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Abstrak :
Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh isolat dan identitas aktinomisetes yang memiliki kemampuan selulolitik. Isolat-isolat aktinomisetes diperoleh dari lima sampel tanah di Sulawesi Selatan. Isolasi aktinomisetes dilakukan dengan metode Dry Heat (DH), Rehydration-Centrifugation (RC), dan Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Yeast Extract (SDS-YE) menggunakan medium Humic Acid-Vitamins Agar (HVA). Pengujian kemampuan aktinomisetes dalam mendegradasi selulosa dilakukan dengan penapisan menggunakan medium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC), dan pengukuran aktivitas enzim selulase dilakukan dengan metode Dinitrosalicylic Acid (DNS). Lima isolat dengan kemampuan selulolitik tinggi diidentifikasi berdasarkan data sekuen parsial gen 16S rRNA. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh sebanyak 41 isolat aktinomisetes, yang terdiri dari 21 isolat (metode DH), 11 isolat (metode RC), dan 9 isolat (metode SDS-YE). Sembilan belas dari 41 isolat menunjukkan kemampuan selulolitik. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan kelima isolat aktinomisetes berasal dari genus Streptomyces. Kemiripan sekuen masing-masing isolat terhadap spesies terdekatnya adalah 99%. Isolat DH-BRT06-1 memiliki kemiripan sekuen terhadap Streptomyces chartreusis, DH-BRT06-3 dan DH-BRT06-6 terhadap Streptomyces parvulus, RC-BR03-2 terhadap Streptomyces sp., dan SDSYE-BT01-1 terhadap Streptomyces mutabilis. ......The aims of this research were to obtain and identify actinomycetes with cellulolytic ability. Actinomycetes isolates were obtained from five soil samples of South Sulawesi by Dry Heat (DH), Rehydration-Centrifugation (RC), and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Yeast Extract (SDS-YE) methods with Humic Acid-Vitamins Agar (HVA) as medium isolation. Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) medium was used for screening the cellulose degrading ability, and cellulase activity was measured by Dinitrosalicylic Acid (DNS) method. A total of 41 isolates were obtained from soil samples, they were consisted of 21 isolates (DH method), 11 isolates (RC method), and 9 isolates (SDS-YE method). Nineteen of 41 isolates showed cellulolytic ability. Five isolates with high celluloytic activity were identified based on 16S rRNA gene partial sequence data. Identification result showed five isolates were belong to genus Streptomyces. Homology similarities sequence from each isolate to their closest species were 99%. Isolate DH-BRT06-1 showed sequence similarities to Streptomyces chartreusis, DH-BRT06-3 and DH-BRT06-6 to Streptomyces parvulus, RC-BR03-2 to Streptomyces sp., dan SDSYE-BT01-1 to Streptomyces mutabilis.

Abstrak :
Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui identitas khamir dari saluran pencernaan lebah pekerja pengumpul nektar (nectar collecting bee, NCB) Apis mellifera yang mengunjungi bunga kapuk (Ceiba pentandra) di Jepara. Sebanyak 12 isolat khamir diidentifikasi berdasarkan data sequence daerah Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) rDNA. Primer forward ITS1 dan primer reverse ITS4 digunakan untuk amplifikasi daerah ITS rDNA. Hasil elektroforesis produk PCR menunjukkan ukuran daerah ITS rDNA isolat khamir-khamir tersebut bervariasi antara 400 pb hingga 800 pb. Berdasarkan hasil pencarian homologi sequence daerah ITS rDNA m2elalui program Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), analisis filogenetik dengan metode Neighbor Joining, dan pengamatan karakter morfologi, 12 isolat khamir tersebut diidentifikasi ke dalam empat genus dan lima spesies. Berdasarkan taksonomi, 11 isolat khamir termasuk ke dalam anggota order Sacharomycetales, class Hemiascomycetes dari phylum Ascomycota dan satu isolat termasuk ke dalam anggota order Ustilaginales, class Ustilaginomycetes dari phylum Basidiomycota. Isolat-isolat tersebut diidentifikasi sebagai Candida parapsilosis (JZ102, JZ105, JZ116, dan JZ121), Candida rugosa (JZ117, JZ121), Debaryomyces hansenii (JZ100, JZ113, JZ118), Meyerozyma caribbica (JZ124, JZ125), dan Pseudozyma sp. (JZ104). ......The aim of this study was to identify the yeast isolates from the digestive tracts of nectar collecting bees (NCB) of Apis mellifera. A total of 12 yeast isolates from the digestive tracts of NCB foraging on flowers of Ceiba pentandra in Jepara, Central Java, were identified based on sequence data of Internal Transcribed Spacers Regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA). The primer set of ITS1 (forward primer) and ITS4 (reverse primer) were used to amplify the ITS rDNA of the isolates. Gel electrophoresis results showed that the size of ITS region rDNA of the isolates were varied on the range of 400 bp -- 800 bp. Based on sequence homology search results by Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) program, phylogenetic analysis by Neighbor Joining method, and morphological characterization, those 12 isolates were identified into four genera and five species. Taxonomically, 11 isolates belong to order Sacharomycetales, class Hemiascomycetes from the phylum Ascomycota and 1 isolate belongs to order Ustilaginales, class Ustilaginomycetes from the phylum Basidiomycota. Those isolates were identified as Candida parapsilosis (JZ102, JZ105, JZ116, and JZ121), Candida rugosa (JZ117, JZ121), Debaryomyces hansenii (JZ100, JZ113, JZ118), Meyerozyma caribbica (JZ124, JZ125), and Pseudozyma sp. (JZ104).

