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"The research was conducted to determine the effect of ascorbic acid (50 mgl-1, 100 mgl-1, 200 mgl-1) and activated charcoal (0.5 gl-1, 1 gl-1, 2 gl-1) independently with different light duration (4 weeks in darkness, 2 weeks in darkness followed by 2 weeks in 16 hours light and 4 weeks in 16 hours light) on shoot regeneration. Explants of banana cultivar Barangan (Musa acuminata L.) were planted on MS basal media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA, 4.0 mgl-1 BAP and cultured for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, explant browning level was evaluated. Explants were then cut vertically into two pieces and planted on the same media to induce shoot regeneration. After 4 weeks in shoot regeneration media, number of shoot, colour of shoot and height of shoot were evaluated. MS media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA and 4.0 mgl-1 BAP without ascorbic acid and activated charcoal in darkness for 4 weeks was the most suitable media for shoot regeneration. The shoot regeneration gave average of 10,4 shoots per explant.

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The research was conducted to determine the effect of ascorbic acid (50 mgl-1, 100 mgl-1, 200 mgl-1) and activated charcoal (0.5 gl-1, 1 gl-1, 2 gl-1) independently with different light duration (4 weeks in darkness, 2 weeks in darkness followed by 2 weeks in 16 hours light and 4 weeks in 16 hours light) on shoot regeneration. Explants of banana cultivar Barangan (Musa acuminata L.) were planted on MS basal media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA, 4.0 mgl-1 BAP and cultured for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, explant browning level was evaluated. Explants were then cut vertically into two pieces and planted on the same media to induce shoot regeneration. After 4 weeks in shoot regeneration media, number of shoot, colour of shoot and height of shoot were evaluated. MS media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA and 4.0 mgl-1 BAP without ascorbic acid and activated charcoal in darkness for 4 weeks was the most suitable media for shoot regeneration. The shoot regeneration gave average of 10,4 shoots per explant."

"ABSTRACTAngklung Gubrag merupakan salah satu angklung kuno yang berasal dari Kampung Cipining, Desa Argapura, Kabupaten Bogor. Masyarakat Cipining berpendapat bahwa Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea jauh lebih baik digunakan sebagai bahan baku angklung dibandingkan Gigantochloa atroviolacea. Penelitian bertujuan untuk membandingkan karakter anatomi dan intensitas suara G. atroviolacea dan G. pseudoarundinacea sebagai bahan baku Angklung Gubrag. Penelitian berlangsung selama 10 bulan Februari-Desember 2016 . Dilakukan penyayatan buluh dan maserasi untuk membandingkan anatomi buluh bambu. Sayatan dan hasil maserasi kemudian diamati dibawah mikroskop Laboratorium Bio Imaging Departemen Biologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Angklung Gubrag G. atroviolacea memiliki intensitas suara lebih rendah dibandingkan Angklung Gubrag G. pseudoarundinacea. Tipe pembuluh yang menyusun tabung suara G. atroviolacea dan G. pseudoarundinacea didominasi oleh tipe III. Kepadatan berkas pembuluh paling tinggi dimiliki G. pseudoarundinacea, sedangkan luas berkas pembuluh dan luas berkas sklerenkim paling tinggi dimiliki G. atroviolacea. Sel serat G. pseudoarundinacea lebih panjang dibandingkan G. pseudoarundinacea. Alasan pemilihan G. pseudoarundinacea sebagai bahan baku Angklung Gubrag pada masyarakat Cipining disebabkan intensitas suara yang tinggi karena kepadatan berkas pembuluh tinggi dan sel serat yang lebih panjang pada G. pseudoarundinacea.

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ABSTRACTAngklung Gubrag is one of the ancient angklung that originated from Cipining Village, Bogor District. Community of Cipining having a notion that Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea much better used as angklung rsquo s raw material compared to Gigantochloa atroviolacea. This study aimed to compare the anatomical character and sound intensity of G. atroviolacea and G. pseudoarundinacea culms as raw material of Angklung Gubrag. The study held form February to December 2016. Methods used to compare the anatomy of bamboo culms was fresh section and maceration. The incision and the maceration samples observed under a microscope of Bio Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biology. The results showed that Angklung Gubrag G. atroviolacea have lower sound intensity than Angklung Gubrag G. pseudoarundinacea. Type of vessels that make up the G. atroviolacea and G. pseudoarundinacea sound tube dominated by type III. Higher density of vascular bundles owned by G. pseudoarundinacea. Fibre length of G. pseudoarundinacea is longer that G. pseudoarundinacea. The reason of choosing G. pseudoarundinacea as a raw material of Angklung Gubrag in the Cipining community caused by high sound intensity affected by high density vascular bundles and longer fiber cells in G. pseudoarundinacea."

