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Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Mahkota dewa, [Phaleria macrocarpa (Schaff.) Boerl.] merupakan tumbuhan asli Indonesia yang berasal dari Papua. Tumbuhan ini dikenal di Indonesia, secara empiris banyak digunakan untuk mengobati berbagai penyakit. Uji in vitro menunjukkan bahwa mahkota dewa dapat menghambat pertumbuhan set HeLa dan leukemia. Tujuan : Meneliti aktivitas antikanker ekstrak etanol daging buah mahkota dewa [Phaleria macrocarpa (Schaff) Hoed.] terhadap tumor kelenjar susu mencit C3H, yang diinduksi dengan cara transplant. Rancangan penelitian : 32 mencit C3H dibagi secara acak dalam 4 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol dan ketiga kelompok uji yang diberikan ekstrak etanol 70 % daging buah mahkota dewa dengan dosis Di (20 kali dosis manusia), D2 (40 kali dosis manusia), dan D3 (80 kali dosis manusia) per oral selama 30 hari berturut-turut, setelah transplantasi tumor. Pertumbuhan tumor diamati dengan mengukur volume dan berat tumor. Proliferasi set tumor diketahui dengan menghitung butir-butir AgNOR setelah dipulas dengan perak nitrat koloidal. Set yang mengalami apoptosis diketahui dengan menghitung indeks apoptosis setelah dipulas dengan Tunel. Luas area nekrosis dianalisis dari pulasan FEE. Hasil dan Kesimpulan : Hasil analisis varian menunjukkan bahwa secara statistik tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada volume tumor, berat tumor, nilai AgNOR, dan area nekrosis antara kelompok kontrol dengan ketiga kelompok uji (p>O,OS) kecuali pada indeks apoptosis, menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok 80 kali dosis manusia dibandingkan kontrol (p<0,05). Disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak etanol daging buah mahkota dewa dengan dosis 20 kali, 40 kali dan 80 kali dosis manusia selama 30 hari berturut-turut setelah transplantasi tumor, tidak menghambat pertumbuhan tumor kelenjar susu mencit C3H yang diinduksi dengan cara transplant (p>0,05) namun terjadi peningkatan apoptosis secara bermakna (p<0,05) pada dosis 80 kali dosis manusia.

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Background: Mahkota dewa, [Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.] is an Indonesian indigenous plant from Papua. This plant is famous in Indonesia, empirically used to treat many diseases. In vitro study indicated that mahkota dewa could inhibit the growth of HeLa and leukaemic cells. Aims : The present study was designed to investigate the anticancer activity of ethanol extract of mahkota dewa mesocarp fruit [Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.] , using in vivo experiment model of C3H mouse mammary tumor induced by transplantation. Design :Thirty two C3H mice were randomly devided into 4 groups i.e. control and 3 groups of mice orally treated with 70 % ethanol extract of mahkota dewa mesocarp fruit, Dl (equivalent to 20 times human dose), D2 (equivalent to 40 times human dose) and D3 (equivalent to 80 times human dose) for 30 consecutive days, after tumor transplantation. Body weight and tumor volume periodically measured every week. Tumor weight was measured after the animal was sacrificed, fixed in formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin for histological preparation. The proliferation activity of tumor cell was examined by counting the AgNOR deposits detected after colloidal AgNOR staining. Index apoptosis was assessed by mean of Tunel method, and the width of necrotic area was identified by hematoxyllen eosin of the histological specimen. Result and Conclusion : The result of analysis of variants showed that there were no statistical differences in tumor volume, tumor weights, AgNOR values and in the necrotic area among control and the three treated groups (p>0,05), except in the index apoptosis between control and D3 groups (p<0,05). It can be concluded that oral administration of 3 doses of ethanol extract of mahkota dewa mesocarp fruit [Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.] 20, 40 and 80 times human dose for 30 consecutive days did not prevent the C3H mouse mammary tumor growth induced by transplantation (p>0,05) but there was the increased apoptosis in the group of receiving the fruit extract of 80 times human dose (p<0,05).

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Buah Merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) merupakan salah satu kekayaan biodiversitas alam Indonesia khas Papua yang sejak lama dikonsumsi sebagai makanan dan dikenal memiliki khasiat obat antara lain terhadap penyakit keganasan. Namun disisi lain, dasar ilmiah cara pengobatan tersebut belum diketahui secara pasti sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian bagi pembenaran ilmiah pemakaian tanaman obat tersebut. Minyak Buah Merah diketahui mengandung beta karoten dan tokoferol yang tinggi. Berbagai penelitian menunjukkan tokoferol dapat menghambat pertumbuhan kanker payudara manusia pada kultur melalui induksi berhentinya sintesis DNA, diferensiasi sal, dan apoptosis. Karotenoid menurunkan pertumbuhan tumor payudara, meningkatkan ekspresi gen proapoptosis p53 dan BAX, menurunkan ekspresi gen antiapoptosis Bcl-2, dan meningkatkan rasio BAX:Bcl-2 pada tumor. Gen .repressor p53 dapat menginduksi cell cycle arrest sehingga memungkinkan terjadinya perbaikan DNA dan apoptosis. Tujuan: mengetahui pengaruh pemberian MBM per oral sebanyak 0,5ml, Iml, dan 2ml terhadap aktivitas apoptosis dan pertumbuhan tumor kelenjar susu mencit C3H. Rancangan penelitian: merupakan penelitian in vivo, digunakan 4 kelompok, 3 kelompok uji dan 1 kelompok kontrol, masing-masing 10 ulangan. Aktivitas apoptosis dilihat melalui indeks apoptosis menggunakan uji TUNEL. Perturnbuhan tumor dinilai dengan melihat aktivitas proliferasi menggunakan pulasan histokimia AgNOR. Selanjutnya dicari kemaknaan antara indeks apoptosis dan nilai AgNOR dart kelompok kontrol dan kelompok uji. Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Analisis varian menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara indeks volume, berat, dan indeks apoptosis kelompok kontrol dan kelompok uji (p>0.05) walaupun ada kecnderungan adanya peningkatan aktivitas apoptosis pada mencit yang medapatkan MBM. Sebaliknya terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna (p<0,05) antara nilai AgNOR kelompok kontrol dan kelompok uji. Dan hasil uji multiple comparison untuk menetapkan dosis optimal dart ketiga dosis (0,5m1, 1 ml, 2m1), didapatkan bahwa dosis 2m1 terbukti bermakna secara statistik menurunkan proliferasi. Dengan demikian pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan adanya efek penekanan aktivitas proliferasi pada mencit yang mendppatkan MBM per oral dengan dosis optimal 2m1.

