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Latar Belakang: Murraya koenigii (MKE) atau daun kari memiliki efek antihiperglikemik. Akan tetapi, bukti mekanisme molekuler dari efek antidiabetes tumbuhan ini masih belum cukup. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental in vivo untuk mengetahui ekspresi relatif mRNA PCK1 pada hati tikus Sprague-Dawley. Kelompok hati tikus dibagi menjadi enam kelompok, yaitu kelompok normal, kelompok normal + MKE 400 mg/kgBB/hari (NMK), kelompok diabetes, kelompok diabetes + MKE 200 mg/kgBB/hari (MK 200), kelompok diabetes + MKE 400 mg/kgBB/hari (MK 400), dan kelompok diabetes + glibenklamid 1 mg/kgBB/hari (DM). Hasil: Ekspresi mRNA PCK1 pada kelompok DM meningkat daripada kelompok normal secara signifikan. Selain itu, ekspresi mRNA PCK1 pada kelompok MK 200, MK 400, dan GB mengalami penurunan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok DM. Ekspresi mRNA PCK1 pada kelompok MK 200 menurun secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok GB. Sayangnya, tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara kelompok MK 400 dan GB. Kesimpulan: Ekspresi PCK1 kelompok diabetes lebih tinggi daripada kelompok normal. Di samping itu, pemberian ekstrak MKE sebanyak 200 mg/kgBB/hari dan 400 mg/kgBB/hari pada tikus diabetes menurunkan ekspresi PCK1. Selain itu, efek pemberian ekstrak MKE tidak bergantung pada dosis. Ekstrak MKE dosis 200 mg/kgBB/hari terbukti lebih efekif menurunkan ekspresi PCK 1 dibandingkan dengan glibenklamid. ......Background: Murraya koenigii (MKE) or curry leave has antihyperglycemic effects, but molecular mechanisms of its antidiabetic effect is still insufficient. Method: This research is in vivo experimental study to determine the relative expression of PCK1 mRNA in Sprague-Dawley rat’s liver tissue.We devided the group of rat’s liver in 6 groups, normal group, normal group + MKE 400 mg/kgBW/day (NMK), diabetic group, diabetic group + MKE 200 mg/kgBW/day (MK 200), diabetic group + MKE 400 mg/kgBW/day (MK 400), and diabetic group + glybenclamide 1 mg/kgBW/day as a positive control (GB). Result: PCK1 mRNA expression in DM group was increased than normal group significantly. Moreover, expression in MK 200, MK 400, and GB groups was decreased than DM group significantly. PCK1 mRNA expression in the MK 200 group was decreased than GB group significantly. Unfortunately, we could not find any significant result in comparison MKE 400 with GB group. Conclusion: PCK1 expression in liver tissue of DM group higher than normal group. Moreover, PCK 1 expression in MK 200 and MK 400 groups are decreased than DM group. Additionally, the effect of MKE extract is not dose dependent. Furthermore, MK 200 appeared to be more effective than glibenclamide in reducing PCK1 expression.

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Pendahuluan Salah satu penyebab komplikasi DM tipe 2 adalah terjadinya peningkatan radikal bebas yang berujung pada kerusakan organ akibat stres oksidatif yang dapat dilihat pada mikrovaskular, salah satunya ginjal. Daun kari memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang mampu menetralkan radikal bebas sehingga mengurangi stres oksidatif. Metode Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain eksperimental pada hewan coba yaitu tikus. Pengukuran dilakukan pada kadar malondialdehida dan aktivitas enzim katalase yang termasuk dalam biomarker stres oksidatif. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan metode spektrofotometri Hewan coba terbagi dalam lima kelompok yaitu kelompok normal, diabetes, diabetes dengan pemberian ekstrak daun kari 200 mg/KgBB/hari, pemberian 400 mg/KgBB/hari dan pemberian glibenklamid. Hasil Kadar MDA pada jaringan ginjal tikus DM tipe 2 dengan pemberian ekstrak daun kari dengan dosis 200 mg/KgBB/hari mengalami penurunan yang signifikan dibandingkan tikus diabetes tanpa intervensi (p = 0,003) dan tikus diabetes dengan pemberian glibenklamid (p = 0,012) dengan batas kemaknaan p < 0,05 sedangkan dosis 400 mg/KgBB/hari tidak memberikan hasil yang signifikan. Pemberian ekstrak daun kari pada berbagai dosis tidak memberikan hasil yang signifikan pada kenaikan aktivitas katalase dibandingkan kelompok lainnya. Kesimpulan Pemberian ekstrak etanol daun kari dosis 200 mg/KgBB/hari memberikan penurunan kadar MDA dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol negatif dan kontrol positif glibenklamid.

