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"ABSTRAKLatar belakang. Eksitoksisitas merupakan salah satu mekanisme penting dalam kerusakan otak masa perinatal. Eksitoksisitas terjadi akibat peningkatan glutamat ekstrasel. Stem cell From Human Exfoliated Deciduous dapat mensekresi enzim GAD yang akan memgkatalisis perubahan glutamat menjadi GABA. Perubahan glutamat menjadi GABA menyebabkan kadar glutamat ekstrasel menurun, namun peningkatan GABA dapat menyebabkan terjadinya depolarisasi yang dapat berakibat timbulnya eksitoksisitas. penelitian bertujuan untuk menentukan potensi neuroproteksi CM SHED mencegah kerusakan progenitor neuron akibat induksi glutamat.Metode. Progenitor neuron diisolasi dari otak tikus umur 2 hari dan conditioned medium didapat dari MSC SHED. Sampel dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kultur progenitor neuron dengan medium neurobasal tanpa glutamat dan glisin N- , dengan medium neurobasal ditambah glutamat dan glisin N , dengan CM SHED tanpa glutamat dan glisin K- , dengan CM SHED ditambah glutamat dan glisin K . Pada progenitor neuron dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar mRNA GABAAR1, subunit NR2B NMDAR dengan RT PCR, kadar protein NMDAR1 dan GABAAR1 dengan ELISA. Caspase -3 dan 7AAD dengan Muse. Pada CM dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar GABA dengan Elisa.Hasil. Viabilitas progenitor neuron pada kelompok K 78,05 lebih tinggi dari kelompok kontrol N- 73,22 , sedangkan kelompok N lebih kecil 68,90 . Kelompok K memiliki kadar GABA paling tinggi dan berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok lainnya, sedangkan pada kelompok N paling kecil. Kadar GABA yang tinggi pada kelompok K diduga karena adanya enzim GAD yang dapat mengkatalisis perubahan glutamat menjadi GABA pada CM SHED. Hasil pemeriksaan mRNA GABAAR1 kelompok K paling tinggi dibandingkan kelompok lain, diduga disebabkan GABA dapat mengaktivasi jalur MAPK yang menyebabkan terjadinya proses transkripsi mRNA GABAAR1. Kadar protein GABAAR1 pada kelompok K paling kecil dibandingkan kelompok lain, hal ini diduga disebabkan karena adanya perubahan subunit dari 2 akibat peningkatan kadar GABA. Kadar GABA yang rendah pada kelompok N diduga disebabkan GABA banyak terpakai terikat dengan reseptor GABAAR1, sehingga terlihat rendah saat pemeriksaan. Hasil ini sesuai dengan pemeriksaan kadar GABAAR1, dimana pada kelompok N kadar GABAAR1 paling tinggi. Kemungkinan lain adalah adanya umpan balik negatif oleh GABAAR1. Pada pemeriksaan mRNA GABAAR1 kelompok N didapat penurunan ekspresi relatif terhadap kontrol. Diduga peningkatan protein GABAAR1 sudah tidak diperlukan sehingga ekspresi mRNA GABAAR1 dihambat. Pemeriksaan dilakukan setelah perlakuan selama 24 jam, diduga kondisi progenitor neuron telah mengalami fase akhir. Terdapat perubahan dinamik pada regulasi GABAAR1 progenitor neuron. Pada fase awal aktivitas eksitatorik merupakan hasil kerjasama GABAAR1 dan NMDAR, kemudian terjadi perubahan aktivitas GABAAR1 dari eksitatorik menjadi inhibitorik. Pada kelompok N diduga aktivitas inhibitorik GABAAR1 tidak dapat mengatasi aktivitas eksitatorik akibat induksi glutamat, sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya apoptosis. Sedangkan pada kelompok K , dimana terdapat peningkatan GABA akibat CM SHED, aktivitas inhibitorik GABAAR1 dapat mengimbangi aktivitas eksitatorik oleh glutamat sehingga terjadi neuroproteksi.Kesimpulan. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan CM SHED memiliki potensi neuroproteksi dalam mencegah apoptosis progenitor neuron akibat induksi glutamat.

