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"Penelitian ini mengkaji pola intonasi dan pemarkah pola intonasi kalimat deklaratif dan interogatif bahasa Indonesia oleh penutur Lampung. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian fonetik eksperimental dengan metode analisis data kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Kajian data menunjukkan bahwa dalam pola intonasi kalimat deklaratif berstruktur S-PO-K terdapat kecenderungan nada mendatar pada subjek, predikat, objek, menurun pada keterangan, garis dasar nada cenderung menurun, dan rentang nada relatif kecil. Pola intonasi kalimat interogatif konfiratoris cenderung naik pada subjek, predikat, objek, menurun tajam pada keterangan, dan rentang nada relatif besar. Pemarkah pola intonasi kalimat deklaratif berstruktur S-P-O-K adalah alir nada naik pada subjek, datar pada predikat, turun pada objek, naik-turun pada keterangan, garis dasar nada turun pada keterangan, nada akhir turun, dan garis dasar nada turun pada seluruh kontur. Pemarkah pola intonasi kalimat interogatif konfirmatoris adalah alir nada naik pada subjek, datar pada predikat sampai dengan awal keterangan, alir nada turun-naik-turun pada akhir keterangan, dan nada akhir turun.

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This study examines intonation pattern and marker of intonation pattern of Indonesian declarative and confirmatory interrogative sentence spoken by Lampung speakers. The study is an experimental phonetics research using quantitative and qualitative data analysis method. The study reveals that the intonation pattern of the declarative sentence, which have subject-predicate-object-adjunct structure, tends to flat at subject, predicate, object, decline at adjunct, the baseline of contour is decline, and the pitch range is narrow relatively. The intonation pattern of the interrogative sentence tends to rise at subject, predicate, object, fall incisively at adjunct, and the pitch range is wide relatively. The markers of intonation pattern of declarative sentence, which have subject-predicate-object-adjunct structure is the rise pitch movement at subject, flat at predicate, fall at object, the rise-fall pitch movement at adjunct, the declination of baseline at adjunct, the fall final pitch, and the declination of baseline at the contour. The markers of intonation pattern of confirmatory interrogative sentence is the rise pitch movement at subject, flat at predicate to the beginning of adjunct, the fall-rise-fall pitch movement at the end of adjunct, and the fall final pitch."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) mencari prototipe intonasi kalimat deklaratif dan interogatif berpola SVO, (2) mencari ambang kontras akustik intonasi kalimat deklaratif dan interogatif, dan (3) mengkaji sejauh mana variasi pola intonasi kalimat deklaratif dan interogatif berterima sebagai tuturan yang baik atau wajar. Di konstituen subjek prototipe intonasi kalimat deklaratif diawali oleh alir nada turun landai kemudian diakhiri oleh alir nada naik. Kontur di konstituen verba ditandai oleh alir nada turun di seluruh konstituen. Kontur di konstituen objek diawali oleh alir nada naik-turun kemudian diakhiri oleh naik-datar. Prototipe intonasi kalimat interogatif di konstituen subjek dikarakterisasi oleh alir nada naik landai-naik-datar. Kontur di konstituen verba ditandai oleh alir nada turun di seluruh konstituen. Kontur di konstituen objek diawali oleh alir nada turun kemudian diakhiri oleh alir nada naik-datar. Ambang kontras deklaratifinterogatif terjadi ketika rentang alir nada akhir kontur (P3 dan P4) sebesar 14,63st hingga 16,63st. Ambang kontras interogatif-deklaratif terjadi ketika rentang alir nada akhir kontur (P2 dan P3) sebesar 7,27st hingga 9,27st. Pola intonasi kalimat deklaratif yang diakhiri oleh alir nada naik, datar dan turun berterima sebagai tuturan yang wajar. Pola intonasi kalimat interogatif yang berterima wajar adalah tuturan dengan alir nada akhir naik. Intonasi kalimat deklaratif dan interogatif yang diakhiri oleh alir nada naik di akhir konstituen subjek berterima sebagai tuturan yang wajar, sedangkan alir nada datar atau cenderung datar kurang berterima sebagai tuturan yang wajar.