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Introduction One of the causes of complications on type 2 diabetes is the increase in free radical that lead to organ damage due to oxidative stress. This damage can be seen in microvascular complications, one of them is kidney. Curry leaves have antioxidant capacity that is able to neutralize free radicals thereby reduce the oxidative stress. Method This study was conducted with an experimental design in animals, mice. Measurement were made on the levels of malondialdehyde and the activity of catalase enzyme which are oxidative stress biomarker. Measurements were done with spectrophotometry. The experimental animal were divided to five groups namely normal, diabetes, diabetes with curry leaf extract in high and low dose, and diabetic with glibenclamide administration. Result MDA level in kidney tissue of type 2 diabetic mice with curry leaf extract administration in dose 200 mg/KgBW/d experienced a significant decrease compared to diabetic mice without intervention (p=0,003) and diabetic mice with glibenclamide administration (p=0.012) with a significance limit at p<=0,05 while at dose 400 mg/KgBW/d did not give significant results. Curry leaf extract at various doses did not give any significant results on the increase of catalase activity compared to other groups. Discussion Curry leaf extract administration at dose 200 mg/KgW/d reduce MDA level than negative (diabetes without any administration) and positive (glibenclamide administration) control group.

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Latar belakang: Prevalensi penyakit ginjal kronis (PGK) adalah sebesar 13,4% dari seluruh populasi global. Sindrom kardiorenal (SK) tipe 4 menyebabkan 40% mortalitas pada pasien PGK. Salah satu mediator dalam patogenesis SK adalah stres oksidatif yang dapat mengakibatkan disfungsi endotel, fibrosis miokardial dan penebalan dinding ventrikel. Terapi obat golongan penghambat reseptor angiotensin (ARB) dan statin mempunyai efek antiinfalamasi dan antioksidan terhadap jantung. Hal ini menjadi pertimbangan penggunaannya untuk memperbaiki kondisi stres oksidatif pada SK. Hingga saat ini belum banyak diketahui pengaruh pemberian ARB dan statin pada jantung dengan SK. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ARB + statin terhadap fibrosis miokardial dan tebal dinding ventrikel jantung pada tikus PGK dengan metode 5/6 nefrektomi. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan organ jantung tersimpan dari tikus jantan Sprague-Dawley yang terdiri atas 5 kelompok perlakuan dan masing-masing terdiri atas 4 sampel: kelompok kontrol (sham), 5/6 nefrektomi (Nx), 5/6 nefrektomi dengan terapi irbersatan 20mg/kgBB/hari selama 4 minggu (Nx + Ir), 5/6 nefrektomi dengan terapi simvastatin 10mg/kgBB/hari selama 4 minggu (Nx + S), dan 5/6 nefrektomi dengan terapi irbersatan 20mg/kgBB/hari dan simvastatin 10mg/kgBB/hari selama 4 minggu (Nx + Ir-S). Sampel organ jantung tersimpan dipotong secara cross-sectional dan diamati gambaran histopatologinya (HE dan Masson’s trichrome) menggunakan aplikasi ImageJ. Data kemudian dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan One-Way Anova. Hasil: Pemberian terapi baik irbersatan, simvastatin, maupun kombinasi keduanya selama 4 minggu menunjukkan persentase luas area fibrosis miokardial dan tebal dinding ventrikel jantung yang cenderung lebih kecil dibanding kontrol namun tidak bermakna secara statistik. Terapi irbesartan, kombinasi irbesartan dan simvastatin, dan simvastatin menunjukkan persentase luas area fibrosis dan tebal dinding ventrikel jantung yang paling kecil secara berurutan. Kesimpulan: Pemberian kombinasi ARB dan statin selama 4 minggu belum dapat memperbaiki fibrosis miokardial dan hipertropi dinding ventrikel jantung pada tikus model PGK. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan menggunakan dosis yang lebih besar, dengan perlakuan lebih lama serta jumlah sampel yang lebih banyak agar efek kombinasi lebih nyata terlihat ......Background: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is 13.4% of the entire global population. Cardiorenal syndrome (SK) type 4 causes 40% mortality in CKD patients. One of the mediators in the pathogenesis of SK is oxidative stress which can lead to endothelial dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis and ventricular wall thickening. Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) and statin inhibitor class drugs have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on the heart. This is a consideration for its use to improve oxidative stress conditions in SK. Until now, it has not been widely known the effect of ARB and statin administration on the heart with SC. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of ARB + statin combination on myocardial fibrosis and ventricular wall thickness in CKD rats using the 5/6 nephrectomy method. Methods: This study used stored heart organs from male Sprague-Dawley rats consisting of 5 treatment groups and each consisting of 4 samples: control group (sham), 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx), 5/6 nephrectomy with radiation therapy. 20mg / kgBW / day for 4 weeks (Nx + Ir), 5/6 nephrectomy with simvastatin therapy 10mg / kgBW / day for 4 weeks (Nx + S), and 5/6 nephrectomy with 20mg / kgBW / day irresistible therapy and simvastatin 10mg / kgBB / day for 4 weeks (Nx + Ir-S). Stored cardiac samples were cut cross-sectional and observed histopathologically (HE and Masson's trichrome) using ImageJ application. Data were then analyzed statistically using One-Way Anova. Results: The treatment of both irbers, simvastatin, and a combination of both for 4 weeks showed that the percentage of myocardial fibrosis area and the thickness of the heart ventricles tended to be smaller than the control but not statistically significant. Irbesartan therapy, a combination of irbesartan and simvastatin, and simvastatin showed the smallest percentage of fibrosis area and ventricular wall thickness, respectively. Conclusion: The combination of ARB and statin for 4 weeks has not been able to improve myocardial fibrosis and ventricular wall hypertrophy in CKD mice. Further research is needed using a larger dose, with a longer treatment and a larger number of samples so that the combined effect is more visible