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ABSTRACTBackgound. Exitoxicity is one of the important mechanisms in perinatal period brain damage. Exitoxicity results from increased extracellular glutamate. Stemcell From Human Exfoliated Deciduous can secrete a GAD enzyme that will analyze the change of glutamate to GABA. The change of glutamate to GABA causes extracellular glutamate levels to decrease, but an increase in GABA can lead to depolarization which may result in the excitoxicity. the study aimed to determine the potential neuroprotection of CM SHED to prevent progenitor neuron damage of glutamate induction.Method. Progenitor neurons were isolated from the brains of mice aged 2 days and conditioned medium obtained from MSC SHED. The samples were divided into 4 groups, ie the progenitor culture group of neurons with neutral glutamate and neurobasal medium N- , with neurobasal medium plus glutamate and glycine N , with CM SHED without glutamate and glycine K- , with CM SHED plus glutamate and glycine K . In progenitor neuron, GABAAR1 mRNA, NR2B NMDAR subunit with PCR RT, protein NMDAR1 and GABAAR1 with ELISA were examined. Caspase -3 and 7AAD with Muse. In CM, GABA levels were evaluated with Elisa.Result. The viability of progenitor neurons in the K group 78.05 was higher than the control group N 73.22 , whereas the N group was smaller 68.90 . The K group had the highest levels of GABA and was significantly different from the other groups, whereas in the smallest N group. High GABA levels in the K group are thought as a result of the presence of GAD enzymes that can catalyze the change of glutamate to GABA in CM SHED. The highest level of GABAAR1 group compared to other groups was thought to be caused by GABA to activate MAPK pathway causing transcription of GABAAR1 mRNA. The level of GABAAR1 protein in the K group was the smallest compared to the other groups, presumably due to a subunit change from ? 2 due to elevated levels of GABA. Low levels of GABA in the N group are thought to be caused by GABA being widely used bound with GABAAR1 receptors, making it noticeably low during examination. This result is in accordance with the GABAAR1 concentration, which in the N group of GABAAR1 levels is highest. Another possibility is negative feedback by GABAAR1. On examination of group GABAAR1 mRNA N , there was a decrease in expression relative to control. It is suspected that the increase in GABAAR1 protein is not needed so that GABAAR1 mRNA expression is inhibited. The examination was performed after 24 hours treatment, presumably progenitor neuron has ending phase. There is a dynamic change in GABAAR1 progenitor neuron regulation. In the early phase of excitatory activity is the result of cooperation GABAAR1 and NMDAR, then there is a change of activity GABAAR1 from excitatory become inhibitory. In the N group it is suspected that GABAAR1 inhibitory activity can not overcome the excitatory activity by caused of glutamate induction, thus causing apoptosis. While in the K group, where there is an increase in GABA considering CM SHED, GABAAR1 inhibitory activity can compensate for the excitatory activity by glutamate resulting in neuroprotection.Conclution. From the results of this study can be concluded CM SHED has the potential of neuroprotection in preventing progenitor neuron apoptosis through glutamate induction."

"Latar belakang: Malnutrisi berhubungan dengan patologi struktural dan fungsional di otak yang dapat mengganggu maturitas sistem saraf pusat (SSP). Hal ini dapat menyebabkan gangguan belajar dan mempengaruhi kecerdasan anak. Salah satu instrumen untuk menilai maturitas SSP adalah dengan pemeriksaan soft sign neurology yang dapat menilai kelainan motorik atau sensorik tanpa adanya lesi struktural di SSP. Tujuan: Melihat perbandingan neurodevelopment anak dengan gangguan gizi dan anak gizi normal. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang secara konsekutif nonrandom sampling pada anak usia 5-18 tahun dengan gizi normal dan ganguan gizi di wilayah Jakarta yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, dilakukan wawancara dengan orang tua, recall makanan, dan pemeriksaan soft sign neurology dengan instrumen Physical and Neurological Examination for Soft Sign (PANESS). PANESS terdiri dari 43 aitem untuk menilai gerakan motorik, graphesthesia, stereognosis, keseimbangan, gerakan berkelanjutan, gerakan bergantian dan string test. Hasil: Dari 170 subyek didapatkan soft sign neurology pada 135 subyek (79,4%) terdiri dari 72 laki-laki (53,3%) dan 63 perempuan (46,7%); 70 subyek (77,8%) kelompok gizi normal dan 65 subyek (81,2%) kelompok gangguan gizi. Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik antara kelompok gizi normal dengan kelompok gangguan gizi usia 5-12 tahun pada penilaian total graphesthesia, total keseimbangan, dan total PANESS (p<0,05). Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik antara kelompok gizi normal dengan kelompok gangguan gizi usia 13-18 tahun pada penilaian gerakan bergantian (p=0,047). Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan soft sign neurology yang bermakna antara kelompok anak gizi normal dengan kelompok anak gangguan gizi terutama pada kelompok usia 5-12 tahun. Hal ini menunjukkan keterlambatan dalam maturitas SSP.

