Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Secara umum penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kemungkinan penggunaan limbah biomassa dalam proses reduction roasting bijih besi nikel laterite Indonesia. Adapun motif di balik penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah dari bijih besi kadar rendah dan mendapatkan bio-reduktor baru yang akan menjadi alternatif pengganti batu bara di masa depan. Dalam penelitian ini diteliti tiga limbah biomassa sebagai agen pereduksi bijih besi nikel laterite dari Sorowako, yaitu: ampas tebu dari kabupaten Cirebon, cangkang sawit dari Palangkaraya - Kalimantan Tengah, dan sekam padi dari Kerawang - Jawa Barat. Adapun metode yang digunakan adalah reduction roasting dengan variasi parameter temperatur, rasio massa, dan waktu reduksi. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis berdasarkan pola difraksi hasil X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), dan Induced Couple Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS).Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ampas tebu, cangkang sawit, dan sekam padi terbukti mampu digunakan sebagai agen pereduksi alternatif pengganti batu bara. Pada penelitian ini, ampas tebu hanya mampu menghasilkan fasa wustite dalam reduction roasting bijih besi nikel laterite, di mana hasil reduksi tertinggi diperoleh pada sampel dengan rasio massa 1:4 yang direduksi pada temperatur 1000°C selama 30 menit. Sementara itu, cangkang sawit mampu mereduksi bijih besi nikel laterite menjadi Fe metal, dimana parameter optimalnya adalah: rasio massa = 1:3, durasi waktu reduksi = 30 menit, dan temperatur reduksi 1000°C. Di samping itu, meskipun sekam padi hanya mampu mereduksi bijih besi sampai fasa magnetite (dimana hasil optimal diperoleh pada penambahan padi sebesar 20%), tetapi dari sekam padi berhasil diperoleh bio-silika amorf dengan tingkat kemurnian 99,99% dan specific surface area (luas permukaan spesifik) 192 m2/g.

---

In general, this study aims to explore the utilization of local biomass as renewable reducing agents in the reduction roasting of Indonesian nickel laterite iron ore. The motive behind this research is to increase the added value of low grade iron ore and to obtain reducing agents to substitute coal in the reduction process. In this study, the three of biomass which have potential to be used as reducing agents for coal substitutes in reducing nickel laterite iron ore from Sorowako, are: bagasse from Cirebon, palm shells from Palangkaraya - Central Kalimantan, and rice husk from Kerawang - Jawa Barat. The reduction method used is reduction roasting with various temperature, mass ratio, and reduction time. And the analysis is based on the diffraction pattern of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Induced Couple Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS).The results obtained in this study indicate that bagasse, palm kernel shells, and rice husks have been proven to be able to be used as an alternative reducing agent for coal substitution. In this study, bagasse was only able to produce the wustite phase in the reduction roasting of nickel laterite iron ore, where the highest reduction results were obtained in samples with a mass ratio of 1: 4 which was reduced at a temperature of 1000°C for 30 minutes. Meanwhile, palm kernel shells could reduce nickel laterite iron ore to Fe metal, where the optimal parameters were: mass ratio = 1: 3, reduction time duration = 30 minutes, and reduction temperature = 1000°C. In addition, although rice husk was only able to reduce iron ore to magnetite phase (where optimal results are obtained by adding rice by 20%), but from rice husk it was successfully obtained amorphous bio-silica with a purity level of 99.99% and specific surface area 192 m2/g."

"Peningkatan keselamatan dan efisiensi dalam industri minyak dan gas bumi di Indonesia masih memerlukan pendekatan yang canggih untuk memelihara sistem perpipaan yang ada. Disertasi ini membahas penerapan metode Risk Based Inspection (RBI) dengan dukungan teknologi machine learning (ML) dan deep learning (DL) untuk mengembangkan model yang mampu mengidentifikasi akar permasalahan dan solusi untuk menanggulangi kegagalan tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan pada sampel ex-spool berdiameter 16’’ melalui pengujian metalografi dan penggunaan algoritma AdaBoost, Random Forests, dan Gradient Boosting. Metode klasifikasi masalah dilakukan berdasarkan prinsip K-Means Clustering dan Gaussian Mixture Model dan penelitian divalidasi menggunakan metode k-fold cross-validation. Model yang dihasilkan mampu mengidentifikasi dan mengklasifikasikan jenis kegagalan ke dalam 3 kelompok sesuai jenis risikonya masing-masing serta memberikan beragam metode pemeliharaan material yang lebih ekonomis. Program artificial intelligence ini diharapkan mampu meningkatkan keselamatan dan keandalan operasi perpipaan minyak dan gas di Indonesia melalui penerapan berbagai metode pemeliharaan pipa di masa depan.