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The research intends (1) to look for intonation prototype of declarative and interrogative sentence with the pattern SVO, (2) to look for contrastive acoustic threshold of intonation between declarative and interrogative sentence, and (3) to study intonation variations of declarative and interrogative as a normal speech. Intonation prototype of declarative at subject constituent started by gradual fall pitch movement and closed by rise pitch movement. Verb constituent characterized by fall pitch movement. Object constituent characterized by rise-fall pitch movement and ended by rise-level pitch movement. Intonation prototype of interrogative begins with gradual rise-rise-level pitch movement. Verb constituent characterized by fall pitch movement. Object constituent characterized by riselevel pitch movement. Contrastive acoustic threshold of declarative-interogative occurs when the pitch range (P3 dan P4) of the final pitch movement is 14,63st until16,63st. Contrastive acoustic threshold of interogative-declarative occurs when the pitch range (P2 and P3) of the final pitch movement is 7,27st until 9,27st. Declarative intonation pattern which is ended by rise, level, and fall is acceptable as normal speech. Interrogative intonation pattern of normal speech is ended by rise pitch movement. Declarative and interrogative intonation which ended by rise pitch movement at the end of subject constituent is acceptable as normal speech. However, level or close to level pitch movement is less acceptable as normal speech."

"Penelitian ini merupakan studi deskriptif yang bertujuan untuk menggambarkan dan menjelaskan kesalahan pemelajar dalam menggunakan artikel takrif (the) dan artikel taktakrif (a/an).Analisis penggunaan artikel dalam penelitian ini dilakukan secara sintaktis dan semantis. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada mahasiswa bahasa Inggris di Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu pendidikan, Universitas Muhannmadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka, Jakarta. Mahasiswa yang dijadikan responden duduk di semester IV berjumlah 78 orang, dan waktu pelaksanaan penelitian dilakukan pada semester genap tahun ajaran 2002/2003.Untuk mendapatkan data penelitian digunakan tiga macam tes, yaitu Tes Mengarang, Tes Isian, dan Tes Isi Rumpang. Pada tes pertama mahasiswa diminta membuat karangan sebanyak 200 kata dengan durasi 90 menit. Pada tes kedua mahasiswa diminta mengerjakan tes Isian dan Tes Isi Rumpang dengan durasi 90 menit. Setelah tes selesai, semua lembar jawaban dikumpulkan dan kemudian dianalisis. Lalu data yang telah terkumpul dianalisis kesalahannya dengan menggunakan kriteria sintaktis dan semantis.Setelah data dianalisis, ditemukan bahwa kesalahan penggunaan artikel terjadi baik pada tes mengarang maupun pada tes isian dan tes isi rumpang. Berbagai jenis kesalahan muncul. Jenis kesalahan yang muncul dalam penelitian ini adalah: penambahan artikel pada nomina yang seharusnya tidak menggunakan artikel; penghilangan artikel pada nomina yang seharusnya menggunakan artikel; salah memilih artikel untuk sebuah nomina; dan menggunakan unsur lain pada nomina yang seharusnya menggunakan artikel.Dengan demikian, terbukti bahwa pemelajar belum dapat menentukan dengan benar kapan sebuah artikel dapat digunakan. Dalam konteks yang bagaimana sebuah nomina mendapat artikel takrif atau artikel taktakrif Di samping itu, dapat dikemukakan pula penyebab kesalahannya yaitu terjadinya overgeneralisasi yang merupakan akibat dari ketidakpahaman pemelajar akan batas kaidah dalam penggunaan artikel.Oleh karena itu, pengajaran artikel pada pemelajar bahasa kedua sebaiknya dilakukan seefektif mungkin. Pengajar hendaknya mencari teknik yang paling tepat dalam mengajarkan artikel. Sejauh pengalaman saya, pengajaran artikel yang dilakukan di kelas lebih menekankan pada pemahaman secara sintaktis. Padahal, menurut Lyons (1999), penggunaan artikel harus dipahami baik secara sintaktis maupun semantis, dan bahkan secara pragmatis. Oleh karena itu, pengajaran artikel dengan pemahaman pada tipe semantis nomina secara kontekstual nampaknya cukup memungkinkan untuk diterapkan."