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Latar belakang : Infeksi cacing usus merupakan jenis infeksi parasit yang sering dijumpai didunia. Untuk mengevaluasi pengobatan, diperlukan teknik pemeriksaan yang lebih akurat dan sensitif dibandingkan dengan Kato-Katz yang merupakan teknik standar yang ada saat ini. Tujuan : Untuk membandingkan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas pemeriksaan Kato- Katz dengan Mini FLOTAC dalam mendeteksi infeksi cacing usus dengan densitas rendah. Desain : Penelitian ini merupakan uji diagnostik dan dilakukan pada anak sekolah yang bermukim di daerah endemik penyakit cacingan. Metode : Pemeriksaan status infeksi terhadap anak sekolah dasar dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2013 di Kelurahan Kalibaru, Kecamatan Cilincing, Jakarta Utara. Sampel tinja diperiksa menggunakan metode Kato-Katz dan Mini FLOTAC sebelum dan sesudah pemberian obat albendazol 400 mg dosis tunggal pada hari ke 7,14,dan 21. Software CAT MAKER dan uji MC Nemar digunakan untuk mengetahui sensitivitas, NPV (negative predictive value), PPV (positive predictive value) dan Cohen’s kappa statistik digunakan untuk menilai agreement antara kedua teknik pemeriksaan. Hasil : Dari 209 subyek penelitian, terjaring 197 subyek yang bersedia ikut serta. Sebelum pengobatan, sensitivitas dan NPV (negative predictive value) Kato-Katz dan Mini FLOTAC masing – masing 94%, 96% dan 81%, 88% terhadap infeksi A. lumbricoides. Terhadap T. trichiura, sensitivitas dan NPV (negative predictive value) Kato-Katz masing – masing 88%, 92% dibandingkan Mini FLOTAC 100%. Nilai kappa agreement antara teknik Kato-Katz dan Mini FLOTAC adalah 0.773 untuk diagnosis infeksi A. lumbricoides dan 0.895 untuk infeksi T. trichiura. Terhadap Ascaris, 19.79% tergolong infeksi ringan dengan Kato-Katz. Sedangkan 25.88% tergolong infeksi ringan dengan Mini FLOTAC. Terhadap Trichuris, 34.51% tergolong infeksi ringan dengan Kato-Katz dan 42.13% tergolong infeksi ringan dengan Mini FLOTAC. Setelah diberikan pengobatan, Kato-Katz lebih sensitif dibandingkan Mini FLOTAC dalam mendeteksi infeksi A. lumbricoides, terutama pada hari 7 dan 14 dan sebaliknya Mini FLOTAC lebih sensitif terhadap infeksi T. trichiura. Kesimpulan : Teknik Mini FLOTAC dapat dipakai sebagai alternatif teknik Kato- Katz dalam deteksi infeksi cacing usus dan lebih sensitif mendeteksi T. trichiura dibanding Kato-Katz.

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ABSTRACT
Background : Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) infection is a type of parasitic infection that is often encountered in the world. Examination techniques that are more accurate and sensitive than the Kato-Katz as the standard technique, are required to monitor anthelminthic treatment. Objective : To compare the sensitivity and specificity between Kato-Katz examination and Mini FLOTAC in detecting helminth infection. Study Design : This study is a diagnostic test and was performed in school children living in an area endemic for STH. Methods : Examination of the infection status of primary school children was conducted in March 2013 in the village Kalibaru, Cilincing subdistrict, North Jakarta. Stool samples were examined using Kato-Katz and Mini FLOTAC methods before and 7,14, and 21 days administration single dose of albendazole 400 mg. Software CAT MAKER and MC Nemar Test were used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, NPV (negative predictive value), PPV (positive predictive value) and Cohen’s kappa statistics were used to test the agreement between the two examination techniques. Results : Of the 209 study subjects, 197 subjects were willing to participate. Before treatment, sensitivity and NPV against A.lumbricoides infection were 94%, 96%, respectively for Kato-Katz and 81%, 88%, respectively for Mini FLOTAC. For T. trichiura, sensitivity and NPV of Kato-Katz were 88%, 92%, respectively,while for Mini FLOTAC both values were 100%. Kappa value of agreement between Kato- Katz and Mini FLOTAC techniques was 0.773 for the diagnosis of A. lumbricoides infection and 0.895 for T. trichiura. For Ascaris, 19.79% versus 25.88% of infected children have light infection by Kato-Katz and Mini FLOTAC, respectively. For Trichuris, 34.51% versus 42.13% of infected children have light infection with Kato- Katz and Mini FLOTAC, respectively. After the treatment was given, Kato-Katz was more sensitive than Mini FLOTAC to detect A. lumbricoides infection, especially at day 7 and day 14. On the contrary, Mini FLOTAC more sensitive to detect T. trichiura infection. Conclusion : Mini FLOTAC can be an alternative for Kato-Katz in detecting helminth infection. Mini FLOTAC was more sensitive to detect T. trichiura compared Kato-Katz.