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Background: Malnutrition is associated with structural and functional pathology of the brain, which can disrupt maturity of central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, this condition will cause learning disability and influence child intellegency. One of instrument to assess maturity of the CNS by using Neurological soft signs (NSSs) which can assess abnormal of motor and sensory findings without a structural lesion in the CNS.

Aim: This study is aimed to assess association of neurodevelopment between malnutrition and normal nutrition children.

Method: This cross-sectional study used consecutive non-randomized sampling by enrolled to children range between 5-18 years old within normal nutrition and undernutrition based at Jakarta regions which had met with inclusion and exclusion criteria, and had undergone interview with their parents, 24 hours recall nutrition, and NSSs examination using Physical and Neurological Examination for Soft Sign (PANESS) instrument. PANESS consist of 43 items was used for the assesment of motor movement, graphestesia, stereognosis, balance, continuity of movement, alternating movement and string test.

Result: From total of 170 subjects, there were 135 subjects (79.4%) have NSSs, consist of 72 boys (53.3%) and 63 girls (46.7%). In normal nutrition group there were found 70 subjects (77.8%) have NSSs and at malnutrition group there were found 65 subjects (81.2%) have NSSs. It showed that there was significant difference between normal nutrition between 5-12 years old compared to malnutrition group in total assessment of graphesthesia, total balance, and total score of PANESS (P<0.05). There were significant difference between normal nutrition group of 13-18 years old with malnutrition group at alternating movement (P=0.047).

Conclusion: There is significant difference of NSSs between normal nutrition and malnutrition especially for children between 5-12 years old. This finding showed delay of the CNS maturity."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas refleks primitif pada anak usia 4-12 tahun dengan gangguan pemusatan perhatian dan hiperaktivitas (GPPH) dan tanpa GPPH serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dimana refleks yang dinilai adalah refleks Moro, asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR), symmetric tonic neck reflex (STNR), tonic labyrinthe reflex (TLR), dan spinal Galant. Hasil yang ditemukan adalah banyak anak dengan GPPH ditemukan refleks primitif, terutama ATNR. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi GPPH adalah pendidikan orangtua, pekerjaan ayah, pola asuh, kemiskinan, kesehatan ibu saat mengandung, dan paparan rokok. Diharapkan refleks primitif dijadikan sebagai pemeriksaan rutin pada anak sebelum memasuki usia sekolah.

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ABSTRACTFocus of the study was to describe primitive reflexes in 4-12 years old children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and influenced factors in ADHD emerging. It was descriptive research. Five reflexes were valued that were oro refex, asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR), symmetric tonic neck reflex (STNR), tonic labyrinthe reflex (TLR), dan spinal Galant. Results noted primitive reflexes could be found in ADHD, mainly ATNR. Parent?s education, father?s occupation, parenting, poverty, mother?s health in pregnancy, cigarette?s exposure related to persistence of primitive reflexes. We recommend primitive reflexes should be early physical assessment in children before entry school age, Focus of the study was to describe primitive reflexes in 4-12 years old children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and influenced factors in ADHD emerging. It was descriptive research. Five reflexes were valued that were oro refex, asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR), symmetric tonic neck reflex (STNR), tonic labyrinthe reflex (TLR), dan spinal Galant. Results noted primitive reflexes could be found in ADHD, mainly ATNR. Parent’s education, father’s occupation, parenting, poverty, mother’s health in pregnancy, cigarette’s exposure related to persistence of primitive reflexes. We recommend primitive reflexes should be early physical assessment in children before entry school age]"