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ABSTRACTThe research was held from December 2010 up to February 2011 in Kerinci District, Jambi Province. The data collecting was doing by interview, direct observation, participation, and vegetation analysis in the field. The result shows that local community group the unit of land use in their area into 10, those are sawah or sawauh (rice fields), batang ayik or bati ayay (rivers), dusun or neghiw (villages), pelak or kandaw or cuguk (fields of vegetables and annual crops around the village), ladang pnanam mudo (annuals and vegetables crops fields), ladang pnanam tuo (complex agroforestry fields), bluka mudo (young secondary forest), bluka tuo (old secondary forest), imbo adat or imbew adaik (customary forest), and imbo lengang or imbew suwaw or imbo gano (primary forest). The people take multiple use strategy in using land and resources around them to complete their daily needs. Dual economy system makes them able to deal with the differences of ecological, social economy, cultural conditions, and the pressure of population growth. The social activity concerned with environmental antrophisation creates heterogeneity of ecosystem with the differences of floristic compositions and structures"

"Telah dilakukan penelitian di Laboratorium Fisiologi Hewan Departemen Biologi FMIPA-UI untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan air rebusan sirih (Piper betle L.) dengan konsentrasi 10%, 20%, dan 40% sebagai obat luka terhadap mencit (Mus musculus L.) jantan diabetes. Dua puluh empat ekor mencit jantan galur DDY dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok yaitu kontrol normal, tanpa induksi aloksan (KK1); kontrol perlakuan hanya dicuci dengan NaCl 0,9% (KK2); kontrol pembanding, diberi Betadine (KK3); dan kelompok perlakuan air rebusan sirih konsentrasi 10% (KP1), 20% (KP2), dan 40% (KP3). Luka dibuat dengan metode Morton yang telah dimodifikasi. Pemberian bahan uji dan pengamatan dilakukan selama 12 hari berturut-turut. Pembentukan keropeng mulai terlihat di hari ke-4 pada seluruh kelompok mencit. Hasil analisis uji perbandingan berganda Mann-Whitney (a= 0,05) pada hari ke-12, menunjukkan bahwa rerata persentase penyembuhan luka KP2 (95,6% +3,854) dan KP3 (91,75% ± 4,721) tidak berbeda nyata dengan KK1 (97,13% ± 3,353 ); KP1 (84,76% ± 7.082), KP2 (95,6% ± 3,854), dan KP3 (91,75% ± 4,721) tidak berbeda nyata dengan KK3 (93,99% ± 4,489); KP1, KP2, dan KP3 tidak berbeda nyata satu sama lain; KP2 dan KP3 berbeda nyata dengan KK2 (68,64% ± 8,978). Berdasarkan data rerata persentase penyembuhan luka dan hasil analisis statistik tersebut, air rebusan sirih dengan konsentrasi 20% cenderung memberikan pengaruh yang lebih baik terhadap peningkatan presentase penyembuhan luka dibandingkan air rebusan sirih konsentrasi 10% dan 40%"

"Tesis ini membahas struktur dan komposisi jenis mangrove Segara Anakan, Cilacap. Penelitian kuantitatif ekologi hutan mangrove dilakukan dengan cara pencuplikan data menggunakan metode belt transek. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa struktur komunitas hutan mangrove di Segara Anakan, Cilacap merupakan hutan muda (regenerated forest) yang terdiri atas semai 72,1%, belta 27,4% dan pohon 0,5 %. Pada tingkat semai didominasi oleh Acanthus ilicifolius (INK 78,40%) dan ko-dominannya Sonneratia alba (INK 24,57%). Pada tingkat belta didominasi oleh Sonneratia alba (INK 95,32 %) dan jenis ko-dominannya adalah Avicennia marina (INK 72,74 %) dan untuk tingkat pohon didominasi oleh Sonneratia alba (INK 230,23 %) dan jenis ko-dominannya adalah Nypa fruticans (INK 37,47 %). Komposisi jenis mangrove terdiri atas 13 jenis yang semuanya merupakan principal mangrove species. Kondisi hutan mangrove pada lokasi penelitian mengindikasikan perlunya upaya perlindungan terhadap kawasan hutan sehingga memberikan kesempatan untuk tumbuh dan berkembang membentuk komunitas hutan mangrove yang didominasi oleh tingkat pohon.