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[ABSTRAK
Penggunaan angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) sebagai antihipertensi dapat menyebabkan efek samping berupa batuk kering. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai risiko penggunaan ACEi, yaitu kaptopril sebagai standar dibandingkan ACEi lain terhadap kejadian batuk kering pada pasien hipertensi di RSUD Cengkareng Jakarta Barat dan RSUD Tarakan Jakarta Pusat. Desain penelitian ini adalah kohort prospektif. Kriteria inklusi adalah pasien hipertensi rawat jalan yang mendapatkan terapi obat golongan ACEi selama ≤ 3 bulan dan bersedia untuk diikutsertakan sebagai sampel dalam penelitian di RSUD Cengkareng Jakarta Barat dan RSUD Tarakan tahun 2014. Sampel terdiri dari 54 pasien yang mendapat kaptopril dan 54 pasien yang mendapat obat ACEi bukan kaptopril yang diambil secara consecutive sampling pada bulan Januari-Juli 2014. Alat pengumpul data menggunakan wawancara terstruktur dan rekam medis pasien. Kejadian batuk kering akibat ACEi dievaluasi dengan menggunakan Algoritma Naranjo dan analisis data menggunakan uji Chi Square. Kejadian batuk kering terjadi pada 19,44% sampel. Faktor usia, jenis kelamin, suku bangsa, komorbiditas, body mass index (BMI), dosis obat, dan lama penggunaan tidak berhubungan bermakna dengan kejadian batuk kering akibat penggunaan ACEi. Tidak ada perbedaan risiko penggunaan ACEi kelompok kaptopril dibanding bukan kaptopril terhadap kejadian batuk kering.

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ABSTRACT
Use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) as an antihypertensive agent can cause side effects such as dry cough. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of ACEi administration with captopril as the standard against another ACEi on dry cough incidence in hypertensive patients from various tribes at RSUD Cengkareng West Jakarta and RSUD Tarakan Central Jakarta. The design of this study is prospective cohort. The inclusion criteria were patients who received ACEi as hypertension therapy for ≤ 3 months gathered from outpatient polyclinics and those willing to participate as sample in this study at RSUD Cengkareng West Jakarta and RSUD Tarakan Central Jakarta. Sample consist of 54 patients who received captopril and 54 patients received non captopril ACEi, taken by consecutive sampling from January-July 2014. The data was collected using structured interviews and from medical record. Dry cough incidence due to ACEi was evaluated using Naranjo Algorithm and the data was analyzed using Chi Square test. Dry cough incidence was found in 19,44% of sample. No significant relationship of age, gender, tribe, comorbidity, body mass index (BMI), dosage, and duration of use with dry cough incidence due to the use of ACEi. Furthermore there is no difference in risk between the use of captopril group and non captopril ACEi group on dry cough incidence.;Use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) as an antihypertensive agent can cause side effects such as dry cough. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of ACEi administration with captopril as the standard against another ACEi on dry cough incidence in hypertensive patients from various tribes at RSUD Cengkareng West Jakarta and RSUD Tarakan Central Jakarta. The design of this study is prospective cohort. The inclusion criteria were patients who received ACEi as hypertension therapy for ≤ 3 months gathered from outpatient polyclinics and those willing to participate as sample in this study at RSUD Cengkareng West Jakarta and RSUD Tarakan Central Jakarta. Sample consist of 54 patients who received captopril and 54 patients received non captopril ACEi, taken by consecutive sampling from January-July 2014. The data was collected using structured interviews and from medical record. Dry cough incidence due to ACEi was evaluated using Naranjo Algorithm and the data was analyzed using Chi Square test. Dry cough incidence was found in 19,44% of sample. No significant relationship of age, gender, tribe, comorbidity, body mass index (BMI), dosage, and duration of use with dry cough incidence due to the use of ACEi. Furthermore there is no difference in risk between the use of captopril group and non captopril ACEi group on dry cough incidence., Use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) as an antihypertensive agent can cause side effects such as dry cough. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of ACEi administration with captopril as the standard against another ACEi on dry cough incidence in hypertensive patients from various tribes at RSUD Cengkareng West Jakarta and RSUD Tarakan Central Jakarta. The design of this study is prospective cohort. The inclusion criteria were patients who received ACEi as hypertension therapy for ≤ 3 months gathered from outpatient polyclinics and those willing to participate as sample in this study at RSUD Cengkareng West Jakarta and RSUD Tarakan Central Jakarta. Sample consist of 54 patients who received captopril and 54 patients received non captopril ACEi, taken by consecutive sampling from January-July 2014. The data was collected using structured interviews and from medical record. Dry cough incidence due to ACEi was evaluated using Naranjo Algorithm and the data was analyzed using Chi Square test. Dry cough incidence was found in 19,44% of sample. No significant relationship of age, gender, tribe, comorbidity, body mass index (BMI), dosage, and duration of use with dry cough incidence due to the use of ACEi. Furthermore there is no difference in risk between the use of captopril group and non captopril ACEi group on dry cough incidence.]