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Background: Red Papua (RP) is one of the Indonesian natural properties. Originally, RP comes from Papua province. It is consumed by Papua people as daily food since a long time ago. RP is considered to be cancer medicine, particularly for breast cancer treatment. Alternatively, the justification on the use of RP as an anti cancer has not been established yet. Hence, scientific evidence on anticancer effect of RP is necessary. The previous study suggests that Red Papua Oil (RPO) contains a huge amount of carotene and of tocopherol. Some studies indicate that tocopherol can inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cell culture by prohibiting of DNA synthesis, induction of cell differentiation and apoptosis. Carotene reduces the rate of growth of breast tumor, improves gene expression of pro-apoptosis and p53 of BAX, degrades gene expression of anti-apoptosis Bcl-2, and increases the ratio of BAX: BCL-2. P53 gene can induce arrest cycle cell so that it enables cells to repair the DNA and generate apoptosis. Aims: to identify the influence of RPO intake of 0,5m1, 1m1, and 2ml doses per oral on apoptosis and its effect on tumor growth in mammary gland tumor of C3H strain mouse. Method: Twenty-four mice were randomly divided into four groups, three groups of RPO-treated groups and one control group. After tumor was transplanted, the three doses of RPO were given to the three groups. By twenty-eight day treatment, apoptosis and proliferation activities were measured_ TUNEL essay was used to detect apoptotic activity_ The tumor growth, which was determined by proliferation activity, was assessed by a histochemical technique, AgNOR (silver-staining nucleolar organizer regions). Statistical significance of Apoptosis Index (AI) and AgNOR value in control and groups treated with varied doses of RPO were calculated Results and Conclusion: Variant analysis indicated that there was no significant difference of volume, weight and AI among control group and treated groups (p>0.05). However, there was a tendency to an increased apoptotic activity on the treated groups. On the contrary, AgNOR values were significantly different (p

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar belakang: Fibroadenoma dan tumor filodes jinak merupakan tumor fibroepitelial dengan gambaran histopatologik yang tumpang tindih. Saat ini banyak pengambilan jaringan tumor payudara secara core biopsy, termasuk pada tumor fibroepitelial. Jumlah jaringan yang sedikit dan gambaran histopatologik yang tumpang tindih sering menyulitkan Dokter Spesialis Patologi Anatomik dalam menentukan diagnosis fibroadenoma dan tumor filodes jinak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran histopatologik apa saja yang bermakna untuk mendiagnosis fibroadenoma dan tumor filodes jinak dan untuk menguji apakah diagnosis fibroadenoma dan tumor filodes jinak pada core biopsy dengan menggunakan sistem skoring lebih baik dibandingan tanpa skoring. Bahan dan cara: Penelitian ini merupakan suatu uji diagnostik. 57 kasus fibroadenoma dan tumor filodes jinak yang memiliki slaid core biopsy dan mastektomi/lumpektomi/eksisi dinilai ulang tanpa sistem skoring dan menggunakan skoring. Gambaran histopatologik yang dinilai pada sistem skoring adalah selularitas stroma, atipia inti, fragmentasi jaringan, infiltrasi lemak, mitosis dan heterogenitas stroma. Kemudian dilakukan analisis statistik, uji diagnostik dan uji kappa. Hasil: Selularitas stroma, heterogenitas stroma dan fragmentasi jaringan lebih sering ditemukan pada tumor filodes jinak dan berbeda bermakna (p=0,001; p=0,000; p=0,021). Spesifisitas pada sistem skoring meningkat sebesar 17,9%. Nilai duga positif dan nilai duga negatif pada sistem skoring meningkat sebesar 11,9% dan 5,1%. Area under curve (AUC) meningkat 8,9%. Uji Cohen?s kappa antara diagnosis core biopsy tanpa dan dengan skoring bernilai rendah (0,545). Kesimpulan: Adanya peningkatan spesifisitas, nilai duga positif dan AUC menunjukkan bahwa penilaian core biopsy sistem skoring lebih baik dibandingkan tanpa skoring dan dapat menjadi acuan untuk diagnosis fibroadenoma dan tumor filodes jinak. ABSTRACT
Background: Fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor are kinds of fibroepithelial tumor which have overlapping histopathological features. Recently, core biopsy is commonly performed to determine breast tumor, including fibroepithelial tumor. Small amount of tissue and overlapped histopathological features often complicate the Pathologist in diagnosing both. This study aims to describe the histopathological appearance which needed to diagnose fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor and to verify if the diagnosis of fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor in core biopsy using scoring system is more accurate than without scoring system.

