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"Studi observasionad dengan desain cross-sectional senng menimbulkan masalah akibat potensial confounding, yaitu suatu kondisi yang menyiratkan texjadinya ketidaktepatan perbandingan antara kelompok terpajan dan kontrol serta potensial menghasilkan bias pada estimasi cfek Estimasi efek yang paling ideal adalah membandingkan outcome pada satu subyck saat mendapat pajanan dan saat tidak mendapat pajanan pada saat bersamaan, hal ini tidak mungkin terjadi karena outcome dari satu peristiwa hanya ada satu, dan disebut sebagai counte1j`actuaI]5-ameworlc Regresi sebagai analisis multivariat yang paling umum dipakai hanya melakukan aeiusnnent pada variabel confounder dalam menghasilkan estimasi, sehingga parameter yang dihasilkan bukan berdasaxkan atas perbandingan antar subyek meiainkan nilai kelompok. Hal ini yang membuat hasil Estimasi analisis regresi masih memiliki bias akibat seleksi subyek pada kelompok Propensity score marching adalah analisis yang menggunal-can pemadanan berdasarkan nilai propensity dari kelompok tcrpajan dan kontrol, sehingga masing-masing subjek pada kelompok terpajan akan memiliki padanan dengan karakteristik yang sama pada kelompok kontrol. Pemadanan mengakibatkan asumsi excharzgeability dalam cozmterfactual fiamework terpenuhi, sehingga dapat mereduksi bias seleksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mcmbandingkan hasil analisis regresi logistik dengan analisis propensity score matching (PSM) dalam melihat pengaruh tingkat aktivitas olahraga terhadap kebugaran jasmani berdasarkan data Sport Development Indeks (SDI) 2006. Pcrbandingan dilakukan dengan memodelkan variabel berdasarkan regrcsi logistik. Model akhir yang didapat pada regrcsi logistik akan dianalisis kembali menggunakan analisis propensity score matching (PSM). Desain penclitian yang digunakan adalah cross-sectional 66113811 menggunakan data sekunder dari sutvei SDI 2006. Model yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini arhlah model faktor resiko yang berusaha untuk menilai pajanan tingkat aktivitas olahraga terhadap status kebugaran dengan faktor yang menjadi potensial confounder adalah variabel ruang terbuka olahraga, sumber daya manusia olahraga, usia, gender, Indeks Massa Tubuh, pekeljaan, propinsi dan sosial ekonomi kabupaten. Dari hasil penelitian di dapat dua perbandingan yaitu perbandingan nqgrcsi logistik dengan PSM tanpa interaksi dan dengan intexaksi. Pada kedua jcnis perbandingan, PSM berhasil memadankan 100% responden. OR dari PSM tanpa interaksi 1,28 sedangkan OR daxi regresi logistik l,3. Perbedaan yang tidak begitu besar ini dimungkinkan karena variasi dari variabel oovariat dari kelompok texpajan dan kontrol tidak terlalu besar sehingga a¢#u.s'nnen1 pada regresi logistik mampu menjaga keséimbangan variasi antara kedua kelompok. Pada pcrbandingan PSM dengau interaksi, dilakukan stratifikasi pada data berdasarkan variabel yang berintemksi pada regresi Iogistik. Analisis PSM kemudian dilakukan untuk masing-masing strata Hanya ada satu OR yang berhasil didapai pada analisis PSM dari tiap strata, tiga OR lain tidak dapat dihitung karena nilai nol pada mean of marched control setelah proses pemadanan. S6C8I`3 statistik terdapat hubungan antara tingkat aktititas olahraga dan kebugaran jasmani meskipun dengan ni [ai efek yang kecil.

