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"Penyakit ginjal dengan berbagai manifestasinya memerlukan berbagai pemeriksaan penunjang untuk melengkapi data penderita. Pada umumnya pemeriksaan penunjang ini digunakan sebagai alat bantu diagnostik, untuk melihat hasil penanggulangan/pengobatan penderita, dan untuk mengikuti perjalanan penyakit. Salah satu pemeriksaan penunjang untuk membedakan kelainan ginjal glomeruler dan tubular adalah analisa protein urin menggunakan tehnik sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Dengan pemeriksaan ini dapat dibedakan pola ekskresi protein pada kelainan ginjal glomeruler, tubuler, atau campuran keduanya. β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (β-NAG) adalah enzim yang dibentuk oleh lisosom sel tubulus proksimal dan dilepaskan ke dalam urin. Karena itu dianggap lebih spesifik untuk menentukan adanya kelainan tubulus dibandingkan dengan tes lainnya seperti β2-mikroglobulin.Pada penelitian ini kami mencari hubungan antara pola ekskresi protein dan aktivitas β-NAG dalam urin penderita dengan berbagai kelainan ginjal. Hasil menunjukkan adanya peningkatan β-NAG pada kasus-kasus dengan pola ekskresi protein tubuler dan campuran. Dua kasus (4,17%) dengan pola glomeruler memberikan hasil aktivitas β-NAG yang meningkat; kasus ini adalah sindroma nefrotik dan hipertensi. Pada sindroma nefrotik dengan proteinuria glomeruler non-selektif memang pernah dilaporkan adanya peningkatan β-NAG yang diduga berasal dari serum. Peningkatan β-NAG pads kasus hipertensi pada penelitian ini, tidak diketahui mekanismenya.

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Protein Pattern And Β-Nag Activity In The Urine From Patients With Several Different Kidney AbnormalitiesKidney disease and its manifestation require different kind of laboratory tests to complete the data of the patients. In general, these tests are used as a diagnostic aid, and also in monitoring the therapy and the progress of the disease. It is important to differentiate between glomerular and tubular disorders. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylanude gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is one of the techniques that can be used to differentiate these abnormalities by looking at the protein excretion pattern in the urine. For renal tubular disorder, the determination of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (β-NAG) is a useful test to detect the alteration of the tubular apparatus. This test is more specific than the others, such as β2-microglobulin, because β-NAG is produced by the lysosomes of the cells of proximal tubules.The aims of our study is to find a correlation between urine protein excretion pattern and β-NAG activity, and the abnormalities of the kidney. We found that β-NAG activity was increased in patients with tubular and mixed type pattern of proteinuria. The increased activity of this enzyme was also seen in 2 patients (4.7%) with glomerular pattern; one with nephrotic syndrome and the other with hypertension. In nephrotic syndrome with non-selective proteinuria, it is conceivable that some of the urine β-NAG was plasma origin. In hypertension, the mechanisme of the increasing of β-NAG activity in the urine is still unknown."

"ABSTRACTBACKGROUND:proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an advanced form of DR that eventually could lead to blindness. Levels of vitreous advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and D-dimer may reflect the pathological changes in the retina, but only few studies have assessed their correlation with blood hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels. This study aimed to find the association between blood HbA1c levels with vitreous AGEs and D-dimer levels in patients with proliferative DR. METHODS:an analytical cross-sectional study was performed in subjects with proliferative DR who underwent vitrectomy. Subjects were divided into 2 subgroups, i.e. uncontrolled (HbA1c >7%) and controlled (HbA1c <7%) groups. Vitreous AGEs and D-dimer levels were assessed; the levels were compared between uncontrolled and controlled hyperglycemic patients. Statistic correlation tests were also performed for evaluating blood HbA1c, vitreous AGEs, and D-dimer levels.RESULTS:a total of 47 patients were enrolled in this study and 32 (68.1%) of them were women. Median vitreous AGEs level was 11.0 (3.0 - 48.0) µg/mL; whereas median vitreous D-dimers level was 5,446.0 (44.0 - 37,394.0 ) ng/mL. The median vitreous AGEs levels was significantly higher in patients with uncontrolled vs. controlled hyperglycemia (14.0 vs. 4.0 mg/mL; p<0.001). There was a significant positive correlation with moderate strength between blood HbA1c level and vitreous AGEs level (r=0.524; r2=0.130; p=0.0001). Blood HbA1c level could be used to predict vitreous AGEs level by using the following calculation: vitreous AGEs = -1.442+ (1.740xblood HbA1c). Vitreous D-dimer levels were not significantly different between uncontrolled and controlled hyperglycemia (median 4607.5 vs. 5701.6 ng/mL; p = 0.458). There was a positive significant correlation between blood HbA1c and vitreous D-dimer levels (r = 0.342; p = 0.019); however the correlation was weak. Vitreous AGEs level had a positive significant correlation with vitreous D-dimer levels (r = 0.292; p = 0.046) and the correlation strength was also weak.CONCLUSION:median vitreous AGEs levels were significantly higher in proliferative DR patients with uncontrolled than those with controlled hyperglycemia. Blood HbA1c level can be used to assess vitreous AGEs level in patients with proliferative DR by using the following calculation: vitreous AGEs = -1.442+(1.740 x HbA1c). However, the blood HbA1c level can not be used to predict vitreous D-dimer level in patients with proliferative DR."