"This study is aimed at describing and explaining the variation of the realization of politeness strategies on the directive in the Indonesian language produced by members of the Minangkabau ethnic group in Padang. The sources of the data are Indonesian speakers who originally belong to the Minangkabau ethnic group. In addition, there are also data taken from documents. The data consist of utterances performing directives in Indonesian produced by members of the Minangkabau ethnic group in Padang. The data were collected using survey questionnaire, interview, participant observation and from documentary sources. The main method of data analysis was quantitative and supported by qualitative analysis.The results of the study reveal that the cues showing the phenomena are as follows. In the realization of directives in Indonesian, the respondent uses the various types of utterances that can be grouped into five categories as suggested by Brown and Levinson (1987). The frequency distribution among categories is different. The five main speech act categories are (1) bald on record, (2) on record with redressive action using positive politeness, (3) on record with redressive action using negative politeness, (4) off record, and (5) not doing the face-threatening act (FTA).The use of speech strategies is in-line with the degree of politeness, namely the awareness to show that the speaker saves the face of the participants, specifically the face of the addressee from the acts threatening his face. The respondents of this study (possibly the other speakers as well) minimize the threat to participants' face by mitigating the illocutionary force of the utterance. Basically, they mitigate the illocutionary force in two ways, namely (1) minimizing the distance between speaker and addressee (in-group ness) and (2) maximizing the distance between speaker and addressee (distancing).The speaker chooses a certain speech strategy based on the potential weight of the threat to the participants face. The weight of the threat is calculated on the basis of two main parameters, namely (1) degree of power differences between speaker and addressee (+ P or -P) and (2) degree of solidarity between speaker and addressee (+S or -S). If the power of the speaker is higher than that of the addressee and the solidarity between the speaker and the addressee is low and other factors remain constant, the weight of the face threat is high. On the contrary, if the power of the speaker is lower than that of the addressee and the degree of solidarity is high while the other factors remain constant, the weight of the face threat is low. If the weight of the face threat is high, the respondents tend to choose more indirect speech strategies. On the other hand, if the face threat is low, the participants tend to choose the more direct speech strategies.Among the five main speech strategies, the strategy on record with redressive action using negative politeness is the most frequently used for realizing directive in Indonesian. The plausible explanation for this choice is the fact that this strategy contains medium level indirectness; the utterances produced are not too direct as in bald on record, nor is it too indirect as in hints. Bald on record strategy produces a strong illocutionary force that can be perceived by the addressee as imperative. On the other hand, hints are considered as utterances, which are so indirect that the addressee as irony can perceive them. Both imperative and irony might threaten the addressee's face. The selection of speech strategies in the realization of directive speech act in Indonesian by the respondents is influenced by the use of the Minangkabau language that recognizes four types of register so-called longgam kato non ampek (four types of Minangkabau register which functions to differ the level of politeness). The influence of langgam kato nary ampek on the selection of speech strategy can clearly be observed in the use of address terms and the use of indirect speech acts.The findings show that there are inter-group differences within the Minangkabau ethnic community in Padang in the realization of directives on the basis of age group and social class, but the difference is not significant in terms of gender variable. Respondents who are younger and those who come from lower social class use indirect speech strategies more frequently than those who are older or those who come from the higher social class. The younger respondents and those who come from the lower social class possess higher awareness to save the participants' face, specifically the addressee's face as compared to the older respondents and those who come from the higher social class. The tendency to use indirect speech act in the realization of directives by the younger respondents and those who come from the lower social class results from their evaluation that more indirect speech strategies tend to have a lower probability to threaten the face than direct speech acts.The differences in the realization of speech strategies by the respondents on the basis of age group and social class show that there is an on-going shift in the way of viewing the politeness principle by Minangkabau ethnic group in Padang. Politeness principle, which used to be adhered to by minimizing the social distance between the speaker and the addressee (in-group ness), is slowly replaced by the politeness principle which is observed by maximizing the social distance between the speaker and the addressee (distancing). The shift is hypothesized to result from the fact that the younger respondents and those from the lower social class feel unsafe when they use on record with redressive action using positive politeness strategy, whose basic principle is to minimize the social distance between the speaker and the addressee."