Method: This study was a diagnostic test, in which 57 cases of fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor which had undergone core biopsy and mastectomy/excision were re-assessed using and without using scoring system. Histopathologic features which assessed using scoring system were stromal cellularity, nuclear atypia, tissue fragmentation, fat infiltration, mitotic figure, stromal heterogeneity. Analytical statistic, diagnostic test, accuracy test and Kappa test were done.

Results: Stromal cellularity, stromal heterogeneity and tissue fragmentation mostly found in benign phyllodes tumor and significantly different (p=0,001; p=0,000; p=0,021).There were significant differences between stromal cellularity (p=0,001), stromal heterogeneity (p=0,000), and tissue fragmentation (p=0,021) in diagnosis of benign phyllodes tumor. Specificity in scoring system increased by 17,9 %. Positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy increased in scoring system (11,9% and 5,1%). Area under curve (AUC) increased by 8,9%. Cohen's Kappa test between core biopsy diagnosis without using and using scoring system had low result(0,545).

Conclusion: The increasing of specificity, positive predictive value, accuracy and AUC proved that core biopsy with scoring system is more accurate than without scoring. This can be used as reference to diagnose fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor.;Background: Fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor are kinds of fibroepithelial tumor which have overlapping histopathological features. Recently, core biopsy is commonly performed to determine breast tumor, including fibroepithelial tumor. Small amount of tissue and overlapped histopathological features often complicate the Pathologist in diagnosing both. This study aims to describe the histopathological appearance which needed to diagnose fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor and to verify if the diagnosis of fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor in core biopsy using scoring system is more accurate than without scoring system.

Method: This study was a diagnostic test, in which 57 cases of fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor which had undergone core biopsy and mastectomy/excision were re-assessed using and without using scoring system. Histopathologic features which assessed using scoring system were stromal cellularity, nuclear atypia, tissue fragmentation, fat infiltration, mitotic figure, stromal heterogeneity. Analytical statistic, diagnostic test, accuracy test and Kappa test were done.

Results: Stromal cellularity, stromal heterogeneity and tissue fragmentation mostly found in benign phyllodes tumor and significantly different (p=0,001; p=0,000; p=0,021).There were significant differences between stromal cellularity (p=0,001), stromal heterogeneity (p=0,000), and tissue fragmentation (p=0,021) in diagnosis of benign phyllodes tumor. Specificity in scoring system increased by 17,9 %. Positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy increased in scoring system (11,9% and 5,1%). Area under curve (AUC) increased by 8,9%. Cohen's Kappa test between core biopsy diagnosis without using and using scoring system had low result(0,545).

Conclusion: The increasing of specificity, positive predictive value, accuracy and AUC proved that core biopsy with scoring system is more accurate than without scoring. This can be used as reference to diagnose fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor.;Background: Fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor are kinds of fibroepithelial tumor which have overlapping histopathological features. Recently, core biopsy is commonly performed to determine breast tumor, including fibroepithelial tumor. Small amount of tissue and overlapped histopathological features often complicate the Pathologist in diagnosing both. This study aims to describe the histopathological appearance which needed to diagnose fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor and to verify if the diagnosis of fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor in core biopsy using scoring system is more accurate than without scoring system.

Method: This study was a diagnostic test, in which 57 cases of fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor which had undergone core biopsy and mastectomy/excision were re-assessed using and without using scoring system. Histopathologic features which assessed using scoring system were stromal cellularity, nuclear atypia, tissue fragmentation, fat infiltration, mitotic figure, stromal heterogeneity. Analytical statistic, diagnostic test, accuracy test and Kappa test were done.

Results: Stromal cellularity, stromal heterogeneity and tissue fragmentation mostly found in benign phyllodes tumor and significantly different (p=0,001; p=0,000; p=0,021).There were significant differences between stromal cellularity (p=0,001), stromal heterogeneity (p=0,000), and tissue fragmentation (p=0,021) in diagnosis of benign phyllodes tumor. Specificity in scoring system increased by 17,9 %. Positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy increased in scoring system (11,9% and 5,1%). Area under curve (AUC) increased by 8,9%. Cohen's Kappa test between core biopsy diagnosis without using and using scoring system had low result(0,545).

Conclusion: The increasing of specificity, positive predictive value, accuracy and AUC proved that core biopsy with scoring system is more accurate than without scoring. This can be used as reference to diagnose fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor.;Background: Fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor are kinds of fibroepithelial tumor which have overlapping histopathological features. Recently, core biopsy is commonly performed to determine breast tumor, including fibroepithelial tumor. Small amount of tissue and overlapped histopathological features often complicate the Pathologist in diagnosing both. This study aims to describe the histopathological appearance which needed to diagnose fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor and to verify if the diagnosis of fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor in core biopsy using scoring system is more accurate than without scoring system.

Method: This study was a diagnostic test, in which 57 cases of fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor which had undergone core biopsy and mastectomy/excision were re-assessed using and without using scoring system. Histopathologic features which assessed using scoring system were stromal cellularity, nuclear atypia, tissue fragmentation, fat infiltration, mitotic figure, stromal heterogeneity. Analytical statistic, diagnostic test, accuracy test and Kappa test were done.

Results: Stromal cellularity, stromal heterogeneity and tissue fragmentation mostly found in benign phyllodes tumor and significantly different (p=0,001; p=0,000; p=0,021).There were significant differences between stromal cellularity (p=0,001), stromal heterogeneity (p=0,000), and tissue fragmentation (p=0,021) in diagnosis of benign phyllodes tumor. Specificity in scoring system increased by 17,9 %. Positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy increased in scoring system (11,9% and 5,1%). Area under curve (AUC) increased by 8,9%. Cohen's Kappa test between core biopsy diagnosis without using and using scoring system had low result(0,545).