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Pengobatan pada pasien lansia sangat kompleks karena biasanya bersifat multipatologi sehingga menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah obat yang digunakan (polifarmasi) untuk kondisi klinis yang berbeda-beda. Terdapatnya hipertensi, diabetes dan/atau dislipidemia menyebabkan pengobatan yang berpotensi menimbulkan Reaksi Obat yang Tidak Dikehendaki (ROTD), karena umumnya pengobatan pada pasien dengan hipertensi, diabetes dan/atau dislipidemia bersifat jangka panjang dengan menggunakan beberapa jenis obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai pengaruh umur lansia terhadap kejadian reaksi obat yang tidak dikehendaki pada pasien dengan hipertensi, diabetes dan/atau dislipidemia di Puskesmas Pancoran Mas, Puskesmas Tanah Baru, dan Puskesmas Beji kota Depok. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan kohort prospektif. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 62 pasien lansia sebagai kelompok kohort dan 62 pasien non lansia sebagai kelompok kontrol. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan selama Januari-Juni 2014. Sampel dimonitoring keadaannya setiap minggu selama satu bulan. Manifestasi klinik ROTD merupakan hasil evaluasi terhadap keluhan-keluhan yang dialami pasien yang dievaluasi menggunakan skala Naranjo. Manifestasi klinik ROTD yang didapat pada kedua kelompok dianalisis menggunakan uji kaikuadrat dan uji regresi logistik. Pasien dengan hipertensi, diabetes dan/atau dislipidemia yang mengalami kejadian ROTD 30,6% dengan frekuensi kejadian 39 kali, presentase terbesar adalah batuk kering karena kaptopril (56,3%), dan tingkat keparahan manifestasi klinik ROTD yang terjadi pada mayoritas (53,8%) pasien tersebut adalah level 2 (mild/sedang). Risiko umur lansia 3,577 kali lebih besar untuk terjadinya ROTD. ...... Treatment in elderly patients is very complex, because it is usually multiphatology thus causing an increase in number of drugs used (polypharmacy) for every clinical conditions. The presence of hypertension, diabetes and/or dyslipidemia will increase the risk of cause Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) because of polypharmacy and long term of treatment. This study aimed to assess the effect of elderly age on the incidence of ADR in patients with hypertension, diabetes and/or dyslipidemia at Puskesmas Pancoran Mas, Beji, and Tanah Baru Depok. The design of the study is cohort study. The Sampling was conducted at January- June 2014. 62 elderly patients was collected as a risk factor group and 62 non- elderly patients as a control group. Sample was monitored every weeks in a month. Clinical Manifestation of ADR event was an evaluation result of the recording complaints experienced by the sampel using Naranjo scale. Clinical manifestation of ADR events obtained in the both group were analyzed using Chi- Square and Logistic Regression test. Patient with hypertension, diabetes and/or dyslipidemia experienced ADR event 30,6% with a frequency of accurrence was 39 times. Dry cough because of captopril (56,3%) was the most common clinical manifestation found, while severity level clinical manifestation ADR which occured in most of patient (53,8%) was at level 2 (mild). The risk of elderly age was 3,577 times greater for ADR event.

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[Pada penelitian ini, telah diuji pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ekstrak sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) dan spirulina (Arthrosphira platensis Gomont) terhadap persen parasitemia, persen survival, jumlah eritrosit dan kadar hemoglobin serta persen apoptosis sel limpa pada mencit yang diinfeksi P. berghei. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan rancangan acak lengkap menggunakan 75 ekor mencit strain Swiss Webster. Kelompok uji terdiri dari kelompok AP, AP+ES, AP+PS, CMC dan DHP. Seluruh mencit diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei pada hari ke 0. Ekstrak bahan uji diberikan 3 hari sebelum diinfeksi (H-3) dan setiap hari selama 28 hari setelah infeksi. Data parasitemia diambil pada hari ke-3,7,10,15,21 dan 28. Sedangkan data jumlah eritrosit dan kadar Hb diambil pada hari ke 3, 10 dan 21. Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan uji Anova satu arah yang dilanjutkan dengan uji post hoc. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi powder spirulina dan ekstrak sambiloto (AP+PS) memberikan hasil yang berbeda bermakna dalam menekan persen parasitemia (p=0,02), meningkatkan jumlah eritrosit (p=0,03) dan kadar hemoglobin (p=0,01) pada puncak infeksi, dibanding kelompok yang diberi sambiloto saja (AP). Pemberian ekstrak sambiloto dan atau tanpa spirulina dapat menurunkan persen apoptosis sel limpa secara bermakna (AP p= 0,001; AP+ES p= 0,000; AP+PS p= 0,000) dibanding dengan kelompok CMC pada puncak infeksi.;Effect of a combination of extracts of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) and spirulina (Arthrosphira platensis Gomont) had been investigated decrease the number of parasitemia, increase erythrocytes count, level of hemoglobin and apoptosis of spleen cell in P. berghei infected mice. This study was conducted by employing a complete random design using 75 Swiss Webster mice. The test group