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"Latar Belakang: Diagnosis leptospirosis dengan microscopic agglutination test (MAT) memerlukan kultur hidup dan bersifat serovar spesifik, sedangkan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) memerlukan bahan dan peralatan yang mahal. Pengembangan metode diagnosis yang cepat, sensitif, murah dan mudah diaplikasikan masih sangat diperlukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan imunosensor ektrokimia dengan screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) dan bioreseptor IgG anti-rLipL32 antibodi untuk deteksi leptospirosis pada hewan.Metode: SPCE dimodifikasi dengan reduksi graphene oxide (SPCE/rGO) dan drop casting graphene oxide (SPCE/GO). IgG anti-rLipL32 antibodi diimobilisasi pada SPCE/rGO dan SPCE/GO dan kemudian di blocking dengan BSA/skim milk. Karakterisasi dilakukan dengan scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Kinerja imunosensor ditentukan dengan uji stabilitas, penentuan batas deteksi (LOD) dan kuantifikasi (LOQ), uji selektivitas dan analisis sampel spike urin sapi. Respon elektrokimia diukur dengan DPV menggunakan Palmsens Sensit Smart potentiostat dan software PStouch.Hasil: Hasil SEM menunjukkan perubahan morfologi permukaan elektroda lebih kasar dan adanya partikulat yang mengindikasikan keberhasilan imobilisasi antibodi. Karakterisasi DPV menunjukkan peningkatan arus puncak pada modifikasi SPCE/rGO dan SPCE/GO, serta penurunan arus puncak secara bertahap setelah penambahan NHS-EDC, antibodi, dan blocking BSA/skim milk. Respon arus meningkat seiring peningkatan konsentrasi bakteri Leptospira. Kurva kalibrasi menunjukkan linearitas tinggi dengan persamaan ΔI = 0,8495 (Leptospira) + 0,5402 dan R² = 0,9856. Batas deteksi dan kuantifikasi diperoleh pada ΔI = 1,00 (4 sel/ml) dan ΔI = 3,35 (2 × 10³ sel/ml). Imunosensor stabil sampai 1 bulan pada 4oC, dapat mendeteksi Leptospira patogen dan tidak mendeteksi E. coli dan Staphylococcus aureus.Kesimpulan: Imunosensor elektrokimia yang dikembangkan memiliki selektivitas dan stabilitas tinggi serta mampu mendeteksi Leptospira patogen dalam sampel spike urine sapi sehingga berpotensi sebagai metode alternatif untuk deteksi leptospirosis pada hewan dengan cepat, murah, dan mudah diaplikasikan di lapangan.

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Background: Leptospirosis diagnosis by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) requires live culture and is serovar specific, while polymerase chain reaction (PCR) requires expensive materials and equipment. Development of a rapid, sensitive, inexpensive, and easy diagnostic method is still needed. This study aims to develop an electrochemical immunosensor with a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) and IgG anti-rLipL32 antibody bioreceptor for leptospirosis detection in animals.

Method: SPCE was modified with reduced graphene oxide (SPCE/rGO) and drop-casting graphene oxide (SPCE/GO). IgG anti-rLipL32 was immobilised on SPCE/rGO and SPCE/GO and blocked with BSA/skim milk. Characterisation was done by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Immunosensor performance was determined by stability testing, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) determination, selectivity testing, and cattle urine spike sample analysis. Electrochemical responses were measured by DPV using Palmsens Sensit Smart potentiostat and PStouch software.

Result: SEM results showed electrode surface morphology changes, which appeared rougher, and particulate presence indicated successful antibody immobilisation. DPV characterisation showed the peak current increased in the SPCE/rGO and SPCE/GO modification. It also gradually decreased with NHS-EDC, antibody addition, and blocking BSA/skim milk.Current response increased with increasing Leptospira bacteria concentration. The calibration curve showed high linearity with the equation ΔI = 0.8495 (Leptospira) + 0.5402 and R² = 0.9856. Limits of detection and quantification were obtained at ΔI = 1.00 (4 cells/ml) and ΔI = 3.35 (2 × 10³ cells/ml). The immunosensor was stable for 1 month at 4oC, could detect pathogenic Leptospira and did not detect E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Conclusion: The developed electrochemical immunosensor has high selectivity and stability and can detect pathogenic Leptospira in cattle urine spike samples, so it has potential for detecting leptospirosis in animals quickly, cheaply, and easily applied in the field.