Conclusion: The increasing of specificity, positive predictive value, accuracy and AUC proved that core biopsy with scoring system is more accurate than without scoring. This can be used as reference to diagnose fibroadenoma and benign phyllodes tumor.

Abstrak :

Cedera hati kronis dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai infeksi, gangguan metabolik, toksin atau gangguan sirkulasi yang jika berlanjut dapat menjadi cedera hati parah sampai sirosis hati jika tidak mendapat pengobatan yang adekuat. Disamping itu, hati memiliki kemampuan regenerasi yang tinggi untuk membantu pemulihan pasca cedera. Berbagai model cedera hati hewan coba tikus secara khusus dibuat untuk menyerupai penyakit hati kronis pada manusia. Pada penelitian ini, dikembangkan model hewan coba untuk mempelajari proses regenerasi hati menggunakan 2-AAF/CCl₄. 2-Acetylaminoflourene (2-AAF) yang menghambat proliferasi hepatosit, sedangkan Carbon tetrachlorida (CCl₄) digunakan untuk menginduksi fibrosis hati dan sirosis hati. Setelah pembuatan model hewan coba 2-AAF/CCl₄ kemudian diberikan sel punca mesenkimal asal tali pusat manusia dengan harapan dapat memberikan efek positif pada cedera hati kronis yang dinilai dari parameter kadar ALT, Albumin, perubahan anatomi dan histologi dari jaringan hati tikus. Dalam penelitian ini, dalam pembuatan model hewan coba menggunakan tikus winstar jantan dengan pemberian CCl₄ dua kali seminggu (2ml/kg) diencerkan dalam olive oil, pemberian secara subkutan selama 12 minggu. Kemudian dikombinasikan dengan 2-AAF setiap hari diencerkan dalam polietilen glikol, pemberian secara intragastrik. Kelompok percobaan terlihat peningkatan kadar ALT, tidak ada perbedaan untuk kadar Albumin, perubahan warna hati menjadi lebih terang dengan permukaan kasar dan bernodul serta memiliki ukuran lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kontrol yang memiliki hati dengan warna merah gelap, permukaan licin tanpa nodul. Selanjutnya dilakukan juga pemeriksaan histopatologis dengan pewarnaan HE, masson trichome dan imunohistokimia (ekspresi kaspase 3), didapatkan hasil yang menunjukkan adanya kerusakan hati (fat degeneration, nekrosis, cell swelling, inflamasi dan fibrosis hati, serta kematian hepatosit). Pada kelompok yang diberikan sel punca asal tali pusat manusia dapat memperbaiki kerusakan hati yang ditandai dengan kecenderungan penurunan kadar ALT, kecenderungan peningkatan kadar albumin, perbaikan anatomi berupa warna hati merah gelap dengan permukaan licin, perubahan histologi yaitu perbaikan jaringan, penurunan derajat fibrosis dan penurunan kematian sel.

 

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Chronic liver injury can be caused by a variety of infections, metabolic disorders, toxins or circulatory disorders which, if it continues, can become severe liver injury to cirrhosis of the liver if it does not receive adequate treatment. Besides that, the liver has a high regeneration ability to help with post-injury recovery. Various models of animal liver injury in rats tried specifically made to resemble chronic liver disease in humans. In this research, an experimental animal model was developed to study the process of liver regeneration using 2-AAF/CCl₄. 2-Acetylaminoflourene (2-AAF) which inhibits hepatocyte proliferation, while Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) is used to induce liver fibrosis and liver cirrhosis. After making 2-AAF/CCl₄ experimental animal models, human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells were given in the hope that they would have a positive effect on chronic liver injury assessed by parameters of ALT, albumin, anatomic and histological changes in rat liver tissue. In this study, in making animal models using male winstar rats by administering CCl₄ twice a week (2ml/kg) diluted in olive oil, administering subcutaneously for 12 weeks. Then combined with 2-AAF daily diluted in polyethylene glycol, administered intragastrically. The experimental group saw an increase in ALT levels, there was no difference in albumin levels, changes in the color of the liver became brighter with rough and boiled surfaces and had a larger size compared to controls that had hearts with dark red, slippery surfaces without nodules. Histopathological examination was also performed by staining HE, masson trichome and immunohistochemistry (expression of caspase 3), the results showed liver damage (fat degeneration, necrosis, cell swelling, inflammation and fibrosis of the liver, and death of hepatocytes). In groups given human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells can repair liver damage marked by a tendency to decrease ALT levels, tendency to increase albumin levels, anatomic improvements in the form of dark red heart color with a slippery surface, histological changes, namely tissue repair, decreased degrees of fibrosis and decreased mortality cell.

Abstrak :
Buah delima (Delima (Punica granatum L.) diketahui memiliki aktivitas estrogenik dan berpotensi untuk digunakan dalam pengobatan osteoporosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi fraksi air kulit buah delima sebagai Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERMs) alami melalui penghitungan osteoblas, pengamatan uterus dan payudara. Metode ovariektomi digunakan sebagai model yang mewakili kondisi osteoporosis yang dilakukan pada 42 ekor tikus betina galur sprague dawley usia 50 hari yang terbagi dalam 7 kelompok. Yaitu sham, OVX, OVX + Estradiol (0,1 mg/KgBB), OVX + Tamoxifen (10 mg/KgBB), OVX + Fraksi air Kulit buah delima dosis 50, 100 dan 200 mg/KgBB yang diberikan secara oral. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan jumlah osteoblas pada kelompok OVX + fraksi air kulit buah delima dosis 50, 100 dan 200 mg/KgBB meningkat secara bermakna dibandingkan kelompok OVX tergantung dosis, yaitu berturut-turut sebanyak 175,32, 188,63 dan 215,90. Fraksi air kulit buah delima tidak menunjukkan adanya peningkatan berat dan ketebalan uterus dan jumlah duktus kelenjar payudara. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa fraksi air kulit buah delima berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai terapi alternatif osteoporosis pada wanita menopause.