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Observational study with cross-sectional design often generate problem of potential sffect of confounding, which is a condition that implies improper comparison between 'reated and control group and also yield potentially biased effect estimation. The most ideal effect estimation is, by comparing outcome from one subyek given exposure and not given exposure at the same time, this matter is not possible because outcome &'om one event only happen one, this is call counterfactual framework. Regression as a commonly multivariat analysis only do adjustment for confounder variable in generating estimation, so the parameter yielded not based on comparison betwen subyek but based on group parameter. This make regression analysis still has bias from subjek selection for control group. Propensity Score matching is analysis use matching metode based on propensity score from exposed and control group, so each subjek from exposed group will have match with equivalent characteristic at control group. Matching cause exchangeability asumption in counterfactual framework firllfiled, so that can reduce selection bias.

This research aim to compare result from logistic regression analysis with propensity score matching (PSM) analysis in seeing the influence of sport activity level to physical fitness based on data of Sport Development Index (SDI) 2006. Comparison conducted with modeling variable using logistic regression. The final model from logistic regression will be re-analysed using PSM analysis. Research design is cross-sectional and using secondary data from SDI 2006 sim/ey. Model used in this research is risk factor model to assess exposure from sport activity level to physical fitness status with potential confoundef are sport facility, sport human resources, age, gender, body mass Index, work, districk social-economic statins and province variable.

The result from this research is earning two comparison, which is comparison betwen logistic regression by PSM without interaction and with interaction. At both types of comparison, PSM succeed to match 100% responder. OR from PSM without interaction 1,28 while OR iiom regresi logistics l,3. The OR difference is not so big because eovariat variation variable from exposed and control group is not too big so that adjustment of logistic regression able to balance variation among both group. The PSM comparison with interaction, conducted by stratification of data using variable which have interaction at logistic regression Alter that PSM Analyse is conduct to each strata. There is only one OR successfully got from PSM analysis of each strata, three other OR can’t be compute because zero value at mean of matched control after matching process. Statistically there are relation between sport activity level and the physical fitness though with small effect value. "

"[Latar belakang Aktivitas fisik adalah komponen penting dalam gaya hidup sehat begitu juga dengan jumlah waktu sedentary Akan tetapi sampai saat ini belum ada data tingkat aktivitas fisik maupun jumlah waktu sedentary pada populasi perempuan hamil Tujuan Mengetahui tingkat aktivitas fisik dan jumlah waktu kegiatan sedentary perempuan hamil Metode Jumlah total subyek sebanyak 106 perempuan hamil Dilakukan pengumpulan data karakteristik demografik dan penghitungan tingkat aktivitas fisik serta jumlah waktu sedentary Penghitungan tingkat aktivitas fisik dan jumlah waktu sedentary dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pencatatan Bouchard Hasil Pada perempuan hamil di perkotaan dengan kehamilan tunggal jumlah pengeluaran energi subyek rata rata adalah 41 88 4 45 kcal kgBB hari Sebanyak 66 04 perempuan hamil berada di tingkat aktivitas fisik sedang sementara 33 96 berada di tingkat aktivitas berat Rata rata jumlah waktu yang dihabiskan perempuan hamil untuk melakukan perilaku sedentary adalah 8 51 jam per hari Kesimpulan Tingkat aktivitas fisik perempuan hamil di perkotaan telah memenuhi rekomendasi akan tetapi waktu kegiatan sedentary masih cukup panjang Kata kunci Perempuan hamil tingkat aktivitas fisik perkotaan jumlah waktu sedentary.