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The focus of this thesis is structure and composition of mangrove species in Segara Anakan, Cilacap. Quantitative ecology studies of mangrove forest of Segara Anakan, Cilacap done by sampling data using belt transects. In the study area shows that the structure of mangrove forest communities in Segara Anakan, Cilacap is a young forest (regenerated forest) with composititon of seedling 72,1%, sapling 27,4% and tree 0,5 %. At level seedling dominated by Acanthus ilicifolius (I.V . 78,40%) and codominant species is Sonneratia alba (I.V . 24,57%). At the level of belta dominated by Sonneratia alba (I.V. 95.32%) and codominant species is Avicennia marina (I.V. 72.74%). At level of tree dominated also by Sonneratia alba (I.V. 230.23%) and codominant species is Nypa fruticans (I.V. 37.47%). The mangrove species composition consist of 13 species that are all principal mangrove species. Conditions of mangrove forest on the location of the study indicate the need for efforts to protect the forest areas so as to provide an opportunity to grow and develop being a mangrove forests that dominated by tree level."

"ABSTRACTBiological control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables byantagonistic microorganism seems increasingly promising to replace the use of synthetic fungicides which are subjected to some limitation due to development of fungicides-resistant strain of the pathogens and risk for consumers and the environment (Lima et al, 1999). Several species of yeast have been reported to reduce postharvest fungal decay on fruits. One of the antagonistic yeast that has been use as commercial biocontrol is Metchnikowia fructicola in Shemerm product (Vero et al., 2002) Yeast Rhodotomla has been studied for the postharvest biologicalcontrol various mould pathogens on various fruit (Castoria et al., 1997).University of Indonesia Culture Collection (UICC) have Rhodotorula spp.strains from plants of Cibodas Botanical Garden, and moulds frompostharvest decayed-tomatoes and plants. The ability of these yeast strains as biocontrol agents against has not been reported.This thesis consists of two parts. Part 1 is entitled The antagonisticActivity of Rhodotorula spp. from Cibodas Botanical Garden Against Tomato Plant Infected-Causing Moulds. Part 2 is entitled The Potential of Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-381 as Biocontrol Agent of Aspergillus ochraoeus on Postharvest Tomatoes. The objectives of this research are to obtain a potential Rhodotorula sp. with antagonistic activity against tomato infected-causing moulds, and to obtain infoimation on the ability of Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y- 381 as a biocontrol agent in reducing the severity of decay by Aspergillus ochraceus. The research was carried out in Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biology, and Center of Excellence Indigenous Biological Resources-Genome Studies (CoE IBR-GS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, from July 2008-July 2009.Yeast Malt Agar (YMA) was used for yeast growth medium, and PotatoDextrose Agar (PDA) was used for maintenance of fungi. The media PDA and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDB) were used for antagonistic test.Six strains of Rhodotorula spp. (Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-318,Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-325, Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-332, Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-381, Rhodotomla sp. UICC Y-384, and Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-386) were investigated as antagonistic yeasts against Aspergillus ochraceus D1.2.2.SSM3, A. terreus D2.2.MC, and Drechslera sp. D1.3.MC. The yeasts were obtained from plants of Cibodas Botanical Garden, and the moulds were obtained from decayed tomatoes and infected plants, belonging to the University of Indonesia Culture Collection (UICC). Antagonistic test by strip method was carried out by usingconcentration of yeast cells at (1 .2-5.2) x 10° CFU/ml, and A. ochraceusD1.2.2.SSM3 at 4.7 x 10? CFU/ml, A. terreus D2.2.Mc at 3.2 x 10° CFU/ml,and Drechslera sp. D1.3.MC at 5.2 x 10? CFU/ml. Inoculation of the yeastcells on PDA was carried out 4 hours earlier before inoculation of mouldspores on petri dishes. Results showed that highest percentage reduction of mould colonies was shown by Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y- 325 againstDrechslera sp. (28.12%-72.14%), followed by Rhodotorufa sp. UlCC Y-381 against A. ochraoeus (54.28%-72.46%), and Rhodotoruta sp. Y-318 against A. terreus (21.76% - 58.10%) during 6-day incubation.Antagonistic test by co-culture method was carried out by usingconcentration of yeast cells at (1 .58-5.59) x 10° CFU/ml, and Aspergillus ochraceus D1.2.2.SSM3 at 7 x 10? cFU/ml, A. terreus D2.2.MC at 1.5 x 10? CFU/ml. Inoculation of the yeast cells on PDB was carried out 8 hours earlier before inoculation of mould spores on broth medium. Results showed that highest percentage reduction of conidial heads and hyphal width was shown by Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-381 against A. ochraceus (9.45% and 12.43%; 7.10% and 7.51 %, after 2- and 3-day incubation, respectively). Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-332 reduced conidial heads of A. terreus (10.17% and 9.60% after 2- and 3-day incubation) but, was not able to reduce hyphal width of A. terreus. Microscopic observation by slide culture method on PDA showed that there was attachment of Rhodotorula spp. cells to the hyphae of Drechslera sp., however, Rhodotorula spp. UICC Y-386 attached more intensively and colonized the hyphae.The ability of Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-381, which was isolated fromplant leaves, as a biocontrol agent against postharvest tomato fruit decay- causing mould Aspergillus ochraceus D1 .2.2.SSM3 was evaluated. Observation was carried out for 15 days at 25°C - 27°C. Results showed that Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-381 was able to reduce the severity of decay by A.ochraceus with 100% reduction until day-12, when compared to control. The synthetic fungicide Dithane M-45 at a concentration of 0.08% reduced the severity of decay to 100% until 15-day incubation."

"Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian strain Nostoc CPG8, CPG24, dan CIM7 terhadap pertumbuhan vegetatif dan generatif padi varietas Ciherang. Data dianalisis secara statistik dengan uji ANOVA dan LSD, kecuali data jumlah daun, dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian strain Nostoc CPG24 dan CIM7 berpengaruh nyata meningkatkan tinggi tanaman akhir (P < 0,05). Strain Nostoc CPG8 dan CPG24 berpengaruh nyata menurunkan jumlah buah kosong (P < 0,05). Pemberian ketiga strain Nostoc tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap parameter vegetatif panjang akar dan parameter generatif jumlah bulir, jumlah buah berisi, berat basah dan berat kering tanaman tanpa buahbuahh total buah per rumpun, jumlah buah bernas per rumpun, jumlah buah kosong per rumpun, berat basah tanaman, dan berat basah, serta berat basah dan berat kering buah.

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This experiment was conducted to see the effect of Nostoc strains CPG8, CPG24, and CIM7 to vegetative and generative growth of Ciherang varieties of rice. Data was analyzed used statistics, with ANOVA and LSD, except for leaf total was used descriptive. The result showed that Nostoc strains of CPG24 and CIM7 increased plant height (P < 0,05). Nostoc strains of CPG8 and CPG24 decreased the number of filled out grains (P < 0,05). Those three Nostoc strains had not affect increase root length, the number of panicles, the number of filled grains, fresh and dry weight plants without grain, and fresh and dry weight grains."

"Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) merupakan salah satu tanaman obat yang banyak digunakan di Indonesia, dan di Asia Tenggara temulawak dimanfaatkan sebagai bumbu masak dan obat. Aktivitas antimikroba temulawak diuji terhadap Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Streptococcus mutans Type F (MUI), dan Candida albicans ATCC 10231 dengan menggunakan broth dilution method. Ekstrak etanol 70% temulawak dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Gram positif S. aureus dan S. mutans pada konsentrasi 1,0-5,0% b/v, dan B. cereus pada konsentrasi 2,0-5,0% b/v. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ekstrak etanol 70% temulawak adalah 0,1% b/v untuk S. aureus dan S. mutan, sedangkan terhadap B. cereus adalah 2,0% b/v.

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Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is one of popular medicinal plant in Indonesia, has been used as spices and medicinal purposes in South-East Asian countries. Antimicrobial activity of temulawak was tested toward Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Streptococcus mutans Type F (MUI), and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Antimicrobial assay was carried out by using broth dilution method. The ethanol 70% extract of temulawak inhibited the growth of Gram positive bacteria S. aureus and S. mutans at concentration of 1,0-5,0% w/v, while B. cereus at concentration 2,0-5,0% w/v. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethanol 70% extract against S. aureus and S. mutans were 0,1% w/v, while against B. cereus were 2,0% w/v."