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Pomegranate (Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is known to have estrogenic activity and has the potential to be used in the treatment of osteoporosis. This present study aims to determine the potential of water fraction from methanolic extract of pomegranate peel as natural Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) through the counting of osteoblasts, observation of uterine and mammary histology. The method ovariectomy used as a model representing osteoporosis conducted on 42 female rats Sprague Dawley strain aged 50 days were divided into 7 groups, SHAM, OVX, OVX + estradiol (0.1 mg / kg), OVX + Tamoxifen (10 mg / kg), OVX + Water Fraction of Pomegranate Peel doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg / kg administered orally. The results obtained showed that administration of water fraction of pomegranate peel doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/KgBB can significantly increase the number of osteoblasts than ovariectomized rats in a dose-dependent, with the osteoblast number consecutively 175,32, 188,63 and 215,9. Water fraction of pomegranate peel did not show any increase in the weight and thickness of the uterus and the ductus number of mammary gland. This indicates that the water fraction pomegranate peel potential to be used as an alternative therapy for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Osteoporosis pada wanita menopause terjadi karena menurunnya hormon estrogen, pada kondisi ini dikaitkan dengan peningkatan resorpsi tulang oleh osteoklas serta penurunan kadar kalsium tulang. Kulit buah delima diketahui mengandung asam elagat yang diduga berpotensi sebagai selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) alami. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat potensi yang terkandung dalam fraksi air dari ekstrak metanol kulit buah delima dalam menurunkan aktivitas osteoklas dan meningkatkan kadar kalsium tulang. Metode ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut metanol dilanjutkan dengan fraksinasi bertingkat yang dimulai dari pelarut n-heksan, etil asetat kemudian air. Studi eksperimental dengan rancangan acak lengkap in vivo pada tikus betina (Sprague-Dawley) sebanyak 42 tikus yang dibagi secara acak kedalam 7 kelompok terdiri dari: sham; OVX; ES (OVX+estradiol 0,1 mg/kg BB, p.o); TAM (OVX+tamoxifen 10 mg/kg BB, p.o); PI (OVX+fraksi air kulit buah delima 50 mg/kg BB, p.o); PII (OVX+ fraksi air kulit buah delima 100 mg/kg BB, p.o); PIII (OVX+ fraksi air kulit buah delima 200 mg/kg BB, p.o). Perlakuan dilakukan setiap hari selama 28 hari. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh bila dibandingkan dengan kelompok OVX, kelompok PIII (2,55 ± 0,70) memiliki jumlah sel osteoklas yang lebih rendah dibandingkan OVX (10,45 ± 1,55), sedangkan pada kadar kalsium tulang pemberian dosis 200 mg/kg BB pada kelompok PIII juga mengalami peningkatan sebesar 2005,96 ± 404,91 bila dibandingkan dengan OVX yang memiliki kadar kalsium tulang sebesar 1277,69 ± 322,59. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh adalah pemberian fraksi air kulit buah delima pada dosis 200 mg/kg BB mampu menurunkan jumlah sel osteoklas dan meningkatkan kadar kalsium tulang pada pada tikus yang diovariektomi.