"ABSTRAKLatihan fisik aerobik kompleks diduga lebih baik dari latihan fisik aerobik sederhana dalam meningkatkan fungsi kognisi dan neuroplastisitas pada usia pertumbuhan Tesis ini membahas efek latihan fisik aerobik kompleks yang dimulai sejak usia remaja dibandingkan dengan yang baru dimulai pada usia dewasa muda terhadap kadar PSD 95 dan fungsi kognisi mencit Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi eksperimental in vivo Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna hasil uji kognisi dan kadar PSD 95 pada mencit yang diberi latihan fisik aerobik kompleks sejak remaja dibandingkan dengan yang dimulai sejak usia dewasa muda Selain itu tidak ada perbedaan bermakna kadar PSD 95 dan fungsi kognisi antara mencit yang diberi latihan fisik aerobik kompleks dan yang sederhana Diduga latihan fisik aerobik kompleks yang tidak bervariasi dan dilakukan secara berkepanjangan dapat menimbulkan kebosanan Oleh karenanya penerapan latihan fisik aerobik kompleks yang bervariasi mungkin dapat meningkatkan fungsi kognisi karena subyek lebih termotivasi untuk melakukan latihan.

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ABSTRACT

Complex aerobic exercise was expected having better effect on cognitive function and neuroplasticity compared to simple aerobic exercise in developmental age The aim of this study was to identify the effect of complex aerobic exercise on PSD 95 and cognitive function in mice applied in adolescence age and early adult age This research was an in vivo experimental study There was no significant difference between cognitive function and PSD 95 levels in adolescence age compared to early adult age mice In addition there was no significant difference cognitive function and PSD 95 levels in mice trained with complex aerobic exercise and simple aerobic exercise It was suspected that invariability of complex aerobic exercise could induce boredom Consequently variation of complex aerobic exercise is important in order to increase motivation of the subjects in doing the exercise that could increase their cognitive function."

"ABSTRAKNervus ischiadicus tikus umum digunakan sebagai model dalam evaluasi cedera dan regenerasi saraf perifer., yang menjadi nervus tibialis dan nervus peronealis. Penilaian pemulihan fungsi saraf setelah cedera, digunakan Sciatic functional index (SFI) untuk nervus ischiadicus, tibial functional index (TFI) untuk nervus tibialis dan peroneal functional index (PFI) untuk nervus peronealis. Sedangkan informasi mengenai kisaran gerak (ROM/range of motion) fleksiektensi setiap sendi dari siklus berjalan dapat dianalisis dengan pengukuran sudut pergelangan kaki belakang.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental analitik yang bertujuan mengetahui korelasi antara tingkat pemulihan nervus ischiadicus pasca cedera akut dengan TFI, PFI, dan sudut sendi pergelangan kaki belakang. Dua belas ekor tikus jantan Sprague Dawley dibagi menjadi kelompok cedera (nervus ischiadicus dipotong dan dijahit kembali; n=6) dan sham (n=6), diobservasi pemulihannya hingga hari ke-59 dengan jarak antar pemeriksaan tujuh hari. Pemulihan fungsi dinilai dengan melakukan analisis berjalan yang meliputi analisis jejak kaki dan sudut sendi dengan serial foto.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan pemulihan nervus ischiadicus diikuti dengan perbaikan nilai TFI dan PFI, dengan kecepatan perbaikan nilai PFI mendahului TFI. Analisis Spearman menunjukkan korelasi kuat antara tingkat pemulihan dengan TFI (r=0,978) dan PFI (r=0.836). Tingkat pemulihan juga berkorelasi dengan sudut pergelangan kaki, yaitu fase midstance (MSt; r = 0.438). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemulihan nervus ischiadicus akan diikuti dengan pemulihan cabang-cabangnya, dengan pemulihan cabang peroneal lebih cepat dibandingkan cabang tibial.

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ABSTRACT

The sciatic nerve (nervus ischiadicus) of rats is commonly used as the model in the evaluation of injury and peripheral nerves. This nerve branches into tibial nerve and peroneal nerve. In the assessment of nerve function recovery level post injury, Sciatic functional index (SFI) is used to analyze sciatic nerve, tibial functional index (TFI) is to assess tibial nerve, and peroneal functional index (PFI) is to examine peroneal nerve. The information on the ROM (range of motion) of the flexion and extension of each joint at each phase of the walking gait cycle can be analyzed by measuring the ankle joint angle of the hind foot.

