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Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Natural forest in Java is recently limited in the mountain area. Most of these forest areas are legally protected, however these forests are still utilized illegally by people for fuel and sawn wood production. This forest has important role for life; therefore, the sustainability of the original mountain forest ecosystem should be maintained. Gunung Halimun National Park is one of the mountain rain forests having high biological diversity.

The objective of this research is to understand the composition and structure of tree communities in the national park edge area and the influence of trees to the undergrowth species, in such away the degree of forest disturbance and its causes could be identified.

Data collection was carried out between April and September 1995 in five edge national park areas, i.e. Cisarua I, Cisarua II, Legok Heulang, Pongkor and Citalahap: Floristic enumeration was done by transect-plot method. First transect-plots of 500 x 20 meter were established perpendicular to the national park border. Each transect plot was divided by 25 plot of 20 m x 20 in for trees (DBH > 10 cm) enumeration, 25 sub plot of 5 m x 5 m for sapling (2 cm < DBH > 10 cm), and 25 sub plot of 1 m x 1 m for undergrowth plants (diameter < 2 cm).

Sorensen similarity indices show the variation among the five study sites. Three sites Cisarua I, Cisarua II, and Legok Heulng have value more than 50 %, while the similarity of two other sites, i.e. Pongkor and Citalahap is lower, less than 36 %, indicates the different community types. Those variations seem to be resulted from different environmental conditions and degrees of disturbance.

From the five transect-plots of 500 m x 20 m, 89 trees species were recorded, belonging to the 33 genus and 62 families. Citalahap is an area having the highest species diversity, i.e. 48 species, followed by Pongkor (38 species), Legok Heulang (37 species), Cisarua II (35 species), and Cisarua I (33 species). Communities of Cisarua I, Cisarua II and Legok Heulang were dominated by Tinmannia blumei, Syzygium lineatum, Schefflera arornatica, Schima wallichii, Eurya acuminata, Quercus pycnan hum. Based on important index values, it was apparent that the Cisarua I is a consociation of Vkinmannia blumei, while Cisarua II and Legok Heulang are association of Ni,inmantiia blumei - Syzygium lineatum. The community in Pongkor area is an association of Castanopsis acurninatissima - Quercus pyriformis, dominated by Castanopsis acuminatissima, Quercus pyriforntis, Schima ~vallic/: i, Altingia excelsa; while the community in Citalahap is an association of Altingia excelsa - Quercus garnelli.fora, dominated by Altingia excelsa, Quercus gamelkflora, Quercus pyrifnrmis, Schima wallichii, and Litsea di versifolia.

Based on the sapling composition in the 125 sub plots of 5 m x 5 m, 68 species were recorded belonging to the 31 genus and 53 families. The most important species of saplings were Camellia sinensis, Macaranga triloba, Syzygium lineatum. Sciu:fera annnatica, Castanopsis acuminatissima, Gyathea contaminans.

Within 125 sub plots of 1 m x 1 in, 205 undergrowth species were recorded belonging to 72 genus and 155 families. Based on the life form, it composed of 71 seedlings, 37 shrubs, 2 palms, 14 ferns, 2 orchids, 22 lianas, 58 herbs. Composition of undergrowth plants could be classified into three communities. The first community represents Cisarua I, Cisarua II, and Legok Heulang. This community is dominated by light demanding (intolerant) species, such as Gleichenia linearis, Clidemia hirta, Sphaeranthus liulicus, Eupatorium intrlifoliun1. Macaranga triloba, and Helminthostachys zelylanica. The second community represents Pongkor area, dominated by shade tolerant species, such as Castanopsis acuminatissima, Maschalacotytnutio cotynrbosus, Conunc'linrt diftsa, Plectocomia elonngata, and the third community represent Citalahap area dominated by Alangium indict's, Begonia robusta, and Strobilanthes blumei. The growth of tolerant and intolerant species is influenced by tree crown covers and density. This is proved by Pongkor area which has highest trees density (373 trees/ha), and the lowest is Legok Heulang (190 trees/ha). Species diversity in five research locations is relatively high (3.46), compared with interior forest 2.49 (Hadi, 1994).

Based on calculation, basal area of trees in five research locations are lower compared with other forest areas in West Java (Yamada, 1975; Yusuf, 1988; Hadi, 1994). This means that trees in five research locations have smaller sizes. This is also indicated by class diameter distribution by which trees having diameter at 10-20 cm on the highest rank in five locations. The analysis of class diameter distribution of the sample trees from Citalahap and Pongkor area shows the normal curve (7 up-side down shaped). This means that the forest in two areas were relatively undisturbed. On the other hand, class diameter distribution from Cisarua I, Cisarua II, and Legok Heulang shows that the class diameter curve is not normal. Most of the diameter > 40 cm has been removed illegally by local communities. From the observation in the field, there are 32 to 88 illegal left-over cut logs per hectare with the diameter more than 25 cm. Based on this fact, it is shown that the forest area in the three locations has been very highly disturbed by local community, mainly with illegal cutting of the trees with diameter > 25 cm. In order to maintain the natural ecosystem in three locations of the Gunung Halimun National Park, the protection system in the park area should be improved.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Research on the community structure of earthworm has been carried out on the edge area of the Gunung Halimun National Park. This research emphasizes on the population of earthworm, density, association, and the environmental effect.

Three species of earthworm were found ; Allolobophora rosea, Pheretima javanica, and P. capensis , A. rosea belongs namely to Megascolecidae family, while both species of P. jacanica and P. capensis belongs to the Lumbricidae family.

P. javanica was well distributed and found five research locations ; Citalahap, Cisarua 1, Cisarua I , Legokheulang and Cipongkor. P. capensis was not found in Cisarua I while A. rosea was not found in Citalahap.

