.

---

INTRODUCTION: Antiretroviral therapy has changed the status of HIV infection from a high-mortality disease into a chronic disease. One of the consequences of long-term use of ARV is dyslipidemia that may progress into cardiovascular disease in the future. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to seek the prevalence of dyslipidemia among HIV-infected children receiving ARV and related risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at pediatric outpatient clinic, RSCM, from January to July 2019. Lipid profile was examined on eligible subjects and data regarding nutritional status, clinical stadium at diagnosis, latest immuno supression status, latest VL value and latest ARV combination used were obtained from medical record. RESULTS: Of 96 subjects included, 52 (54,2%) subjects experienced dyslipidemia. Prevalence of dyslipidemia among second line and first line users were 80% and 39%,respectively. The use of second-line ARV medications was associated with 6,3 times (p=0,0 CI95%[2,4-17,1]) increase of risk for dyslipidemia compared to the use of first-line therapy. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of dyslipidemia among HIV-positive children on ARV is high with second-line ARV therapy being a risk facto."

"Latar Belakang. Terapi pembedahan telah menjadi baku emas dalam penutupan defek septum atrium (DSA) sekundum. Prosedur pembedahan mempunyai morbiditas yang terkait dengan torakotomi, pintasan jantung paru, komplikasi prosedur, jaringan parut bekas operasi, dan trauma psikologis. Oleh karena itu, timbul usaha pendekatan transkateter untuk menutup DSA yang bersifat relatif kurang invasif, salah satunya dengan alat Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO). Tujuan. Mengetahui perbandingan hasil penutupan DSA sekundum, komplikasi prosedur, lama rawat di rumah sakit, dan total biaya prosedur antara prosedur transkateter menggunakan ASO dengan prosedur pembedahan. Metode. Penelitian bersifat retrospektif analitik dengan sumber data berupa rekam medis pasien anak dengan DSA sekundum yang datang berobat ke Pelayanan Jantung Terpadu Rumah Sakit dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo dan dilakukan penutupan defek dengan salah satu prosedur dalam periode Januari 2005-Desember 2011. Hasil. Sebanyak 112 kasus anak dengan DSA sekundum masuk dalam penelitian, terdiri dari 70 kasus dengan prosedur pembedahan dan 42 kasus dengan prosedur transkateter. Prosedur pembedahan dan prosedur transkateter mempunyai tingkat keberhasilan yang serupa (98,6% vs 95,2%, p=0,555). Namun prosedur pembedahan mempunyai komplikasi yang lebih banyak dibandingkan prosedur transkateter (60% vs 28,6%, p=0,001, OR 1,61;95%IK,1,19-2,18). Prosedur pembedahan juga mempunyai lama rawat di rumah sakit yang lebih panjang dibandingkan prosedur transkateter (6 hari vs 2 hari, p<0,0001), dan semua prosedur pembedahan membutuhkan perawatan di ruang rawat intensif. Secara keseluruhan prosedur transkateter mempunyai total biaya prosedur yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan prosedur pembedahan (Rp.52.731.680,06 vs Rp.46.994.745,26, p<0,0001), dan biaya pengadaan alat ASO mempunyai porsi sekitar 58% dari total biaya prosedur. Analisis total biaya prosedur tanpa memperhitungkan biaya alat ASO menunjukkan prosedur transkateter mempunyai total biaya yang lebih rendah dibandingkan prosedur pembedahan. Simpulan. Prosedur transkateter dengan ASO mempunyai efektivitas yang sama dengan prosedur pembedahan dalam penutupan DSA sekundum dan mempunyai komplikasi yang lebih sedikit serta lama rawat di rumah sakit yang lebih pendek. Total biaya prosedur transkateter dengan ASO masih lebih tinggi dibandingkan prosedur pembedahan.

---

Background. Surgery has become standard therapy for secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) closure, but it has significant morbidity related to sternotomy, cardiopulmonary bypass, complication, residual scar, and trauma. Non-surgical and less invasive approaches with transcatheter device were developed to occlude ASD. Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO) is one of the commonly used devices in transcatheter closure.

Objectives. This study sought to compare efficacy, complication, length of hospital stay, and total cost of secundum ASD closure procedure between transcatheter closure using ASO with surgery.

Methods. A retrospective analysis was performed on children with secundum ASD admitted to Cardiology Center of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from January 2005-December 2011. The patients received transcatheter closure with ASO or surgical closure. Data were obtained from medical record.

Results. A total of 112 secundum ASD cases were included in study, consisted of 42 cases underwent transcatheter closure and 70 cases underwent surgical closure. The efficacy of both procedur were not statistically different (98.6% vs 95.2%, p=0.555). However, surgery procedure had more complication than transcatheter closure (60% vs 28.6%, p=0.001, OR 1.61;95%CI 1.19 to 2.18). Hospital stay were also significantly longer for surgery procedure than transcatheter closure (6 days vs 2 days, p<0.0001), and all surgical subjects requiring intensive care. Transcatheter closure had mean total cost Rp.52,731,680.06 as compared with Rp.46,994,745.26 for surgery procedure (p<0.0001), and cost of ASO represents 58% of the total cost of transcatheter closure. Mean total cost of transcatheter closure without including cost of device is less costly than surgery procedure.

Conclusion. Transcatheter closure using ASO had similar efficacy with surgical closure, complication rate was lower, and the length of hospital stay was shorter. However, transcatheter closure costs were higher compared with surgery procedure."