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Background Physical activity and the amount of time spent in sedentary activities are key components to a healthy lifestyle Unfortunately to this day there is no evidence or data regarding the level of physical activity in pregnant women There is also no data regarding the sedentary time spent by pregnant women Objective To identify the level of physical activity in pregnant women as well as time spent in sedentary activities Methods Total respondents were 106 pregnant women Data collection regarding the level of physical activity and sedentary time was done through Bouchard Three Day Physical Activity Record Results Total mean energy expenditure of pregnant women with single pregnancy in urban areas is 41 88 4 45 kcal kg day The majority 66 04 of pregnant women is under the category of moderate physical activity level Meanwhile 33 96 of pregnant women is under the high physical activity level Mean sedentary time of pregnant women in urban area is at 8 51 hours per day Conclusion The level of physical activity in pregnant women in urban area is in accordance to the existing recommendation Although the time spent by pregnant women in sedentary activities are still relatively high Keywords Pregnant women physical activity level urban area sedentary time , Background Physical activity and the amount of time spent in sedentary activities are key components to a healthy lifestyle Unfortunately to this day there is no evidence or data regarding the level of physical activity in pregnant women There is also no data regarding the sedentary time spent by pregnant women Objective To identify the level of physical activity in pregnant women as well as time spent in sedentary activities Methods Total respondents were 106 pregnant women Data collection regarding the level of physical activity and sedentary time was done through Bouchard Three Day Physical Activity Record Results Total mean energy expenditure of pregnant women with single pregnancy in urban areas is 41 88 4 45 kcal kg day The majority 66 04 of pregnant women is under the category of moderate physical activity level Meanwhile 33 96 of pregnant women is under the high physical activity level Mean sedentary time of pregnant women in urban area is at 8 51 hours per day Conclusion The level of physical activity in pregnant women in urban area is in accordance to the existing recommendation Although the time spent by pregnant women in sedentary activities are still relatively high Keywords Pregnant women physical activity level urban area sedentary time ]"

"Latihan panjang akan menguras glikogen otot dan merusak jaringan otot. Peningkatan kadar ureum dan kreatin kinase darah dapat menyebabkan penurunan performa pada latihan atau pertandingan berikutnya. Tesis ini membahas pengaruh pemberian minuman elektrolit berkarbohidrat terhadap kadar ureum darah, kreatin kinase darah, dan performa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental murni, bersifat single blind dengan rancangan silang pada 10 atlet dayung rowing nasional laki-laki di Pelatnas Dayung Pengalengan tahun 2015. Minuman yang diberikan adalah minuman elektrolit dengan jumlah karbohidrat sebanyak 1 gr/kgBB pada kelompok perlakuan dan 0,35 gr/kgBB pada kelompok kontrol. Minuman tersebut diberikan segera setelah latihan dan dua jam berikutnya. Pengambilan sampel darah vena dilakukan untuk mengukur penurunan kadar ureum dan kreatin kinase darah sebelum dan setelah pemberian minuman masing-masing dengan alat COBAS C111 dan Advia 1650/1800. Hasil analisis membuktikan bahwa penurunan kadar ureum dan kreatin kinase darah lebih tinggi pada kelompok perlakuan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa minuman elektrolit berkarbohidrat sebanyak 1 gr/kgBB efektif untuk memulihkan kembali simpanan glikogen otot dan menurunkan kerusakan jaringan otot.

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Long lasting exercise will deplete muscle glycogen and muscle tissue damage. Increased levels of blood urea and creatine kinase can cause a decrease in performance at the next exercise or competition. This thesis discusses the effect of carbohydrate electrolyte drinks on blood urea levels, blood creatine kinase levels, and performance. This is true experimental study, single blind cross over design in 10 rowing men athletes in the National Training Centre Pengalengan 2015. Beverages provided are electrolyte drinks with the amount of carbohydrates as much as 1 g/kg body weight in the treatment group and 0,35 g/kg body weight in the control group. Beverages given immediately after the workout and the next two hours. Venous blood sample was collected to measure the reduction of blood urea and creatine kinase level before and after drinking beverages using COBAS C111 and Advia 1650/1800 respectively. The result show that the reduction of blood urea and creatine kinase levels is greater in the treatment group. It suggests that beverages contain 1 gr/kg body weight carbohydrate is effective to restore muscle glycogen stores and decrease muscle tissue damage."