---

Improving safety and efficiency in the oil and gas industry in Indonesia still requires a sophisticated approach to maintain the existing piping systems. This dissertation discusses the application of the risk-based inspection (RBI) method with the support of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) technology to develop a model that is able to identify the potential root-cause and its solutions to overcome these failures. The research was carried out on a 16'' diameter ex-spool sample through metallographic testing and the use of AdaBoost, Random Forests, and Gradient Boosting algorithms. The problem classification method was carried out based on the principles of K-means clustering and the Gaussian Mixture Model, while the research was validated using the k-fold cross-validation method. The resulting model is able to identify and classify types of failure into three groups according to each type of risk and provides a variety of more economical material maintenance solutions. It is hoped that this artificial intelligence program can support efforts to increase the safety and reliability of oil and gas pipeline operations in Indonesia through the application of various pipeline maintenance methods in the future."

"Program CO2 EOR adalah upaya meningkatkan produksi minyak dari lapangan tua, menahan laju produksi turun dan untuk penurunan emisi karbon di Indonesia yang cenderung menuju tekanan dan temperatur tinggi dan membawa pengotor yang relatif tinggi (CO2, H2S, ion klorida) pemicu korosi dini pada flowline dan tubing.Berdasarkan hasil preliminary assessment, material Austenitik 28Cr dan super duplex 25Cr diusulkan untuk menjadi kandidat material potensial untuk kondisi seperti itu. Uji C-Ring dilakukan untuk mengetahui perilaku korosinya (SSC) dan kerentanan retak tegangan sulfida. Tes C-Ring dilakukan kondisi 2,55% H2S (31,48 psia) dan 50% CO2 (617,25 psia).Terlepas dari resistansi SSC yang baik untuk kedua material, resistansi pitting yang berbeda terlihat pada kedua material. Super duplex 25Cr rentan terhadap korosi pitting dan bentuk pitting cenderung lebih besar tetapi lebih dangkal dari austenitik 28Cr. Material austenitik 28Cr memiliki kerapatan pitting yang lebih kecil, tetapi lebih dalam dan terisolasi. Tidak ditemukan perambatan retak yang berasal dari pitting pada kedua material tersebut.Hasil analisa keekonomian material Superduplex 25Cr dan Austenitik 28Cr masing-masing positip untuk NPV, ROR = 9,98% dan 8,54%. POT = 25Cr (6,47 tahun) dan 28Cr (7,48 tahun). PIR = 25Cr (1,9127) dan 28Cr (1,7206).

---

CO2 EOR program is an effort to increase oil production from mature fields, to keep the decreasing production rate and to reduce CO2 emissions in Indonesia which tend to lead to high pressures & temperatures and carry impurities (CO2, H2S, chloride ions) that prompt early corrosion occurrence of flowline and tubing.

Based on the preliminary assessment results, austenitic 28Cr & super duplex 25Cr are proposed to be option materials for such conditions. The C-Ring test was conducted to determine its corrosion behavior (SSC) and susceptibility to SSC. The C-Ring test was carried out under conditions of 2.55% H2S (31.48 psia) & 50% CO2 (617.25 psia).

Apart from good SSC resistance for both materials, different pitting resistance is seen in both materials. Super duplex 25Cr is prone to pitting corrosion and pitting forms tend to be larger but shallower than austenitic 28Cr. The austenitic 28Cr has a lower pitting density but is deeper and insulated. No crack propagation was found from pitting in the two materials.

The economic analysis of Superduplex 25Cr and Austenitic 28Cr are positive for NPV, ROR = 9.98% & 8.54%, respectively. POT = 25Cr (6.47 years) & 28Cr (7.48 years). PIR = 25Cr (1.9127) & 28Cr (1.7206)CO2 EOR program is an effort to increase oil production from mature fields, to keep the decreasing production rate and to reduce CO2 emissions in Indonesia which tend to lead to high pressures & temperatures and carry impurities (CO2, H2S, chloride ions) that prompt early corrosion occurrence of flowline and tubing.

Based on the preliminary assessment results, austenitic 28Cr & super duplex 25Cr are proposed to be option materials for such conditions. The C-Ring test was conducted to determine its corrosion behavior (SSC) and susceptibility to SSC. The C-Ring test was carried out under conditions of 2.55% H2S (31.48 psia) & 50% CO2 (617.25 psia).