This study is an analytical and experimental research aiming to discover the correlation between the recovery level of acute sciatic nerve injury and TFI, PFI, and the ankle joint angle of the hind foot. Twelve male Sprague dawley rats were divided into injury group (the sciatic nerve was cut and had end-to-end nerve repair; n=6) and sham group (n=6); their recoveries were observed periodically until the 59th day with seven day distance between each examination. Functional recovery level was assessed by conducting walking gait analysis which included the analysis of footprints and ankle joint angle with a series of photos.

The results of the study showed that the increase in the recovery level of the sciatic nerve is followed by the improvement of TFI and PFI values, with the improvement of PFI value being faster than that of TFI value. Analysis using the Spearman test showed the strong correlation between recovery level and TFI (r = 0,978) and PFI (r = 0.836). Recovery level also correlates with ankle joint angle, which is at the midstance phase (MSt; r = 0.438). The study results pointed out that the recovery level of sciatic nerve will be followed by the recovery level of its branches, with peroneal branch recovering faster than tibial branch."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Neuropati perifer merupakan komplikasi neurologis tersering pada pasien HIV. Stavudin, yang dikaitkan dengan risiko neuropati perifer, mulai ditinggalkan sebagai pilihan pertama terapi antiretroviral. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui angka kejadian neuropati pada pasien HIV dalam terapi antiretroviral non stavudin menggunakan multimodalitas pemeriksaan, dan faktor risiko yang berhubungan.Metode Penelitian: Penelitian berdesain potong lintang menggunakan data sekunder dari penelitian JakCCANDO ditambah dengan data primer dari pasien HIV dalam terapi antiretroviral non stavudin minimal 12 bulan yang berobat di Unit Pelayanan Tepadu (UPT) HIV Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSUPNCM). Anamnesis dan penelusuran data faktor risiko, skrining klinis Brief Peripheral Neuropathy Screen (BPNS), elektroneurografi, dan Stimulated Skin Wrinkling (SSW) dengan krim lidokain:prilokain 5% dilakukan pada setiap subjek penelitian. Data dianalisis dengan SPSS 17.0.Hasil: Angka kejadian polineuropati simetris distal (PSD) pada 68 subjek penelitian berdasarkan BPNS, elektroneurografi, SSW, dan kombinasi ketiga modalitas ialah 16,2%, 25%, 29,4%, dan 52,9%. Subjek dengan CD4 nadir kurang dari 50 sel/l memiliki risiko PSD sebesar 2,85 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok subjek dengan CD4 nadir yang lebih tinggi (IK 95% 1,99-8,29). Subjek yang memiliki tinggi badan lebih dari sama dengan 170 cm (p<0,03) dan viral load lebih dari sama dengan 35.000 kopi/ml (p<0,05) memiliki rerata kecepatan hantar saraf sensorik tungkai bawah lebih rendah dibandingkan subjek dengan tinggi badan dan viral load yang lebih rendah.Kesimpulan: Angka kejadian neuropati perifer pada pasien HIV masih cukup tinggi yaitu 52,9% dari subjek penelitian, meskipun stavudin tidak lagi digunakan. Penggunaan multimodalitas pemeriksaan memberikan kemampuan deteksi neuropati lebih banyak dibandingkan modalitas pemeriksaan tunggal. Subjek dengan CD4 nadir kurang dari 50 sel/l, 2,85 kali lebih berisiko mengalami PSD. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara tinggi badan lebih dari sama dengan 170 cm dan viral load lebih dari sama 35.000 kopi/ml terhadap abnormalitas parameter elektroneurografi saraf sensorik tungkai bawah.

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ABSTRACT

Background: Peripheral neuropathy was a common neurologic complications in HIV patients. Stavudine, which was often associated with neuropathy risk, is no longer used as first line HAART. This study was aimed to determine prevalence of neuropathy in HIV patients receving HAART without stavudine using multi modalities examination, and associated risk factors.

Materials and Method: A cross-sectional study was undertaken using secondary data from JakCCANDO study subjects and primary data from HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy without stavudine for minimum 12 months in Integrated HIV Outpatient Clinics of Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital. All subjects were performed history taking, Brief Peripheral Neuropathy Screen (BPNS), electroneurography, and Stimulated Skin Wrinkling (SSW) using lidocaine:prilocaine 5% cream. Data analysis was done using SPSS 17.0.