"[ABSTRAKKebugaran merupakan prediktor dari penyakit degeneratif seperti penyakitkardiovaskular, diabetes mellitus dan lain sebagainya. Hasil tes kebugaran padasiswa sekolah menengah atas di kota Bogor yang dilakukan oleh Dinas Kesehatanpada tahun 2014, menyebutkan 91.29% siswa berada pada tingkat kebugarankurang dan kurang sekali. Perilaku merokok, jenis kelamin, status gizi, frekuensiolahraga, serta lingkar pinggang, kadar lipid dan tekanan darah, diperkirakanmenjadi determinan kebugaran, menurut laporan Survei Kepatuhan terhadap KTRdi Kawasan Sekolah tahun 2014, terdapat 15.18% siswa yang merokok. Penelitianini bertujuan untuk melihat apa saja determinan kebugaran kardiorespirasi padasiswa di 18 sekolah menengah atas di Kota Bogor. Disain penelitian ini crosssectionalmenggunakan tiga data sekunder Dinkes Kota Bogor, tes kebugaranmenggunakan metode TKJI untuk usia 16-19 tahun. Sampel penelitian didapatkan354 responden yang tersebar pada 18 sekolah. Pada analisis regresi logistikganda, ditemukan bahwa variabel jenis kelamin, status gizi, perilaku merokok danlingkar pinggang merupakan determinan kebugaran kardiorespirasi, denganvariabel jenis kelamin yang dominan berhubungan dengan kebugarankardiorespirasi. Perlu dibuat program gerakan hidup aktif untuk penangananmasalah gemuk dan obesitas agar adanya peningkatan kebugaran jasmani. Bagipenelitian selanjutnya, perlu penggunaan metode pengukuran kebugaran TKJIsecara lengkap atau dengan metode pengukuran yang lain seperti single-test, danpengukuran aktivitas fisik yang lebih baik lagi.

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ABSTRACTFitness is predictor of degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular disease,diabetes etc. Result on fitness test among high school students at Bogor, whichwas conducted by the city district health office in 2014, mentioned that 91.29%students were on poor fitness level. Smoking behavior, sex, nutritional status,sport frequency, blood lipid, waist circumference and blood pressure wereestimated as determinant to fitness level, according to a report from Survei onAdherence of Non-Smoking Area on School Area in 2014, there are 15.18% ofstudents were smoking. This research aims to see which factors are determinant tostudent?s cardiorespiratory fitness in 18 high school at Bogor. Design of thisresearch was cross-sectional using three secondary data from Bogor DistrictHealth Office, fitness test using the TKJI method for the age of 16-19 years.Sample research obtained 354 respondents were scattered in 18 schools. Onmultiple logistic regression analysis, it was found that sex, nutritional status,smoking behavior and waist circumference are determinant to cardiorepiratoryfitness, with sex were the dominant variable associate with cardiorepiratoryfitness. The program on active lifestyle are needed to managing on overweightand obesity problem, thus increase level of fitness. For further research, fullmethod on TKJI or other fitness measurement methods such as single-test areneeded , and measurement of physical activity needs to be better again., Fitness is predictor of degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular disease,diabetes etc. Result on fitness test among high school students at Bogor, whichwas conducted by the city district health office in 2014, mentioned that 91.29%students were on poor fitness level. Smoking behavior, sex, nutritional status,sport frequency, blood lipid, waist circumference and blood pressure wereestimated as determinant to fitness level, according to a report from Survei onAdherence of Non-Smoking Area on School Area in 2014, there are 15.18% ofstudents were smoking. This research aims to see which factors are determinant tostudent’s cardiorespiratory fitness in 18 high school at Bogor. Design of thisresearch was cross-sectional using three secondary data from Bogor DistrictHealth Office, fitness test using the TKJI method for the age of 16-19 years.Sample research obtained 354 respondents were scattered in 18 schools. Onmultiple logistic regression analysis, it was found that sex, nutritional status,smoking behavior and waist circumference are determinant to cardiorepiratoryfitness, with sex were the dominant variable associate with cardiorepiratoryfitness. The program on active lifestyle are needed to managing on overweightand obesity problem, thus increase level of fitness. For further research, fullmethod on TKJI or other fitness measurement methods such as single-test areneeded , and measurement of physical activity needs to be better again.]"