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ABSTRACT
Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women occurs because of decreased estrogen, This condition is due to the increasment of bone resorption by osteoclasts and the decreasment of bone calcium levels. Pomegranate peel consist of ellagic acid which potentially work as a natural SERMs. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential contained in the water fraction of the methanol extract of pomegranate peel in reducing the number of osteoclasts and increasing the bone calcium levels. The extraction method was conducted using methanol solvent followed by fractionation terraced that is began from solvent n-hexane, ethyl acetate and then methanol. The number of rats female samples in this experimental studies in vivo (Sprague-Dawley) were 42 rats, which is divided into 7 groups induced by ovariectomy (OVX) except the sham group. The group consists of sham; OVX; ES (OVX + estradiol 0.1 mg / kg, body weight p.o); TAM (OVX + tamoxifen 10 mg / kg, body weight p.o); PI (OVX + water fraction of pomegranate peel 50 mg / kg, body weight p.o); PII (OVX + water fraction of pomegranate peel 100 mg / kg, body weight p.o); PIII (OVX + water fraction of pomegranate peel 200 mg / kg, body weight p.o). The treatment is done every day for 28 days. The results of the PIII group is 2,55 ± 0,70 which is lower than the OVX group (10,45 ± 1,55), whereas in bone calcium levels, dosage of 200 mg / kg body weight in PIII group showing an increase of 2005.96 ± 404.91 compared to OVX the bone calcium levels by 1277.69 ± 322.59. The conclusion is water fraction of pomegranate peel application at a dose of 200 mg / kg body weight able to reduce the num;Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women occurs because of decreased estrogen, This condition is due to the increasment of bone resorption by osteoclasts and the decreasment of bone calcium levels. Pomegranate peel consist of ellagic acid which potentially work as a natural SERMs. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential contained in the water fraction of the methanol extract of pomegranate peel in reducing the number of osteoclasts and increasing the bone calcium levels. The extraction method was conducted using methanol solvent followed by fractionation terraced that is began from solvent n-hexane, ethyl acetate and then methanol. The number of rats female samples in this experimental studies in vivo (Sprague-Dawley) were 42 rats, which is divided into 7 groups induced by ovariectomy (OVX) except the sham group. The group consists of sham; OVX; ES (OVX + estradiol 0.1 mg / kg, body weight p.o); TAM (OVX + tamoxifen 10 mg / kg, body weight p.o); PI (OVX + water fraction of pomegranate peel 50 mg / kg, body weight p.o); PII (OVX + water fraction of pomegranate peel 100 mg / kg, body weight p.o); PIII (OVX + water fraction of pomegranate peel 200 mg / kg, body weight p.o). The treatment is done every day for 28 days. The results of the PIII group is 2,55 ± 0,70 which is lower than the OVX group (10,45 ± 1,55), whereas in bone calcium levels, dosage of 200 mg / kg body weight in PIII group showing an increase of 2005.96 ± 404.91 compared to OVX the bone calcium levels by 1277.69 ± 322.59. The conclusion is water fraction of pomegranate peel application at a dose of 200 mg / kg body weight able to reduce the num, Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women occurs because of decreased estrogen, This condition is due to the increasment of bone resorption by osteoclasts and the decreasment of bone calcium levels. Pomegranate peel consist of ellagic acid which potentially work as a natural SERMs. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential contained in the water fraction of the methanol extract of pomegranate peel in reducing the number of osteoclasts and increasing the bone calcium levels. The extraction method was conducted using methanol solvent followed by fractionation terraced that is began from solvent n-hexane, ethyl acetate and then methanol. The number of rats female samples in this experimental studies in vivo (Sprague-Dawley) were 42 rats, which is divided into 7 groups induced by ovariectomy (OVX) except the sham group. The group consists of sham; OVX; ES (OVX + estradiol 0.1 mg / kg, body weight p.o); TAM (OVX + tamoxifen 10 mg / kg, body weight p.o); PI (OVX + water fraction of pomegranate peel 50 mg / kg, body weight p.o); PII (OVX + water fraction of pomegranate peel 100 mg / kg, body weight p.o); PIII (OVX + water fraction of pomegranate peel 200 mg / kg, body weight p.o). The treatment is done every day for 28 days. The results of the PIII group is 2,55 ± 0,70 which is lower than the OVX group (10,45 ± 1,55), whereas in bone calcium levels, dosage of 200 mg / kg body weight in PIII group showing an increase of 2005.96 ± 404.91 compared to OVX the bone calcium levels by 1277.69 ± 322.59. The conclusion is water fraction of pomegranate peel application at a dose of 200 mg / kg body weight able to reduce the num]

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ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Karsinoma urotelial kandung kemih merupakan kasus terbanyak di organ kandung kemih mencapai 90% kasus. Stadium dibedakan menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu non invasif jika belum menembus lapisan muskularis dan invasif jika sudah menembus lapisan muskularis. Kesintasan 5 tahun tergantung dari derajat keganasan dan stadium. Derajat keganasan rendah dan belum invasi muskuler dapat mencapai 90 %, tetapi angka rekurensi berkisar 40-60%. Derajat keganasan tinggi dan sudah invasi hanya berkisar 10-17%. Mitosis dan invasi limfovaskuler berhubungan dengan angka rekurensi tinggi. Namun masih terdapat kontroversial terhadap ekspresi Bcl-2 pada karsinoma urotelial kandung kemih. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai perbedaan ekspresi Bcl-2 dengan 4 faktor yang berhubungan dengan prognosis yaitu derajat keganasan, stadium, mitosis, dan invasi limfovaskuler. Bahan dan cara: Dilakukan penelitian deskriptif analitik secara potong lintang pada karsinoma urotelial kandung kemih tahun 2010-2014 di Departemen Patologi Anatomi FKUI/RSCM. Didapatkan 21 kasus derajat keganasan rendah dan 21 kasus derajat keganasan tinggi. Dilakukan pulasan Bcl-2 pada seluruh kasus dan dihitung persentasenya dan dilakukan skoring 0-3. Hasil: Usia terbanyak pada dekade 5 sebanyak 27 kasus. Didapatkan 4 kasus ditemukan invasi limfovaskuler. Penelitian ini mendapatkan hubungan antara mitosis dengan derajat keganasan(p:0,000)dengan koefisien korelasi 0,512 Penelitian ini mendapatkan hampir seluruh kasus mengekspresikan Bcl-2 (39 dari 42 kasus), 1 kasus tidak mengekspresikan dan 2 kasus mengekpresikan sedikit. Tidak didapatkan perbedaan antara ekspresi Bcl-2 dengan derajat keganasan (p:0,232), stadium(p:0,455), mitosis(p:0,835), dan invasi limfovaskuler(p:0,087). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan ekspresi Bcl-2 dengan derajat keganasan, stadium, mitosis, dan invasi limfovaskuler.

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ABSTRACT Background: Urothelial carcinoma comprises of 90% of all cases in bladder. There are two groups which are non invasive depend on whether the tumor has reached muscularis mucosa. 5-Years survival rate depend on grading and staging. Low malignant grade and non invasive can reach 90% survival rate, with recurrence rate 40-60%. High malignant grade and invasive tumor has only10-17% survival rate. Mitosis and lymphovascular invasion are related with recurrency. However, there are some controvesi regarding Bcl-2 expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma. This study aimed to evaluate different expression of Bcl-2 with 4 related factors contributy to survival, which are degree of malignancy, stage, mitosis, and lymphovascular invasion. Material and methods: A retrospective and cross sectional study of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder was conducted in 2010-2014 in the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of medicine / RSCM. In this study found 21 cases of low grade and 21 cases of high high grade. Bcl-2 staining performed in all cases and percentages are calculated and made scoring 0-3. Results: Most case is fifth decade as many as 27 cases. Obtained 4 cases found limfovaskuler invasion. This study obtains the relationship between mitosis with grade of tumor (p: 0.000). There were no differences between the expression of Bcl-2 with the degree of malignancy stage , mitosis and lymphovascular invasion. Conclusions: There were no associated expression of Bcl-2 with the degree of malignancy, stage, mitosis, and invasion limfovaskuler.