Results:Prevalence of symmetric distal polyneuropathy (DSP) from 68 study subjects based on BPNS, electroneurography, SSW, and combination of three modalities were 16,2%, 25%, 29,4%, and 52,9%. Subjects with nadir CD4 less than 50 cells/l were at increased risk of DSP 2,85 times larger than subjects with higher nadir CD4 (CI 95% 1,99-8,29). Subjects with a height of equal or more than 170 cm (p<0,03) and viral load of equal or more than 35.000 copies/ml (p<0,05) had significantly decrease mean of lower extremities sensory nerve conduction velocities based on electroneurography compared to subjects with lower height and viral load.

Conclusions: Peripheral neuropathy remained a numerous neurological complication, as much as 52,9% of study subjects, even when stavudine was no longer used. Multiple diagnostic tools used in this study gave higher neuropathy number compared to single diagnostic modality. Subjects with nadir CD4 less than 50 cells/l had 2,85 times higher risk of having DSP. There were also correlation between height equal or more than 170 cm and viral load equal or more than 35.000 copies/ml with electroneurographic parameter abnormalities of sensory nerve in lower extremities."

"Peningkatan harapan hidup manusia akan menambah populasi lanjut usia diikuti dengan peningkatan problem, antara lain penurunan fungsi kognitif. Salah satu faktor risiko penurunan fungsi kognitif ialah social engagement yang dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan tempat tinggal. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode cross sectional di kelurahan Jelambar dan Jelambar Baru, Jakarta atas 286 lanjut usia yang tinggal di keluarga dan di panti werdha menunjukkan adanya pengaruh social engagement terhadap fungsi kognitif lanjut usia, terutama di kalangan panti werdha. Social engagement buruk berhubungan dengan gangguan fungsi kognitif setelah dikendalikan oleh aktivitas kognitif, khususnya pada kelompok social engagement buruk dan tinggal di panti; di kelompok lanjut usia perempuan, social engagement buruk berhubungan dengan fungsi kognitif lebih rendah. Komponen social engagement yang paling berperan terhadap fungsi kognitif para lanjut usia adalah aktivitas di masyarakat dan keanggotaan di kelompok masyarakat lain. Kegiatan ke luar rumah dan berbelanja, dan kerja sukarela/amal merupakan komponen aktivitas di masyarakat yang paling berpengaruh. Di kalangan perempuan, komponen social engagement yang paling berpengaruh adalah keanggotaan di kelompok lain. Aktivitas kognitif yang terbesar pengaruhnya adalah masak sendiri dan menonton siaran televisi berita.

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The increase of life expectancy brings a problem of elderly, among others is problem of cogntive decline. One of the risk factors for cognitive decline is social engagement which can be influenced by living environment. This research was done with cross sectional method in kelurahan Jelambar and Jelambar Baru with 286 respondents living in family and institution. Social disengagement was associated with lower cognitive function, especially in institution, influenced by cognitive activity. Among women, social disengagement was associated with lower cognitive function. The most important component of social engagement are to become a member of social club and active in the community, especially outdoor activities and doing shopping for daily needs. Among women, the most important component of social engagement is to become a member of social club. Cognitive activity with biggest influence on cognitve function are self-cooking and watching news in television."

"Olahraga aerobik terbukti mampu meningkatkan struktur dan fungsi kognitif. Data tentang jenis olahraga aerobik yang terbaik untuk menjaga keseimbangan oksidatif, serta memicu angiogenesis dan neuroplastisitas di berbagai regio otak masih terbatas. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh olahraga aerobik halang rintang terhadap kadar neuroglobin otak, protein pemicu angiogenesis, neuroplastisitas di hipokampus dan korteks prefrontal, serta fungsi memori relasional. Mencit Mus musculus CBS-Swiss strain jantan berusia 10 bulan dilatih berlari di roda berjalan yang diberi halang rintang, berlari dengan kecepatan 10 m/menit, 30 menit/hari, 5 hari/minggu sambil melewati halang rintang untuk setiap 78 cm. Tiga jenis halang rintang diganti setiap 3 hari. Kelompok pembanding adalah mencit yang berlari dengan kecepatan dan waktu yang sama, namun tanpa halang rintang, serta kelompok kontrol yang tidak berolahraga. Kadar neuroglobin otak tidak berbeda bermakna pada tiga kelompok mencit. Latihan lari halang rintang memberikan efek lebih baik dibanding lari tanpa halang rintang pada kadar developmentally regulated brain protein-A (drebrin-A) di hipokampus. Kedua kelompok olahraga memiliki efek yang lebih baik dibanding kontrol pada ekspresi vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), kadar drebrin-A, dan paired associative cognitive test. Olahraga aerobik kompleks memicu neuroplastisitas yang lebih baik dibanding aerobik sederhana di hipokampus. Kedua tipe olahraga aerobik mampu meningkatkan angiogenesis dan neuroplastisitas di otak, dan meningkatkan kemampuan memori relasional. Olahraga aerobik tidak meningkatkan kadar neuroglobin secara bermakna. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa intensitas olahraga aerobik memberikan efek hipoksia yang dapat ditoleransi oleh jaringan otak.