consisted of groups of AP, AP + ES, AP + PS, DHP and CMC. All mice were infected with P. berghei on day 0. Material test given 3 days prior to infection (D-3) and for 28 consecutives days orally after infection. Data of parasitemia, taken on D3, 10,15, 21 and 28 while erythrocytes count, and level of hemoglobin taken on D3,10 and 21. Data processed by one way Anova test followed by post hoc test. Results showed that the combination of extract of sambiloto and spirulina powder (AP + PS) was significant in suppressing the number of parasitemia (p = 0.02), increase of erythrocytes (p = 0.03) and level of hemoglobin (p = 0.01) in the peak of infection, compared with the group given only sambiloto (AP). Combination of sambiloto extract and or without spirulina had been significant in decrease apoptosis of spleen cell, (AP p= 0,001; AP+ES p= 0,000; AP+PS p= 0,000) compared with group of CMC, Effect of a combination of extracts of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) and spirulina (Arthrosphira platensis Gomont) had been investigated decrease the number of parasitemia, increase erythrocytes count, level of hemoglobin and apoptosis of spleen cell in P. berghei infected mice. This study was conducted by employing a complete random design using 75 Swiss Webster mice. The test group consisted of groups of AP, AP + ES, AP + PS, DHP and CMC. All mice were infected with P. berghei on day 0. Material test given 3 days prior to infection (D-3) and for 28 consecutives days orally after infection. Data of parasitemia, taken on D3, 10,15, 21 and 28 while erythrocytes count, and level of hemoglobin taken on D3,10 and 21. Data processed by one way Anova test followed by post hoc test. Results showed that the combination of extract of sambiloto and spirulina powder (AP + PS) was significant in suppressing the number of parasitemia (p = 0.02), increase of erythrocytes (p = 0.03) and level of hemoglobin (p = 0.01) in the peak of infection, compared with the group given only sambiloto (AP). Combination of sambiloto extract and or without spirulina had been significant in decrease apoptosis of spleen cell, (AP p= 0,001; AP+ES p= 0,000; AP+PS p= 0,000) compared with group of CMC]

Abstrak :
Monosodium Glutamat (MSG) merupakan garam natrium dari glutamate yang merupakan asam amino nonessensial yang dapat bersifat eksitotoksik. Terdapat dugaan bahwa glutamat yang berlebihan berpotensi menyebabkan kerusakan dihati dengan mekanisme eksitotoksik karena reseptor glutamate juga ditemukan di hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui metabolisme hati yang berkaitan dengan Fungsi hati (enzim GPT) dan glukoneogenesis pada tikus jantan dewasa setelah pemberian MSG dan penghentiannya. Sebanyak 45 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok : Kelompok kontrol(diberi akuades), kelompok pemberian MSG 4 gr/KgBB/hari dan kelompok pemberian MSG 6 gr/KgBB/hari. Perlakuan diberikan melalui sonde selama 30 hari. Setiap kelompok dibagi lagi menjadi 3 kelompok berdasarkan waktu pengambilan jaringan hati (30+1, 30+14 dan 30+28), jaringan hati diambil untuk pengiukuran kadar protein, glukosa dan aktivitas spesifik enzim GPT. Pemberian MSG 4 gr/KgBB/hari tidak menyebabkan perubahan kadar glukosa (P=0,132), tetapi terjadi peningkatan bermakna aktifitas spesifik enzim GPT (p=0,038) pada jaringan hati tikus. Pemberian MSG 6 gr/KgBB/hari menyebabkan penurunan bermakna kadar glukosa ( p=0,065 ) paska penghentian 28 hari, tetapi terjadi penekanan tidak bermakna pada aktifitas spesifik enzim GPT ( 0, 651) pada jaringan hati. ...... Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of glutamate which is an amino acid nonessensial. Wich tend to be exitotoxic. There are allegations that excessive glutamate could potentially caused damage to the liver, because glutamate receptors are also found in the liver. This study aim was to determine the liver metabolism related to the specific activity of the glutamate pyruvate transaminase and gluconeogenesis in adult male rats after administration of MSG and its termination. A total of 45 rats (Rattus norvegicus) males were divided into 3 groups: control group (distilled water), the group MSG 4 g / Kg BB / day and MSG 6 g / KgBB / day administration. The treatment is given by sonde for 30 days. Each group was subdivided into three groups based on the time period after MSG discontinued (30 + 1, 30 + 14 and 30 + 28), the liver tissue is taken for measuring: protein, glucose concentration, and GPT specific activity. Administration of MSG 4 g / kgBB / day did not lead to changes in glucose levels (P = 0.132), but there was a significant increase in GPT specific activity (p = 0.038) in the rat liver tissue. Administration of MSG 6 g / kg BB/ day caused a significant decrease in glucose levels (p = 0.065) after discontinuation of 28 days, but there was not significant different in the specific activity of the GPT enzyme (p=0, 651) in the liver tissue.