Population of these three species were Relatively high A. rosea (60591100m2), followed by P. javanica (1191 I. 100m2), and P. capensis (863 1 100m2). Distribution patterns of the earthworm at five locations seem to be clumped together into one species group. The association of the three species at five different locations were only found in Legokheulang; between P. javanica and P. capensis, and in Cipongkor between P. javanica and A. rosea.

Beside pH and humidity of soil, other environmental factors such as air temperature, ground surface temperature, air pressure, light intensity, and thickness of mulch affect the earthworm populations.

Observation on cocoa production showed that within 90 days, A. rosea produced three pea of cocon containing one egg as an embryo. This condition leds us to believe that A. rosea production is low, it means that this species is not commercially feasible. But, from the protein point of view that the content o1 A. rosea (38.63%) can be very useful as a source protein for animal chew, human food, and medicine.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur dan komposisi komunitas jenis tumbuhan bawah di areal Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango.° Penelitian dilakukan di tiga lokasi yaitu lereng bawah, lereng atas, dan punggung bukit.° Pengumpulan data dilakukan dari bulan April hingga September 1999.

Pencacahan flora menggunakan metode berpetak dengan 2 buah transek sepanjang 275 m. Pada setiap transek dibuat 25 petak berukuran lx1 m dengan jarak 10 m antar petak.

Hasil pencacahan tumbuhan bawah pada 150 petak lx1 m2 di tiga lokasi penelitian Gunung Masigit mencatat 43 jenis tumbuhan yang tergolong ke dalam 39 marga dan 35 suku, dengan jenis-jenis utama Dipteris conjugata, Blechnum finlaysonianum, Impatiens javensis, tlrena lobata, Reds sp, Elatostemma sp, Smilax zeylanica, Schima wallrchrr, Phaius sp, Vitis adnanta, Dendrochyllum sp, Cyperus sp.

Sebaran jenis tumbuhan bawah di lokasi penelitian, khususnya di Lereng Bawah dan Punggung Bukit, sangat heterogen. Penyebaran jenisjenis tertentu umumnya tidak terkait dengan sebaran jenis-jenis iainnya. Komunitas tumbuhan bawah di Lereng Bawah dan Lereng Atas dapat disebut sebagai komunitas Dipteris conjugate, sedangkan di Punggung Bukit disebut asosiasi D.conjugata-B.fnlaysonianum. Karakteristik tumbuhan bawah di lokasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komunitas tumbuhan di sana telah mengalami gangguan. Kadar air lapangan yang dimiliki jenis-jenis dominan seperti Dipteris conjugata dan Blechnum finlaysonianum, yang hanya sekitar 30 %, memiliki resiko.tjnggi terhadap bahaya kebakaran.

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ABSTRACT
Composition and Structures Community Lowland Fires in Gunung Masigit and Preliminary Study of Natural Regeneration Forest Fire Gunung Masigit, G. Gede-Pangrango National ParkGunung Gede Pangrango National Park, is one of the Long-term Ecological Research Site in Indonesia. In the late 1997, the fires have burnt and destroyed nearly 300 ha forest in this park . Of nine location of hot spots recognized G.Masigit was the largest burnt area with the tot& of 250 ha . Undergrowth vegetation got the most severe impacts. Almost undergrowth vegetation in various location in study site were totally burnt. However, with in three months following burning new seedlings such as Omalanthus populneus, Macaranga tanarius , Trema orientalis appeared in the forest floor.°

Abdulhadi et al. (1999) reported that those species were found as the component of seed bank in a permanent plot of this forest. Thus, it is believed that those seedlings might be recruited from seed bank or seed rain.

The objective of the research is to find out the composition and structure of undergrowth forest a community after forest fire in Gunung Masigit, G. Gede-Pangrango National Park.

Data collection were carried out between April and September 1999 at three areas, i.e. upper slope, lower slope, ridge. Four transects of 275 m were established within each site; each two transects established in burnt and unburnt forest. A long the each 275 m transect 25 plots of l x1 m were established with the interval of 10 m.

A total of 43 species belong to 39 genera and 35 families were recorded within 150 plots of unburnt sites. The dominant species of the unburnt sites were Dipteris conjugata, Blechnum fnlaysonianum, Impatiens javensis, Urena lobalata, Pteris sp, Elatostemma sp, Smilax zeylanica, Schima wallichii, Phaius sp, Vitis adnanta, Dendrochy1/um sp, Cyperus sp.

Based on their important value indices (I V I) the plant communities in lower and upper slopes were called Dipteris conjugata community, while in ridge site was an association of D_conjugata and Blechnum fin/aysonianum. The composition of undergrowth forest community observed during this study clearly indicated that G. Masigit has experienced some kind of disturbance before the fire in the late 1997.

Field water capacities of the dominant plants of the undergrowth forest were about 30 %. It is believed that this condition makes the forest is under high risk of fires.

The species richness of born sites was higher than in unburnt sites due to occurrence of the secondary species such as Melastoma balatrichum and Omalanthus populneus, that were not found in the unburnt site. There were 38 species found on the ridge, as the richest site, followed by upper slope 33 species , and the lower slope 21 species. Based on the life form, the undergrowth species in burning area can be classified to 18 species of trees, 6 species of shrubs, 9 species of lianas, 15 species of herbs, and 5 species of ferns.

The undergrowth forest community in burnt sites was dominated by herbs and ferns indicated that the community was still in an early succession. The LVI of plant communities in burnt site showed that the lower slope was the association of Pteris sp-Flatostemma sp., the upper slope was a community of Cyperus sp, and the ridge was the association of Cyperus sp-Pteris sp.

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