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Aerobic exercise has been proven to improve of cognitive structure and function. Study about the type of aerobic exercise affects on angiogenesis, neuroplasticity and oxidative homeostasis in brain?s specific regions is still limited. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of hurdle aerobic exercise on brain neuroglobin level, angiogenesis and neuroplasticity proteins in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and relational memory among middle aged CBS-Swiss strain mice. Mice, age 10 months were subjected to hurdle running wheel for 8 weeks. They ran at speed of 10 m/min, 30 min/day, and 5 days/week with hurdles for every 78 cm. Three types of hurdles were changed for every 3 days. Another group of same age mice ran at same speed, time, and period, without hurdle as comparison, while other control group never exercises. The hurdle group exercise has significant higher level of developmentally regulated brain protein-A (drebrin- A) in hippocampus compared to non-hurdle group. Both of exercise groups have significant higher ability on paired associative cognitive test, and they have significant higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and higher level of drebrin-A compared to control. Neuroglobin level was not significant different among of all groups. More complex aerobic exercise has better effect on hippocampus neuroplasticity. Both of aerobic exercise has better effect on angiogenesis and neuroplasticity in the brain, and also on cognitive function. Aerobic exercise does not resulting high hypoxic stress and could be tolerated by brain."

"ABSTRAKStudi ini menguji pengaruh faktor biologi tekanan darah sistolik , faktor psikologi trait neuroticism dan trait extraversion serta faktor sosial status sosial-ekonomi dan status sosial-subyektif terhadap persepsi dan ekspresi rasa sakit. Partisipan N=201 berasal dari dua kelompok sosial-ekonomi, yaitu bawah dan atas. Rasa sakit diinduksi oleh tes cold-pressor yang secara signifikan meningkatkan tekanan darah, persepsi sakit dan kecemasan. Terdapat pengaruh neuroticism terhadap peningkatan persepsi sakit afektif dan kecemasan. Terdapat pengaruh langsung trait kepribadian neuroticism terhadap persepsi rasa sakit sensoris, yang kemudian persepsi sakit afektif. Neuroticism mempengaruhi ekspresi sakit pada wajah secara tidak langsung. Tidak ditemukan pengaruh langsung extraversion terhadap persepsi sakit sensoris. Temuan ini menegaskan peran dimensi afektif-motivasional dari pengalaman sakit. Indeks Ekspresi kesakitan pada wajah perlu dikembangkan lebih lanjut dalam konteks masyarakat Indonesia sebagai alternatif pengukuran rasa sakit. Kata kunci: ekspresi wajah; kecemasan, persepsi sakit; tes cold-pressor;neuroticism

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ABSTRACTThe study examined the effects of biological factor systolic blood pressure , psychological neuroticism and extraversion traits of personality , and social factor socio economic status and subjective social status on perception and expression of cold pressor pain. Two hundreds and one participants from upper and lower socio economic status were recruited. Pain induced by cold pressor significantly increased blood pressure and heart rate, pain perception and state anxiety during the test. There were effects of neuroticism on increasing affective pain perception and state anxiety during the test. There was a direct effect of neuroticism on sensory pain perception, which later had direct effects on state anxiety, systolic blood pressure and also on affective pain perception. There was an indirect effect of neuroticism on pain expression. There was no direct neither indirect effects of extraversion on pain perception. The study confirmed the important role of affective motivational dimension of pain. The possibility to develop the imdex of pain expression specified for Indonesians was discussed"