Apart from good SSC resistance for both materials, different pitting resistance is seen in both materials. Super duplex 25Cr is prone to pitting corrosion and pitting forms tend to be larger but shallower than austenitic 28Cr. The austenitic 28Cr has a lower pitting density but is deeper and insulated. No crack propagation was found from pitting in the two materials.

The economic analysis of Superduplex 25Cr and Austenitic 28Cr are positive for NPV, ROR = 9.98% & 8.54%, respectively. POT = 25Cr (6.47 years) & 28Cr (7.48 years). PIR = 25Cr (1.9127) & 28Cr (1.7206)"

"Memompa larutan hidroklorik ke dalam sumur lapangan migas dikenal sebagai stimulasi pengasaman sumur. Pengasaman dilakukan untuk menghilangkan kerak, karat, puing-puing atau partikulat larut asam lainnya pada permukaan internal pipa guna membersihkan jalan bagi minyak dan gas untuk mengalir dari dalam sumur ke permukaan. Untuk menghindari masalah seperti kebocoran pipa karena korosi, selama pengasaman biasanya diterapkan perlakuan penghambatan oleh inhibitor korosi anorganik yang sebagian besar senyawa ini tidak hanya mahal tetapi juga beracun bagi lingkungan. Sudah banyak riset inhibitor ramah lingkungan dari bahan ekstrak tumbuhan yang telah dilakukan, namun hampir semua riset tersebut tidak pernah di uji secara laboratorium industri maupun uji langsung di lapangan migas sehingga tidak cocok untuk sepenuhnya mengkarakterisasi potensi kemanjuran inhibitor,baik dari sifat ramah lingkungannya maupun sifat teknis di lapangan. Oleh karena itu, tantangan dalam penelitian ini adalah menghasilkan terobosan inhibitor ramah lingkungan yang aplikatif di lapangan migas.

Kandidat ekstrak tanaman yang dipilih untuk pengembangan inhibitor ramah lingkungan adalah Bunga Pinang. Teknik pengujian meliputi uji kehilangan berat, Uji Wheel Test, Polarisasi, Spektroskopi Impedansi Elektrokimia (EIS), Spektroskopi Infra-merah Fourier Transform (FTIR), Uji Toksisitas akut dan Uji di lapangan migas. Hasil pengujian wheel test selama 72 jam pada dosis 20 ml untuk kayu secang didapatkan persentase perlindungan 82.27% dan  bunga pinang 90.07%. Nilai toksisitas akut (LD₅₀₎ untuk bunga pinang adalah 5728 mg/kgbb termasuk dalam kategori “praktis tidak toksik”. Adsorpsi terjadi secara spontan sesuai dengan adsorpsi isotermal Langmuir. Efisiensi hambatan optimal terjadi dengan penambahan pada konsentrasi 20 ml yaitu 96.6% pada pengujian Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Hasil polarisasi menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak bunga pinang bekerja melalui inhibisi tipe campuran. Nilai energi bebas adsorpsi –7.026 kJ / mol menunjukkan bahwa adsorpsi molekul inhibitor adalah khas dari adsorpsi fisik.

Hasil uji di lapangan di dapatkan laju korosi 0.134 mm/tahun dengan nilai persentase perlindungan 78% pada dosis 20 ml, sehingga mengkonfirmasi bahwa Bunga Pinang sudah teruji sebagai inhibitor ramah lingkungan di sektor minyak dan gas bumi.

---

Pumping the hydrochloric solution into oil and gas field wells is known as well acid stimulation. Acidification is used to remove scale, rust, debris or other acid-soluble particulates on the internal surface of the pipe to clear a way for oil and gas to flow from the well to the surface. To avoid problems such as pipe leakage due to corrosion, during acidification it is usually applied an inhibitory treatment by inorganic corrosion inhibitors most of which these compounds are not only expensive but also toxic to the environment. There has been a lot of research on environmentally friendly inhibitors from plant extract ingredients that have been carried out, but almost all of this research has never been tested in industrial laboratories or directly in the oil and gas field so it is not suitable to fully characterize the potential efficacy of the inhibitor, both from its environmentally friendly nature and technical properties in the field. Therefore, the challenge in this research is to produce a breakthrough environmentally friendly inhibitor that is applicable in the oil and gas field.