"ABSTRACTThe goal of this research is to investigate the degree to which the Sumbawa language, one of the minority languages in Lombok, is maintained by its speakers. It is also aimed at finding out if there is a correlation between language shifts, in the event that shift has occurred, and ethnic identity change on the part of the Sumbawa bilinguals. The population of the study is the whole Sumbawa speech community spreading out in several villages on the eastern part of Lombok. The main corpus of the data was extracted from the answers of the respondents by means of a survey questionnaire. Along with the survey questionnaire, the data collection was also triangulated with the ethnographic method, i.e. participant observations and interviews supplemented with the perusal of documentary. The quantified data were then analyzed using several statistical techniques, namely Spearman's correlation, Anova, and T-test in addition to the descriptive statistics.This study shows several interesting findings. One of the clearest findings to emerge from this reserach is that the Sumbawa language in Lombok is still highly maintained by the Sumbawa speech community although it has been existing right there for approximately three centuries. This is shown by the overall mean score of language choice in the home domain, which yields a figure of 1.66 (the rating scale of language choice being 1-5, with 1= [almost] always bahasa Sumbawa [BSb] and 5 = [almost] always bahasa Sasak [BSs]). When correlated with the language attitude of the Sumbawanese speakers, it shows that there is a correlation between language choice as a whole and language attitude, which implies that the more positive the language attitude of the respondents are the more likely it is for the language to be maintained. This maintainance of the language, however, is not congruent with the maintenance of the ethnic identity of the Sumbawanese. There is a clue that the Sumbawa ethnic identity is now transforming into its new form, namely Sasak.In response to the questionnaire items on self-identification, 47,5% agree and 14,0% strongly agree on the statements of self-identification proposed, the rest 12,1% neither agree nor disagree, 22,7 disagree and 3,3% strongly disagree (n = 244). This indicates that Sumbawa-Sasak bilinguals (SS) in Lombok tend to be more identified as Sasak rather than Sumbawa. Moreover, based on the overall mean score of self-identification and ethnic identity (scale 1-5) it reveals that the rate being identified as Sasak becomes higher as the age becomes younger (implicational scale being 83,33%). When asked if Sasak and Sumbawa share a common custom and tradition, 68,0% answered different, 17,2% stated the same, 14,2% were indifferent, and 0,4% did not respond. However, in terms of cultural habits or traditional custom practiced when having feast or traditional family ceremonies, 60,7% employed a mixture of Sasak and Sumbawa custom, 27,9% used Sasak and only 11,5% still used Sumbawa.For the SS in Lombok, it seems that the language preservation is important for several reasons. The first and most dominant of all is that language is a symbol of its distinct intragroup identity as is clearly shown by the patterns of its language use. BSb is used as the main medium of communication in the home domain, neighborhood domain, religious domain as well as in infra-villager group relations. In the meantime, BSs is used only for communication with inter-villager group relations. For communication in public sphere such as school or government offices and in certain situations, however, BSs is preferable beside bahasa Indonesia. Therefore, these two related languages form a kind of diglossic or poliglossic situation, whereby BSb serves the L function, BSs the M (medium), and bahasa Indonesia (BI) the H function. BI, however, is used only in a very formal situation. What is surprising is that the pattern of language choice and use tends to change along the age parameter, in that at the lower level of age group, when Sumbawan speech community begins to study and acquire BSs for a wider means of communication and socialization, the mean score is low. This score becomes higher and higher as the respondents grow older and get matured and reaches its peak at 31-40 age groups. After that it goes down as the respondents grow older and older. This may suggest that age group has no effect on the language choice, in the sense that the up and down movement of the language use as performed by the mean score shows that the Sumbawan needs BSs not only as lingua franca but also as a means of being accepted as members of the wider community for socialization. When they come back to their village they do not need it anymore and use BSb again.Secondly, the use of BSb as a primary means of communication in the home domain and neighborhood is made possible because of the isolation of their residential areas from the dominant group, the majority of them live seperately from the Sasak karmpoerrg in Lombok They have their own mosques and sometimes elementary schools with homogenious students. These all may facilitate to use mother tongue as their medium of intra-group communication, which may then brings pride in their language. But this does not mean that they are also proud of their `ancestral ethnic' identity. The fact is that most of them said they are Sasak. However, eventhough inter-marriage rate is relatively high, this does not seem to discourage the use of BSb in the home domain for as long as they live in the Sumbawan community. The t -test statistical analysis shows that thre is no difference in the language choice and use between intra-marital couples and inter-marrital ones (the obtained t value is -.768 critical t value 1.960, and thus the null hypothesis is accepted). "

