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"ABSTRAKRepublik Rakyat Tiongkok (RRT) dikenal sebagai salah satu raksasa ekonomi dunia.Kekuatan ekonomi yang dimiliki RRT saat ini bisa diperoleh karena adanya Reformasidan Keterbukaan (改革开放Gǎigé kāifàng) yang diprakarsai Deng Xiaoping (邓小平Dèng Xiǎopíng) pada tahun 1978 dengan menerapkan model ekonomi pasar sosialis.Kebijakan-kebijakan ekonomi seperti FDI (foreign direct investment), perdagangan luarnegeri, Zona Ekonomi Khusus, dan lain-lain tentu berdampak positif bagi pertumbuhanekonomi RRT pada masa itu. Meskipun demikian, kondisi ekonomi RRT yang sedangdalam masa peralihan sangat fluktuatif dan menyebabkan ketidakstabilan ekonomi dalamnegeri. Ketidakstabilan ekonomi, maraknya korupsi, dan tuntutan demokrasi sertakebebasan berpolitik memicu terjadinya peristiwa Tian`anmen pada tahun 1989 yangsemakin memperburuk kondisi ekonomi negara. Meskipun Deng Xiaoping telahmengundurkan diri dari segala aktivitas politik RRT pasca peristiwa Tian`anmen, ia tetapmenjalankan agenda ekonominya dengan melakukan `Perjalanan ke Selatan` (南巡Nánxún) pada tahun 1992. `Perjalanan ke Selatan` dikatakan berhasil menguatkan kembalireformasi ekonomi dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi RRT. Penelitian ini akanmembahas latar belakang Deng Xiaoping melaksanakan `Perjalanan ke Selatan`, hal apayang dilakukan Deng Xiaoping dalam `Perjalanan ke Selatan`, dan menganalisisketerkaitannya dengan kemajuan ekonomi RRT hingga sekarang.

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ABSTRACTPeople's Republic of China (PRC) is known as one of the world's economic powerhouse.The current economic power of the PRC can be obtained because of the Reform andOpening Up (改革开放Gǎigé kāifàng) initiated by Deng Xiaoping (邓小平DèngXiǎopíng) in 1978 by adopting the socialist market economy model. Economic policiessuch as FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), foreign trade, Special Economic Zones, etc.certainly had positive impacts on China's economic growth at that time. Nevertheless, theeconomic condition of the PRC which was in a transition period was very volatile andcaused economic instability. Economic instability, corruption, and demands fordemocracy and political freedom triggered the Tian'anmen incident in 1989 which furtherworsened the country's economic condition. Although Deng Xiaoping had resigned fromall of his political activities after the Tian'anmen incident, he continued to carry out hiseconomic agenda by undertaking "Southern Tour" (南巡Nán xún) in 1992. "SouthernTour" was said to succeed in strengthening economic reforms again and increasing PRC'seconomic growth. This research will discuss the background of Deng Xiaoping carryingout the "Southern Tour", what Deng Xiaoping did during the "Southern Tour", andanalyzing its ties with the PRC's economic growth until now."

"Fokus dari makalah ini adalah mengenai peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi selama agresi militer oleh Jepang ke Cina pada tahun 1931-1937. Sedangkan tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peristiwa apa saja yang terjadi ketika Jepang melancarkan agresi militer di Cina pada tahun 1931-1937. Landasan teori yang digunakan dalam makalah ini antara lain teori dari Marjorie Dryburgh dan Usui Katsumi. Teori dari para ahli sejarah tersebut menjadi dasar untuk mengetahui secara lebih jelas seperti apa situasi pertempuran antara Cina dan Jepang pada tahun 1931-1937, dan motif apa saja yang melatarbelakangi terpicunya pertempuran tersebut. Ada dua kesimpulan yang diperoleh penulis dari penulisan makalah ini. Pertama adalah bahwa pengambilalihan manchuria pada tahun 1931 lebih tepat dikatakan sebagai titik awal dari Perang Dunia II. Kedua, bahwa faktor yang sesungguhnya menjadi pemicu dari perang Cina-Jepang pada tahun 1937 merupakan invasi Jepang terhadap Cina, pada tahun 1937 yakni insiden Jembatan Marco Polo.

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The Focus of this paper is about the events that took place in Japan’s military agression against China in 1931-1937. Whereas the purpose of this research was to determine the events that happened when Japan’s military agression against China in 1931-1937 occured. This research employs the theoretical basis of Historist like Marjorie Dryburgh and Usui Katsumi. These theories form the basis for analyzing more clearly what situation that occured in the war between China and Japan in 1931-1937, and what are the motives behind it that triggering the war. There are two conclusions obtained by the author from the writing of this paper. First, the take over of Manchuria in 1931 by Japanese army more appropriately described as the starting point of World War II. Secondly, the real factor that trigger the China-Japan War in 1937 is the Japan invasion of China in 1937, that is known as The Marco Polo Bridge Incident."