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ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang:Pada KKR, miofibroblas merupakan komponen sel utama dalam stroma desmoplastik yang memiliki peran penting dalam proses metastasis. Persentase antara karsinoma dengan stroma desmoplastik dikenal sebagai Carcinoma Percentage CP berperan sebagai independent predictor metastasis. D2-40/ Podoplanin PDPN dikenal sebagai marker spesifikLymphatic Endothelial Cell LEC , digunakan untuk menilai Lymphatic Microvessel Density LMVD danLymphatic Vessel Invasion LVI . Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui korelasi dan hubungan CP, LMVD dan LVI dengan metastasis sel tumor ke kelenjar getah bening KGB .Bahan dan Metode:Dilakukan penilaian CP terhadap 44 sampel adenokarsinoma Not Otherwise Specified NOS kolorektal dan pulasan D2-40/Podoplanin untuk menilai LMVD dan LVI. Uji statistik dilakukan untuk mencari korelasi antara CP dan LMVD, serta hubungan antara CP, LVI serta metastasis KGB.Hasil:Terdapat korelasi kuat antara CP dan LMVD area intratumoral dan peritumoral dengan arah korelasi negatif. Terdapat hubungan bermakna p=0,00 antara LMVD area intratumoral dan area peritumoral dengan adanya LVI. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara LVI dengan kejadian metastasis KGB p=0,03 . Area intratumoral menunjukkan hubungan bermakna dengan kejadian metastasis KGB nilai p=0,04 , sedangkan area peritumoral tidak menunjukkan hubungan bermakna nilai p=0,17 .Kesimpulan:Pemeriksaan CP pada sediaan histopatologi dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi tinggi/rendahnya kejadian metastasis sel tumor ke KGB, didasarkan adanya korelasi kuat antara CP dan LMVD. Kata kunci:Carcinoma Percentage, Lymphatic Microvessel Density, Lymphatic Vessel Invasion, Lymphatic Endothelial Cell

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ABSTRACT
Background In CRC, myofibroblast are the main component cells in tumour stroma which have an important role in the metastases process. The precentage between carcinoma and desmoplastic stroma known as Carcinoma Percentage CP , can be used as an independent predictor metastases. D2 40 Podoplanin PDPN known as a spesific marker forLymphatic Endothelial Cell LEC , which used to assess Lymphatic Microvessel Density LMVD and Lymphatic Vessel Invasion LVI . This study aims to determine correlation and association between CP, LMVD and LVI with the metastases process to lymph node LN .Materials and Methods CP assessment conducted on 44 samples of adenocarcinoma Not Otherwise Specified NOS colorectal and examination D2 40 Podoplanin to assess LMVD and LVI. The statistical test is performed to find the correlation between CP and LMVD, as well as the relationship between CP, LVI and metastasis KGB.Result There were a strong correlation between CP and LMVD intratumoral and peritumoral area with the negative correlation. There were a significant association p 0,00 between LMVD intratumoral and peritumoral area with the LVI. There was a significant association between LVI and lymph node metastases p 0,03 . Intratumoral area showed significant association with lymph node metastases nilai p 0,04 , whereas peritumoral area showed no significant association nilai p 0,17 .Conclusion CP examination in histopathology specimen can be used to predict high low rate of tumour cells metastases to the lymph node, based on a strong correlation between CP and LMVD.

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ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang:Adenokarsinoma musinosum mempunyai prognosis lebih buruk dari pada adenokarsinoma Not Otherwise Specified NOS kolorektal. Ekspresi podoplanin pada Cancer associated fibroblasts CAF dan nilai Lymphatic Microvessel Density LMVD yang tinggi merupakan petanda prognosis yang buruk. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis terhadap CAF, LMVD dan metastasis kelenjar getah bening KGB pada adenokarsinoma musinosum dan adenokarsinoma NOS. CAF merupakan komponen utama pada stroma desmoplastik yang memiliki peran penting dalam proses metastasis. LMVD merupakan penilaian densitas pembuluh limfatik pada massa tumor primer.Bahan dan Metode:Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 44 kasus yang terdiri atas 22 kasus adenokarsinoma musinosum dan 22 kasus adenokarsinoma NOS kolorektal. Pulasan podoplanin digunakan untuk melihat ekspresinya pada CAF dan nilai LMVD.Hasil:CAF yang terekspresi podoplanin pada adenokarsinoma NOS lebih tinggi daripada adenokarsinoma musinosum kolorektal p=0,000 . Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai LMVD antara adenokarsinoma NOS dengan adenokarsinoma musinosum kolorektal p=0,381 . Tidak terdapat korelasi antara CAF yang terekspresi podoplanin dengan nilai LMVD pada adenokarsinoma musinosum p=0,248 dan adenokarsinoma NOS p=0,448 . Tidak terdapat korelasi antara CAF yang terekspresi podoplanin dengan metastasis KGB pada adenokarsinoma musinosum p=0,240 dan adenokarsinoma NOS p=0,791 .Kesimpulan:Ekspresi podoplanin pada CAF pada adenokarsinoma NOS lebih tinggi daripada adenokarsinoma musinosum. Tidak terdapat korelasi antara CAF yang terekspresi podoplanin dengan LMVD dan metastasis KGB pada adenokarsinoma musinosum dan adenokarsinoma NOS. Ekspresi podoplanin pada CAF tidak dapat digunakan untuk menentukan prognosis metastasis KGB pada adenokarsinoma musinosum. Terdapat kecenderungan nilai LMVD pada adenokarsinoma musinosum sedikit lebih tinggi daripada adenokarsinoma NOS kolorektal.