The plant extract candidates selected for the development of environmentally friendly inhibitors are Pinang Flower. Testing techniques include weight loss test, Wheel Test, Polarization, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Acute Toxicity Test and Oil and Gas Field Testing. The results of wheel test for 72 hours at a dose of 20 ml for secang wood obtained a protection percentage of 82.27% and 90.07% for areca flowers. The acute toxicity value (LD₅₀) for areca flowers is 5728 mg / kg, which is included in the category of "practically non-toxic". Adsorption occurs spontaneously in accordance with Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Optimal inhibition efficiency occurs with the addition of a concentration of 20 ml, namely 96.6% in the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) test. The polarization results showed that the betel nut extract worked through a mixture type inhibition. The adsorption free energy value of –7,026 kJ / mol indicates that the adsorption of the inhibitor molecule is typical of physical adsorption.

The field test results obtained a corrosion rate of 0.134 mm / year and a protection percentage value of 78% at a dose of 20 ml, thus confirming that Bunga Pinang has been tested as an environmentally friendly inhibitor in the oil and gas sector."

"Penelitian berbasis pengembangan green corrosion inhibitor mengalami banyak kemajuan terutama menggunakan bahan organik. Namun penggunaan inhibitor yang diperoleh dengan teknik pirolisis dan kondensasi untuk memperoleh uap cair dari sekam padi belum tereksplorasi. Dalam penelitian ini, unjuk kerja inhibitor sekam padi akan diujicoba di beberapa lingkungan yang relevan dengan kebutuhan industry minyak dan gas yaitu di lingkungan asam dalam hal ini HCl 1M dan potensi penggunaan di industri kilang NH4Cl 7,5 % (0,14 M). Validasi hasil eksperimen unjuk kerja inhibitor dengan menggunakan kecerdasan buatan dilakukan sedangkan potensi penggunaan inhibitor secara ekonomi akan disimulasikan. Pengujian menggunakan Potentiodynamic dan Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy dilakukan sebagai hasil identifikasi senyawa yang berkontribusi pada proses inhibisi menggunakan FTIR. Sedangkan perubahan permukaan menggunakan SEM, AFM, dan Contact Angle dilakukan. Efisiensi inhibisi sekam padi di lingkungan asam, dan NH4Cl mencapai 99,82%, dan 96,41%. Hasil pengujian gugus fungsi senyawa furan, fenol, silika, benzena, dan heteroatom menjadi senyawa yang dominan berperan dalam proses adsorpsi secara kimia. Sekam padi berperan sebagai inhibitor anodik baik disemua lingkungan dan menjadi barrier untuk memutuskan hubungan antara lingkungan dengan logam. Pemodelan dengan Deep Learning menunjukkan bahwa lapisan film berevolusi di berbagai arah logam dengan bentuk lingkaran dengan ukuran partikel 100-200 μm dimana akurasi prediksi evolusi film untuk kupon tanpa inhibitor adalah 66,67% lebih kecil dari nilai dengan inhibitor yaitu 81,08%. Hasil pemodelan mengkonfirmasi hasil eksperimen dan dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi unjuk kerja inhibitor dengan menggunakan AI. Penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai model penggunaan limbah sekam padi sebagai inhibitor dan berkontribusi mengembangkan kecerdasan buatan untuk membantu memvalidasi hasil eksperimen secara cepat dengan keakuratan yang tinggi.

---

This work models the development of green corrosion inhibitors using organic compounds which have been rapidly rocketed. Despite the massive growth, the uniqueness of the research dwells in the pyrolysis and condensation technique that remains in siloes. The research paves the way to showcase the inhibition performance of rice husk ash as a green corrosion inhibitor and is tested in several environments, such as HCl 1M and refinery process of NH4Cl 7,5 % (0,14 M). The implementation of artificial intelligence validates the experimental outcomes, while economic utilization is evaluated when industrial scaling up is made available. Potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are implemented to test the corrosion resistance of the inhibitor. The FTIR and UV-Vis were conducted to unveil the ultimate content of the inhibitor during the inhibition process. Surface modification evaluation was carried out through SEM and AFM and validated by Contact Angle measurement. Inhibition efficiency shows a remarkable result to reach 99.82% and 96.41% when immersed with 80 ppm and 7,5 ppm inhibitor solution. Furan, Phenolic, Silika, Aromatic Benzena and their heteroatoms are among the dominant functional groups involved in chemical adsorption. Rice husk ash inhibitor shows a mix-type inhibitor that is anodic pre-dominant in dismissing the substrate from the environment. The deep learning model shows the evolution of passive film occurs in numerous sites on the surface of the metal with a spherical shape and 100-200 μm particle size. The accuracy of prediction stands at 66.67% for the uninhibited system, which is less than that of the inhibited system, which is at 81.08%. The modelling result paves the way for the showcase of the evolution of passive film using artificial intelligence and the validation of experimental results with high accuracy."