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK) merupakan penyakit progresif dan ireversibel yang mempunyai berbagai komplikasi serius serta belum ada terapi yang dapat memperbaiki kerusakan ginjal yang telah terjadi. Beberapa studi menunjukkan stres oksidatif berperan dalam patogenesis penyakit ini. Stres oksidatif terjadi akibat ketidakseimbangan produksi ROS dan pertahanan antioksidan. Nrf2 merupakan faktor transkripsi yang terlibat dalam mekanisme pertahanan sel dalam mengatasi stres oksidatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas kuersetin sebagai aktivator Nrf2 dalam menghambat progresivitas penyakit ginjal yang diinduksi nefrektomi 5/6. Metode: Tikus Sprague-Dawley jantan dikelompokkan secara acak dalam kelompok kontrol normal (C), kontrol nefrektomi 5/6 (Nx), nefrektomi 5/6 yang diberi kuersetin dengan dosis 100 mg/kgbb/hari/p.o. (NxQ), nefrektomi 5/6 dan diberi kaptopril dengan dosis 10 mg/kgbb/hari/p.o. (NxK). Hewan coba diterminasi diakhir perlakuan untuk diambil darah, urin, dan organ ginjalnya. Pemeriksaan yang dilakukan adalah pemeriksaan proteinuria, kreatinin urin dan plasma, ureum plasma, kadar MDA plasma dan jaringan, aktivitas glutation peroksidase (GPx), kerusakan jaringan (histopatologi) dan ekspresi Nrf2 (imunohistokimia). Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nefrektomi 5/6 dapat menimbulkan peningkatan proteinuria, ureum plasma, dan derajat fibrosis ginjal secara signifikan. Nefrektomi 5/6 cenderung meningkatkan kreatinin plasma, kadar MDA ginjal, aktivitas GPx, dan menurunkan MDA plasma serta ekspresi Nrf2. Kuersetin tidak mempengaruhi proteinuria, ureum dan kreatinin plasma, dan derajat fibrosis ginjal. Kuersetin cenderung menurunkan kadar MDA dan meningkatkan aktivitas enzim GPx serta ekspresi Nrf2. Kesimpulan: Kuersetin tidak mempengaruhi proteinuria, ureum dan kreatinin plasma serta kerusakan struktur jaringan atau fibrosis ginjal. Kuersetin cenderung menurunkan kadar MDA dan meningkatkan aktivitas enzim GPx serta cenderung meningkatkan ekspresi Nrf2.

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ABSTRACT
Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible condition that has several serious complications and currently there has no single therapy that can repair kidney damage was occurred. Some studies suggest a role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of this disease. Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance of ROS production and antioxidant defenses. Nrf2 is a transcription factor involved in cell defense mechanisms againts oxidative stress. This study was aimed to determine the quercetin activity as Nrf2 activator in inhibit the progression of 5/6 nephrectomy induced CKD in male rats. Method: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group (C), untreated 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx), quercetin-treated 5/6 nephrectomy, NxQ (100 mg / kg / day orally), captopril-treated 5/6 nephrectomy, NxK (10 mg / kg / day orally). Animal models was sacrificed at the end of intervention to take blood to measure creatinine, urea, and MDA, urine to measure protein and creatinine, and kidney organ to measure levels of MDA, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and renal damage (histopathology) and Nrf2 expression (immunohistochemistry). Results: The results showed that 5/6 nephrectomy may cause an increased of proteinuria, plasma urea, and grade of renal fibrosis significantly. 5/6 nephrectomy has trend to increased plasma creatinine, renal MDA levels, GPx activity, and decreased plasma MDA and Nrf2 expression. Quercetin did not decrease proteinuria, plasma urea and creatinine, and renal fibrosis grading. Quercetin tend to reduced levels of MDA, increased GPx enzyme activity, and expression of Nrf2. Conclusion: Quercetin does not affect proteinuria, plasma urea,plasma creatinine, and tissue damage or kidney fibrosis. Quercetin tend to reduced levels of MDA and increased the activity of GPx and Nrf2 expression.;Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible condition that has several serious complications and currently there has no single therapy that can repair kidney damage was occurred. Some studies suggest a role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of this disease. Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance of ROS production and antioxidant defenses. Nrf2 is a transcription factor involved in cell defense mechanisms againts oxidative stress. This study was aimed to determine the quercetin activity as Nrf2 activator in inhibit the progression of 5/6 nephrectomy induced CKD in male rats. Method: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group (C), untreated 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx), quercetin-treated 5/6 nephrectomy, NxQ (100 mg / kg / day orally), captopril-treated 5/6 nephrectomy, NxK (10 mg / kg / day orally). Animal models was sacrificed at the end of intervention to take blood to measure creatinine, urea, and MDA, urine to measure protein and creatinine, and kidney organ to measure levels of MDA, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and renal damage (histopathology) and Nrf2 expression (immunohistochemistry). Results: The results showed that 5/6 nephrectomy may cause an increased of proteinuria, plasma urea, and grade of renal fibrosis significantly. 