Abstrak :
Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui keragaman spesies khamir dari saluran pencernaan lebah madu Apis cerana di apiari Desa Ciburial, Bandung. Sebanyak 48 isolat khamir dari saluran pencernaan Pollen-collecting bee (PCB) (27 isolat) dan Nectarcollecting bee (NCB) (21 isolat) diidentifikasi berdasarkan data sequence daerah internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA dan dikarakterisasi secara morfologi untuk melengkapi hasil identifikasi. Hasil identifikasi molekuler menunjukkan bahwa 48 isolat khamir tersebut terdiri atas delapan genus dan 16 spesies. Sebanyak 12 spesies khamir ditemukan pada PCB dan sembilan spesies khamir ditemukan pada NCB. Candida cf. apicola, C. etchellsii, Debaryomyces hansenii, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa dan Zygosaccharomyces rouxii ditemukan pada PCB maupun NCB. Spesies-spesies khamir yang diperoleh secara taksonomi heterogen, yaitu termasuk ke dalam class Hemiascomycetes dari phylum Ascomycota (13 spesies) dan class Urediniomycetes dari phylum Basidiomycota (3 spesies). ......The aim of this study was to study the diversity of yeast species isolated from the digestive tract of honey bee Apis cerana in apiary in Ciburial, Bandung. A total of 48 yeast isolates from the digestive tract of pollen-collecting bees (27 isolates) and Nectar-collecting bee (21 isolates) were identified based on sequence data of internal transcribed spacers regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA). In addition of their sequence data, yeasts were also characterized morphologically. The results showed that those yeasts comprised of eight genera and 16 species. Twelve yeast species were found from PCB and nine yeast species were found from NCB. Candida cf. apicola, C. cf. azyma, C. etchellsii, C. naeodendra, C. orthopsilosis, Cryptococcus heveanensis, Debaryomyces hansenii, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii were found both in PCB and NCB. Our molecular analysis showed that A. cerana harbors taxonomically diverse yeasts. They consisted of species belong to the class Hemiascomycetes of the phylum Ascomycota (13 species) and class Urediniomycetes of the phylum Basidiomycota (3 species).

Abstrak :
Penelitian bertujuan membuat pollen substitute (PS) yang disukai dan dapat meningkatkan produktivitas lebah madu A. cerana. Tiga macam pollen substitute dibuat dengan bahan dasar tepung kedelai dan susu skim. PS A mengandung bahan dasar, Candida parapsilosis CR057, dan madu; PS B mengandung bahan dasar dan sirup gula; dan PS C mengandung bahan dasar dan madu. Pemberian PS dilakukan selama 20 hari dan lebah dibiarkan mencari serbuk sari dan nektar di alam. Koloni kontrol tidak diberi PS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa A. cerana lebih menyukai PS A dan PS C dibandingkan PS B. Pemberian semua jenis PS meningkatkan keliling (1,03--1,51% per hari) dan jumlah honeycomb. Koloni yang diberi PS A mengalami peningkatan keliling honeycomb terbesar (1,51% per hari). Secara umum, lebah pekerja yang diberi PS dan kontrol mengalami kenaikan berat badan (28,39%--52,32%). Pada kontrol terdapat kenaikan kenaikan keliling honeycomb, akan tetapi tidak terdapat penambahan jumlah honeycomb. ...... The research aimed to make pollen substitutes preferred by and increase the productivity of A. cerana. Basic ingredients of pollen substitutes (PS) were soy flour and skim milk. There were three types of pollen substitutes, i.e. PS A contained basic ingredients, Candida parapsilosis CR057, and honey; PS B contained basic ingredients and sugar syrup; and PS C contained basic ingredients and honey. The pollen substitutes were fed to colonies of A. cerana for 20 days but they were allowed to forage on flowers. No PS was given to the control colonies. The results showed that A. cerana preferred PS A and PS C to PS B. Increases of circumference (1.03--1.51% each day) and number of honeycombs were observed in colonies fed with all types of PSs. The increases of circumference of colonies fed PS A was greater than those of other PSs and control (1.51% each day). Generally, the weight of individual worker bees increased in colonies fed with PSs and control (28.39%--52.32%). There was an increase of the circumference of honeycombs in control but there was no addition of honeycomb.