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"Proses makan dan menelan merupakan aktivitas oromotor yang penting dalam kehidupan anak. Lidah berperan penting dalam proses ini, terutama pada fase oral. Gangguan pada kekuatan dan ketahanan lidah dapat menyebabkan disfagia oral. Alat manometer orofasial yang ada saat ini belum tersedia di Indonesia, belum memiliki pengaturan dosis latihan, serta aplikasi biofeedback-nya belum disesuaikan untuk pasien anak.Dalam studi ini, dilakukan pembuatan Purwarupa Manometer Orofasial (PMO) TongueFit yang terdiri dari manometer, bulb, dan selang penghubung serta aplikasi biofeedback. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji diagnostik dan uji klinis terandomisasi yang mengevaluasi intervensi terapi latihan kekuatan dan ketahanan lidah menggunakan PMO TongueFit dikombinasikan dengan oral sensory-motor stimulation (OSMS) dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang hanya mendapatkan terapi OSMS.Pada analisis validitas PMO TongueFit dibandingkan dengan manometer standar dengan kompresor, bulb 2 cm, dan bulb 3 cm, didapatkan nilai koefisien korelasi Lin (ρC) 1,000, 1,000, dan 0,999 berturut-turut dengan 95%CI. Pada analisis reliabilitas korelasi intra-kelas (ICC) dengan 95%CI didapatkan hasil 0,993 (0,988– 0,996). PMO TongueFit, sebagai alat terapi lidah, efektif untuk meningkatkan kekuatan lidah seiring waktu pada pasien dengan disfagia oral dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (p < 0,001, partial eta squared 0,882). Kelompok intervensi juga mengalami peningkatan ketahanan lidah yang secara bermakna lebih tinggi daripada kelompok kontrol (p = 0,047, partial eta squared 0,202).PMO TongueFit mempunyai validitas dan reliabilitas yang kuat dengan kesesuaian yang hampir sempurna dibandingkan manometer standar. PMO TongueFit efektif untuk meningkatkan kekuatan dan ketahanan otot lidah dengan peningkatan yang secara bermakna lebih tinggi daripada terapi dengan OSMS.

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The process of eating and swallowing is an important oromotor activity in a child's life. The tongue plays an important role in this process, especially in the oral phase. Disturbances in tongue strength and endurance can cause oral dysphagia. The orofacial manometer device currently available is not yet accessible in Indonesia, does not have a training dose setting, and its biofeedback application has not been adjusted for pediatric patients.

In this study, TongueFit was designed, consisting of a manometer, bulb, and connecting tube and developed a biofeedback application. Furthermore, diagnostic tests and randomized clinical trials were conducted to evaluate the intervention of tongue strengthening and endurance training therapy using the TongueFit combined with oral sensory-motor stimulation (OSMS) compared to the group that only received OSMS therapy.

In the validity analysis of the TongueFit compared to a standard manometer with a compressor, 2 cm bulb, and 3 cm bulb, the Lin correlation coefficient (ρC) values were 1.000, 1.000, and 0.999 respectively with 95%CI. In the analysis of intra-class correlation (ICC) reliability with 95%CI, the result was 0.993 (0.988– 0.996). TongueFit, as a tongue therapy tool, is effective in increasing tongue strength over time in patients with oral dysphagia compared to the control group (p < 0.001, partial eta squared 0.882). Tongue endurance in the intervention group significantly increased compared to the control group (p = 0.047, partial eta squared 0.202).

TongueFit have good validity almost reaching perfect score compared to the standard manometer and good reliability. TongueFit is effective in increasing the strength and endurance of the tongue muscle compared to the OSMS group, significantly."