5/6 nephrectomy has trend to increased plasma creatinine, renal MDA levels, GPx activity, and decreased plasma MDA and Nrf2 expression. Quercetin did not decrease proteinuria, plasma urea and creatinine, and renal fibrosis grading. Quercetin tend to reduced levels of MDA, increased GPx enzyme activity, and expression of Nrf2. Conclusion: Quercetin does not affect proteinuria, plasma urea,plasma creatinine, and tissue damage or kidney fibrosis. Quercetin tend to reduced levels of MDA and increased the activity of GPx and Nrf2 expression., Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible condition that has several serious complications and currently there has no single therapy that can repair kidney damage was occurred. Some studies suggest a role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of this disease. Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance of ROS production and antioxidant defenses. Nrf2 is a transcription factor involved in cell defense mechanisms againts oxidative stress. This study was aimed to determine the quercetin activity as Nrf2 activator in inhibit the progression of 5/6 nephrectomy induced CKD in male rats. Method: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group (C), untreated 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx), quercetin-treated 5/6 nephrectomy, NxQ (100 mg / kg / day orally), captopril-treated 5/6 nephrectomy, NxK (10 mg / kg / day orally). Animal models was sacrificed at the end of intervention to take blood to measure creatinine, urea, and MDA, urine to measure protein and creatinine, and kidney organ to measure levels of MDA, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and renal damage (histopathology) and Nrf2 expression (immunohistochemistry). Results: The results showed that 5/6 nephrectomy may cause an increased of proteinuria, plasma urea, and grade of renal fibrosis significantly. 5/6 nephrectomy has trend to increased plasma creatinine, renal MDA levels, GPx activity, and decreased plasma MDA and Nrf2 expression. Quercetin did not decrease proteinuria, plasma urea and creatinine, and renal fibrosis grading. Quercetin tend to reduced levels of MDA, increased GPx enzyme activity, and expression of Nrf2. Conclusion: Quercetin does not affect proteinuria, plasma urea,plasma creatinine, and tissue damage or kidney fibrosis. Quercetin tend to reduced levels of MDA and increased the activity of GPx and Nrf2 expression.]

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Selulit sudah lama dikenal sebagai sejenis kegemukan yang terjadi pada jutaan wanita di seluruh dunia dan berakibat pada penurunan nilai estetik. Berbagai macam media banyak membahas mengenai penyakit ini beserta dengan berbagai metode dan prosedur terapinya yang meliputi bedah, farmakologi, fitoterapi, homeopati, elektromedis, kosmetik, atau mesoterapi fisiologi. Namun semuanya itu memerlukan biaya yang cukup tinggi sehingga hanya tersedia bagi mereka yang mampu membelinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh sediaan krim campuran minyak nilam (Pogostemon cablin.L), minyak melati (Jasminum sambac.L), dan minyak jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var rubrum) untuk mengatasi selulit. Minyak nilam, minyak melati, dan minyak jahe merah dibuat menjadi sediaan krim dengan konsentrasi masing-masing minyak 1.5%. Uji stabilitas fisik sediaan krim uji dilakukan selama 12 minggu dan uji keamanan kepada relawan menggunakan metode uji tempel. Uji manfaat dilakukan selama 28 hari pada area paha sebelah kanan. Sediaan krim uji menunjukkan kestabilan selama 12 minggu dan hasil uji keamanan ada sedikit menimbulkan iritasi pada 1 orang dari total responden 46 orang. Hasil uji manfaat diukur dengan menggunakan parameter fotografi, pengukuran lingkar paha, cutometer, dan corneometer menunjukkan sediaan krim mampu menurunkan derajat selulit. Krim uji terbukti memberikan hasil yang lebih signifikan dibandingkan dengan krim plasebo, yaitu pada pemakaian krim selama 28 hari dan hasil statistik menunjukkan ada perbedaan bermakna (p < 0,05).

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ABSTRACT
Cellulite has been known as kind of obesity that occured in millions of women around the world and resulted in decreasing aesthetic value. Various kinds of media talked much about this disease along with the methods and procedures including surgical therapy, pharmacology, phytotherapy, homeopathy, electromedical, cosmetics, or mesotherapy physiology. But all of them are quite high in cost, so they are only available to those who can afford them. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the cream mixture preparation of patchouli oil (Pogostemon cablin.L), jasmine oil (Jasminum sambac.L), and red ginger oil (Zingiber officinale var rubrum) to cure cellulite. Patchouli oil, jasmine oil, and red ginger oil is mixed into a cream preparation with each concentration contains 1.5%. The physical stability of test cream dosage was conducted from over 12 weeks and the safety test was conducted to 46 volunteers on the right thigh using patch test. The test was done in 28 days at the right thigh. Preparation cream showed stability for 12 weeks and there is 1 out of 46 people that had irritation while safety testing were being tested. The benefit results which are measured by using photographic parameters, measurement of thigh circumference, cutometer, and corneometer showed that the cream preparation is capable of lowering the degree of cellulite. The mixture cream is proved to be more significant in test results compared to placebo cream for 28 days therapy (P<0.05).