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mendeskripsikan penyelarasan dalam realisasi fonologis (RF) satuan leksikal Indonesia yang disalin dari bahasa Inggris. Satuan leksikal salinan (SLS) itu digunakan dalam bahasa Indonesia ragam tulis berlaras ilmiah, yakni disertasi yang dipertahankan oleh mahasiswa program doktor sebuah perguruan tinggi terkemuka di Jakarta. RF SLS itu adalah tuturan para akademisi di perguruan tinggi tempat disertasi itu dipertahankan.Penyelarasan, yang merupakan perbedaan RF antara satuan leksikal asal (SLA) dan SLS-nya, berupa pemecahan bunyi, penambahan bunyi, penggabungan bunyi, penghilangan bunyi, perbedaan realisasi bunyi, pengenduran bunyi, pelemahan bunyi, penguatan bunyi, asimilasi, disimilasi, metatesis, dan realisasi prosodi sebagai bunyi segmental. Kaidah fonotaktis memengaruhi penyelarasan itu. Probabilitas fonotaktis (PF) dalam struktur silabis (SS) berkait dengan kelewahan ortografis (KO) dalam SLS. Kaitan antara PF dan KO itu berkait dengan kaidah korespondensi grafem-fonem (KGF) dalam pembentukan SLS.SLS didapati berbentuk (1) kata salinan, (2) paduan salinan, dan (3) frasa salinan. Asimilasi dalam SLS menunjukkan (1) keproduktifan vokal kendur dan (2) realisasi konsonan dalam prefiks yang berhomorgan dengan konsonan awal pada suku kata awal bentuk dasar paduan salinan. Perbedaan realisasi konsonan menunjukkan dominasi konsonan fortis dalam SLS. Disimilasi dalam SLS terjadi beriringan dengan (1) pemecahan serta penambahan bunyi, (2) penggabungan serta penghilangan bunyi, dan (3) perbedaan realisasi bunyi. Ketiga perihal tersebut terakhir pada umumnya menyebabkan perbedaan SS antara SLS dan SLA. Terjadi monoftongisasi dalam penggabungan bunyi dan penghilangan bunyi. Berkontras dengan itu, diftongisasi terjadi dalam pemecahan bunyi dan penambahan bunyi. Terdapat perbedaan antara tipe diftong dalam SLS dan SLA. KGF dalam SLS lebih ajek daripada KFG dalam SLA. Penyelarasan dalam RF SLS menunjukkan pola tertentu. Selain itu, analogi dan ketaklaziman juga terjadi dalam RF SLS.

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ABSTRACT

This research describes adaptations found in phonological realizations (PR) of Indonesian lexical items copied from English. The copied lexical items (CLI-s) were used in Indonesian academic writings, i.e. dissertations defended by doctorate-program students of a reputable university in Jakarta. The PR of the CLI-s were the utterances of academicians in the university where the dissertations were defended.

The adaptations, i.e. the PR differences between the CLI-s and their English equivalents, were in forms of sound fission, sound additions, sound fusions, sound deletions, replacements, sound laxings, lenitions, fortitions, assimilations, dissimilations, metatheses, and the realization of prosody as a segmental sound. Phonotactic rules governed the adaptations. Phonotactic probabilities (PP) in syllabic structures (SS) were found to be related to orthographic redundancies (OR) in the CLI-s. The relations between the PP and the OR were found to be related to the rules of grapheme-phoneme correspondences (GPC) in CLI constructions.

CLI-s were found to be in forms of (1) copied words, (2) loan blends, and (3) copied phrases. Assimilations in CLI-s showed (1) productivity of lax vowels and (2) realization of consonants in prefixes being homorganic with the initial consonants occurring in the initial syllable of the base forms of loan blends. Consonant replacements showed the dominance of fortis consonants in CLI-s. Dissimilations in CLI-s happened along with (1) sound fissions and additions, (2) sound fusions and deletions, and (3) sound replacements. The three points last-mentioned normally caused differences between SS of CLI-s and their English equivalents. Monophthongizations happened in sound fusions and sound deletions. In contrast, diphthongizations happened in sound fissions and sound additions. Differences were found between diphthong types in CLI-s and the ones in their English equivalents. GPC in CLI-s were found to be more consistent than CPC their English equivalents. The adaptations in the PR of CLI-s showed certain patterns. Meanwhile, analogies and irregularities also happened in the PR of CLI-s."