"Jepang mulai tertarik pada Manchuria sejak berhasil mengalahkan Cina pada peperangan yang terjadi di tahun 1895 dan berhasil membentuk negara boneka di wilayah tersebut pada tahun 1932. Negara boneka itu disebut dengan Manchukuo. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana terbentuknya negara boneka Manchukuo, dampak yang ditimbulkan bagi rakyat Cina, serta reaksi dari rakyat Cina terutama Partai Nasionalis Cina (PNC) dan Partai Komunis Cina (PKC). Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kepustakaan. Hasil dari penelitian ini antara lain yaitu, pembentukan Manchukuo tidak terlepas dari peranan tentara Guangdong yang merupakan tentara pendudukan Jepang di wilayah Manchuria; pembentukan Manchukuo juga menempatakan rakyat Manchuria dalam posisi yang semakin sulit karena sektor-sektor ekonomi dan fasilitas umum didominasi oleh Jepang; dan meskipun ada usaha dari PNC dan PKC untuk merebut kembali Manchuria, namun hal tersebut tidak pernah berhasil sampai dengan kekalahan Jepang dari Sekutu di tahun 1945.

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Japan has started to give interest to Manchuria since it succeeded defeating China in a war which happened in 1895 and succeeded forming a puppet state in that area in 1932. The puppet state is called Manchukuo. The purpose of this research is to discover how the puppet state of Manchukuo was formed, the effects for the Chinese, and also the reactions from the Chinese, especially Chinese Nationalist Party and Chinese Communist Party. The research method which is used in this research is literary review. This research discovers that Guangdong Army which was the Japanese army had a role in the formation of Manchukuo; the formation of Manchukuo also put the people of Manchuria in a difficult position because the economic sectors and public facilities were dominated by Japan; although there was an effort from Chinese Nationalist Party and Chinese Communist Party to retake Manchuria, that effort was never successful until Japan was defeated by the allies in 1945."

"Jurnal ini membahas tentang sejarah munculnya kaum komprador dan pengaruhnya terhadap Cina. Perang Candu yang menjadi pemicu berakhirnya masa dinasti Cina merupakan awal dari kemunculan kaum ini . Meluasnya peran dan tugas yang dimiliki menjadikan kaum ini sebagai salah satu kaum yang berpengaruh pada masa industrialisasi Cina. Munculnya komprador juga secara tidak langsung mengubah strata sosial masyarakat Cina yang sejak zaman dinasti Zhou sudah menganut ajaran Konfusius, pada saat yang sama kaum ini menjadikan Cina sebagai sebuah negara yang sangat kuat nantinya.

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This paper discusses about the first emerge of compradors and their influence with China’s future. The Opium War is regarded as the trigger of the emersion of this class. Comprador’s enlarged role and job makes them one of the most influence people in China during industrial era. At same time, they changed the Chinese sosial stratification which based on Confucius thought since Zhou dynasty indirectly, makes China as one of the strongest country in the future."

"[ ABSTRAK Republik Rakyat Tiongkok ( RRT ) adalah negara yang dipimpin oleh presiden dan perdana menteri yang berasal dari partai tunggal di RRT yaitu Partai Komunis Tiongkok. Hal menarik dari RRT adalah setiap pemimpin selalu memiliki slogan. Demikian pula Presiden Xi Jinping yang memerintah sejak tahun 2012. Ia mengeluarkan slogan Chinese Dream ( 中国梦), sebagai arah dan tujuan pemerintahannya. Slogan ini kerap dikaitkan dengan slogan yang sudah terkenal lebih dulu yakni The American Dream, karena kedua slogan ini sama-sama mengandung kata ? dream?. Namun, kedua negara ini memiliki latar belakang yang sangat bertolak belakang sehingga sulit menemukan kesamaan makna antara kedua slogan tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis akan membuktikan bahwa slogan kedua negara ini memang memiliki makna yang berbeda.

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ABSTRACT People?s Republic of China is a country ruled by both president and prime minister who were elected from the only party in China, Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) . The interesting fact behind China?s government is every leader who ruled China always has their own slogan. President Xi Jinping who was elected as president since 2012, issued ? Chinese Dream? as a slogan for his regime?s direction and goals. This slogan has been associated with another well-known slogan from United States which known as ?The American Dream?. The main reason is because both slogans contain the word ?dream?, but since People?s Republic of China and The United States are two completely different countries, it was nearly imposible to indentify any similiarity between this two slogans. Thus, in this journal, the author will go through literature sources such as newspaper articles, books and other sources to prove the differences between these two slogans;People?s Republic of China is a country ruled by both president and prime minister who were elected from the only party in China, Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) . The interesting fact behind China?s government is every leader who ruled China always has their own slogan. President Xi Jinping who was elected as president since 2012, issued ? Chinese Dream? as a slogan for his regime?s direction and goals. This slogan has been associated with another well-known slogan from United States which known as ?The American Dream?. The main reason is because both slogans contain the word ?dream?, but since People?s Republic of China and The United States are two completely different countries, it was nearly imposible to indentify any similiarity between this two slogans. Thus, in this journal, the author will go through literature sources such as newspaper articles, books and other sources to prove the differences between these two slogans, People’s Republic of China is a country ruled by both president and prime minister who were elected from the only party in China, Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) . The interesting fact behind China’s government is every leader who ruled China always has their own slogan. President Xi Jinping who was elected as president since 2012, issued “ Chinese Dream” as a slogan for his regime’s direction and goals. This slogan has been associated with another well-known slogan from United States which known as “The American Dream”. The main reason is because both slogans contain the word “dream”, but since People’s Republic of China and The United States are two completely different countries, it was nearly imposible to indentify any similiarity between this two slogans. Thus, in this journal, the author will go through literature sources such as newspaper articles, books and other sources to prove the differences between these two slogans]"