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ABSTRACT
Background Mucinous adenocarcinoma has worse prognosis than the Not Otherwise Specified NOS colorectal adenocarcinoma. High expression of podoplanin in Cancer Associated Fibroblasts CAF and high lymphatic Microvessel Density LMVD values is a marker of poor prognosis. This study analyzed CAF, LMVD and lymph node metastasis in mucinous adenocarcinoma and NOS adenocarcinoma.CAF are the main component of desmoplastic stroma which have an important role in the metastatic processes. LMVD is an assessment of the density of the lymphatic vessels in the primary tumor.Materials and methods The study consists of 44 cases including 22 cases of mucinous adenocarcinoma and 22 cases of NOS adenocarcinoma colorectal. Podoplanin is used to see its expression CAF and LMVD values. Results CAF expressed podoplanin at NOS adenocarcinoma is higher than mucinous adenocarcinoma p 0.000 . There was no significant difference in LMVD values between NOS adenocarcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma p 0.381 . There was no correlation between CAF expressed podoplanin with LMVD values in mucinous adenocarcinoma p 0.248 and NOS adenocarcinoma p 0.448 . There was no significant correlation between CAF expressed podoplanin with KGB metastasis in adenocarcinoma musinosum p 0,240 and NOS adenocarcinoma p 0.791 . Conclusion CAF expressed podoplanin at NOS adenocarcinoma is higher than that of the mucinous adenocarcinoma. There is no correlation between CAF expressed podoplanin with LMVD and KGB metastasis in NOS mucinous adenocarcinoma and NOS adenocarcinoma. Podoplanin expression in CAF can not be used to determine the prognosis of KGB metastasis in mucinous adenocarcinoma. There is a tendency for LMVD values in mucinus adenocarcinoma to be slightly higher than NOS adenocarcinoma.

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Latar belakang: Rabdomiosarkoma (RMS) merupakan sarkoma yang banyak ditemukan pada anak dan dewasa muda. Secara histopatologik ada 4 tipe, yaitu embrional, alveolar, spindel, dan pleomorfik. Tipe histologi dan lokasi (favorable dan unfavorable) termasuk faktor yang menentukan prognosis RMS. Terapi kombinasi pada RMS dengan reseksi komplet, kemoterapi, dan radiasi belum meningkatkan kesintasan pasien RMS terutama pada stadium lanjut. Anti terhadap Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) telah dipakai dalam terapi untuk tumor epitelial ganas, sedangkan penggunaannya pada sarkoma masih dalam penelitian. Dalam penelitian ini dibandingkan ekspresi EGFR pada rabdomiosarkoma anak tipe embrional (RMSE) dan alveolar (RMSA) yang memiliki perbedaan prognosis, serta dilihat ekspresi EGFR pada lokasi favorable dan unfavorable. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode potong lintang dengan pemilihan sampel secara konsekutif. Sampel terdiri atas 17 kasus RMSE dan 13 kasus RMSA di Departemen Patologi Anatomik FKUI/RSCM tahun 2008-2015. Diagnosis RMSE dan RMSA ditegakkan secara histopatologi dan imunohistokimia MyoD1 dan atau desmin positif. Dilakukan pulasan imunohistokimia EGFR pada RMSE dan RMSA dengan penilaian semikuantitatif, membandingkan kedua tipe histologik dan lokasi tumor. Hasil: Ekspresi EGFR pada RMSE lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan dengan RMSA (53% vs 23%, p=0,029). Bila dihubungkan dengan lokasi, maka ekspresi EGFR pada RMSE lebih tinggi pada lokasi unfavorabe dibanding lokasi favorable (p=0,412). Ekspresi EGFR pada RMSA lebih tinggi pada lokasi favorable dibanding lokasi unfavorable (p=0,592). Kesimpulan: Ekspresi EGFR pada RMSE lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada RMSA, dengan ekspresi EGFR pada RMSE di lokasi unfavorable lebih tinggi dibanding pada lokasi favorable walaupun tidak bermakna secara statistik. ...... Background: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common sarcoma in children and young adults. Histologically, RMS is divided into 4 types: embryonal, alveolar, spindle, and pleomorphic. Histologic type and location (favorable and unfavorable) are amongst factors that determine prognosis of rabdomyosarcoma. Combined therapies on RMS which consist of complete resection, chemotherapy, and radiation do not increase the survival, especially in advanced stage. Anti-EGFR therapy has been used in epithelial tumor, while its use in sarcoma is still in research. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of EGFR in rhabdomyosarcoma embryonal type (ERMS) and alveolar type (ARMS) which have different prognosis; and comparing EGFR expression in favorable and unfavorable locations. Method: This was a restropective cross sectional study, using consecutive sampling. The cases consist of 17 ERMS and 13 ARMS in Departement of Anatomical Pathology FMUI/RSCM 2008-2015. ERMS and ARMS was diagnosed by histopathology and confirmed by immunostaining, MyoD1 and or desmin positive. EGFR immunostaining was performed and scored semiquantitatively, and compared the 2 histologic types and location. Results: There was differences between EGFR expression on ERMS and ARMS (p=0.029). EGFR expression on ERMS was more frequent in unfavorable location than favorable location (p=0.412). EGFR expression on ARMS was more frequent in favorable location than unfavorable location (p=0.592). Conclusions: Expression EGFR on ERMS was more frequent than ARMSA. RMSE on unfavorable location tented to express EGFR more frequent even did not reach statistical significance.