Abstrak :
Pada penelitian sebelumnya, diperoleh 18 strain Candida spp. dari Apis cerana dan bunga-bunga yang dikunjunginya di Ciburial, Jawa Barat. Hasil identifikasi berdasarkan data sequence daerah ITS rDNA menggunakan primer reverse ITS4, menunjukkan bahwa 18 strain tersebut memiliki homologi rendah (85--98%) terhadap spesies terdekatnya Candida spp. Dengan demikian belum diperoleh identitas yang akurat dari 18 strain Candida spp. tersebut. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh identitas yang akurat dari 18 strain tersebut melalui identifikasi molekuler, analisis filogenetik, dan pengamatan karakter fenotipik (morfologi, fisiologi, dan biokimia). Identifikasi dilakukan melalui sequencing pada daerah ITS rDNA dan D1/D2 LSU rDNA. Analisis filogenetik dilakukan berdasarkan data sequence daerah ITS rDNA dan D1/D2 LSU rDNA, menggunakan metode neighbor-joining. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi molekuler, analisis filogenetik, dan pengamatan karakter fenotipik, 10 strain diidentifikasi ke dalam 5 spesies, yaitu C. parapsilosis (Candida sp. CR033, CR034, dan CR038), C. orthopsilosis (Candida sp. CR015 dan CR151), C. metapsilosis (Candida sp. CR047 dan CR053), Debaryomyces hansenii (Candida sp. CR065), dan Wickerhamomyces anomalus (Candida sp. CR070 dan CR105). Sebanyak 8 strain (Candida sp. CR004, CR007, CR013, CR014, CR018, CR023, CR027, dan CR035) belum dapat ditentukan nama penunjuk (epithet) spesiesnya. Berdasarkan sequence ITS rDNA 8 strain tersebut memiliki homologi yang rendah (97%) terhadap kerabat terdekatnya C. hawaiiana. Pohon filogenetik berdasarkan sequence ITS rDNA menunjukkan 8 strain tersebut berada pada clade yang terpisah dengan C. hawaiiana dengan dukungan nilai bootstrap yang sangat tinggi, 99%. Delapan strain Candida tersebut termasuk dalam satu spesies yang memiliki perbedaan sequence ≤1% antara satu strain Candida dengan strain Candida lainnya atau disebut conspecific. Karakter fisiologi dan biokimia menunjukkan 8 strain tersebut memiliki perbedaan dengan C. hawaiiana CBS 9146T pada kemampuannya mengasimilasi sumber karbon α- methyl -D-glucoside, dan ketidakmampuannya mengasimilasi ribosa. Hasil identifikasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 8 strain Candida tersebut merupakan spesies yang berbeda dengan C. hawaiiana. ...... In the previous study, 18 strains of Candida spp. were obtained from Apis cerana and their visiting flowers in Ciburial, West Java. Based on sequence data of ITS rDNA using ITS4 reverse primer, these strains showed low homology (85--98%) to their closest relatives Candida spp. Therefore, the identity of these 18 strains were not established yet. The purpose of this study was to establish the identities of the 18 strains of Candida spp. by conducting molecular identification, phylogenetic analysis, and phenotypic characterization (morphological, physiological, and biochemical characters). Identification and phylogenetic analysis was carried out by sequencing the ITS rDNA and D1/D2 of LSU rDNA. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using neighbor-joining method. Based on molecular identification, phylogenetic analysis, and phenotypic characterization, 10 strains were identified into 5 species. Those 10 strains were identified as C. parapsilosis (Candida sp. CR033, CR034, and CR038), C. orthopsilosis (Candida sp. CR015 and CR151), C. metapsilosis (Candida sp. CR047 and CR053), Debaryomyces hansenii (Candida sp. CR065), and Wickerhamomyces anomalus (Candida sp. CR070 and CR105). The identities of eight strains (Candida sp. CR004, CR007, CR013, CR014, CR018, CR023, CR027, and CR035) were not established yet. Based on sequence data of ITS rDNA they have low degree of homology (97%) to their closest related species, C. hawaiiana. Phylogenetic tree based on sequence data of ITS rDNA showed they were separated from C. hawaiiana by 99% bootstrap value. Multiple alignment of their sequences of ITS and D1/D2 showed that they have ≤1% differences, which indicate that these strains are conspecific (same species). Their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics showed that these strains differed from C. hawaiiana CBS 9146T by their ability to assimilate α-methyl-D-glucoside and their inability to assimilate ribose as carbon sources. Our data suggest that these strains were distinct species from C. hawaiiana.