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"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari karakteristik dan variabilitas angin yang membangkitkan gelombang laut di perairan selat Karimata dan laut Jawa. Data yang digunakan adalah arah dan kecepatan angin ketinggian 10 meter pengamatan tiap 6 jam tahun 2005 - 2010. Berdasarkan hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa arah dan kecepatan angin dominan saat musim barat di selat Karimata dari baratlaut - utara, kecepatan angin antara 5 - 10 knots, puncak gelombang tertinggi antara 4 - 5 meter. Sedangkan di laut Jawa, angin dominan dari barat - baratlaut, kecepatan berkisar antara 10 - 15 knots dengan puncak gelombang tertinggi mencapai 3,5 - 4 meter, puncak tertinggi terjadi di bulan Desember - Januari dan terendah bulan April. Saat musim angin timur di selat Karimata, angin dominan dari tenggara - selatan, di laut Jawa dominan dari timur - tenggara, kecepatan angin di kedua wilayah ini antara 10 - 15 knots. Puncak gelombang tinggi di musim ini terjadi bulan Juli - Agustus dengan gelombang tertinggi mencapai 2,5 - 3 meter dan puncak terendah terjadi bulan Nopember. Frekuensi tinggi gelombang  2 meter 20 - 30% di laut Jawa bagian timur dan selat Karimata bagian utara terjadi bulan Januari.

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This study was conducted to study the characteristics and variability of wind generating waves in the ocean waters of the Karimata strait and Java sea. The data utilized here are the 10 meters direction and wind speed observation height in every 6 hours in 2005 to 2010. The analysis results indicate that the dominant wind direction and speed during the wind west season in the Karimata strait is from northwest - north, with the wind speed ranged between 50 - 10 knots, the highest peak of the wave is between 4 - 5 meters. While in Java Sea, the dominant winds is from the west - northwest, with the velocity ranged between 10 - 15 knots and the highest wave peaks reaching 3.5 to 4 meters, the highest peak occurred on December-January and the lowest was on April. As the east wind season in the east Karimata strait, the dominant winds is from the southeast - south, in the Java Sea the dominant winds is from east - southeast, the wind speed in the second region between 10 - 15 knots. The wave height peak of the season occurs in July - August with the highest wave reached 2.5 - 3 meters and the lowest peak occurred in November. High-frequency waves  2 meters 20 - 30% in eastern Java Sea and the northern part of the Karimata strait occurred in January."

"Curah hujan adalah satu unsur cuaca yang memiliki pengaruh cukup besar terhadap berbagai sektor kehidupan manusia termasuk dalam sektor kelautan, khususnya terhadap produksi garam. Penambahan curah hujan di masa produksi garam berpotensi menimbulkan penurunan produksi, bahkan pada tingkat ekstrim dapat mengakibatkan kegagalan panen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variabilitas curah hujan terhadap produksi garam sekaligus kesesuaian lahan produksi di Kabupaten Sumenep Jawa Timur dilihat dari jumlah rata-rata curah hujan tahunan, panjang musim kemarau dan jumlah maksimum hari tanpa hujan berturut-turut. Berdasarkan analisis statistik, variabilitas curah hujan, berkorelasi kuat dengan produktivitas garam di Kabupaten Sumenep Jawa Timur, terutama panjang musim kemarau. Sedangkan berdasarkan analisis spasial, desa sentra garam memiliki kesesuaian yang menengah sampai sangat tinggi. Hasil penelitian menyarankan pentingnya informasi panjang musim kemarau dalam informasi iklim kepada pelaku sektor garam.

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Rainfall is the weather-climate element that influences various sectors of human activities, such as the marine sector, particularly the salt industry when the production is done in the traditional way. The increase of rainfall will potentially decrease the productivity of salt, moreover at an extreme level, it can lead to total production failure.

This study aims to determine the effect of rainfall variability on salt production in Kabupaten Sumenep East Java based on parameters of average amount of annual rainfall, a length of the dry season and the maximum number of consecutive dry days/dry-spell.

Based on statistical analysis, the rainfall variability is strongly correlated with the fluctuation of salt productivity, especially a length of the dry season. The spatial analysis shows that the saltworks are located in appropriate areas which have supporting climate conditions. It is recommended that the climate information provides to salt production includes a length of dry season information."

"Variabilitas curah hujan diuji dengan metode Mann-Kendall untuk mengetahui signifikansi tren curah hujan dan metode Sen's Slope Estimator untuk mengetahui besarnya nilai tren tersebut. Secara spasial wilayah pegunungan di Jawa Barat menunjukan peningkatan curah hujan seperti di Gunung Mas, Bogor sebesar 72,3 mm/tahun dan wilayah pesisir mengalami penurunan curah hujan seperti di Ciwangi, Cianjur bagian selatan sebesar 31,8 mm/tahun. Penurunan curah hujan sebesar 51,3 mm/tahun terjadi di wilayah pesisir pada saat musim hujan. Musim kemarau di propinsi Jawa Barat juga terindikasi bertambah panjang diikuti dengan jumlah hari hujan yang semakin berkurang utamanya di wilayah pesisir. Menurut uji korelasi dan regreasi variabilitas curah hujan tidak memberikan pengaruh secara langsung terhadap produksi padi, namun secara tidak langsung variabilitas curah hujan tetap memberikan pengaruhnya. Hal ini disebabkan oleh teknik pengairan yang semakin modern melalui irigasi teknis, varietas unggul dan teknologi budidaya yang semakin maju dan adaptif terhadap iklim.

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Rainfall variability is tested by the Mann-Kendall method to determine the significance of rainfall trends and by Sen's Slope Estimator method to determine the value of the trend. Spatially, mountainous region in the West Java indicate an increasing of precipitation such as in Gunung Mas, Bogor for 72,3 mm / year and in coastal areas indicate decreasing of rainfall such as in Ciwangi and Southern Cianjur for 31.8 mm / year. Rainfall decreasing for 51,3 mm / year occur in coastal areas during the rainy season. Lenght of dry season in West Java province also indicated increased, followed by the number of rainy days which are decrease mainly in coastal areas. According regression and correlation methods, rainfall variability is not directly contribute on rice production, but indirectly it still give an effect. This is caused by the more modern irrigation techniques through technical irrigation, improved varieties and cultivation technology which more advance and adaptive to climate."