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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang : Demam berdarah dengue (DBD) dicirikan dengan terdapatnya kebocoran plasma yang signifikan. Sejauh ini metode yang tersedia untuk menilai kondisi tersebut dengan pemeriksaan serial hematokrit, USG, dan kadar albumin darah, yang pada kenyataannya masih sulit untuk menilai kebocoran plasma secara dini. Kebocoran plasma yang terjadi sejak fase awal dapat menimbulkan gangguan mikrosirkulasi, hipoperfusi jaringan, dan berakibat asidosis yang ditandai dengan penurunan kadar bikarbonat (HCO3-) dan base excess (BE) darah. Tujuan : Mengevaluasi peran bikarbonat dan base excess vena sebagai prediktor dan deteksi terjadinya kebocoran plasma pada pasien DBD saat akhir fase akut dan fase kritis. Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kohort retrospektif untuk menilai perbedaan rerata kadar bikarbonat dan BE vena pada pasien DBD dan DD (demam dengue) pada akhir fase akut dan fase kritis. Data yang diolah berdasarkan data rekam medis dan data penelitian sebelumnya pada pasien yang dirawat dengan diagnosis demam dengue (DD) dan demam berdarah dengue (DBD) di bangsal Penyakit Dalam RSUP Persahabatan dan RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo dari Maret 2014 sampai April 2015. Hasil : Dari 66 sampel, proporsi pasien pria lebih banyak yang dengan diagnosis DBD (59,4%), dengan kelompok usia 21-30 tahun merupakan yang terbanyak (p > 0,05). Rerata kadar BE lebih rendah pada pasien DBD dibandingkan DD pada hari ke-3 (p 0,014) dan hari ke-5 (p 0,005). Rerata bikarbonat juga diperoleh lebih rendah pada kelompok DBD dibandingkan DD pada hari ke-3 (p 0,004) dan hari ke-5 (p 0,003). Simpulan : Rerata bikarbonat dan base excess vena lebih rendah pada pasien DBD dibandingkan DD pada akhir fase akut dan fase kritis dan dapat membantu untuk memprediksi dan mendeteksi terjadinya kebocoran plasma pada dengue.

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ABSTRACT
Background: Dengue infection tends to cause plasma leakage. Serial hematocrit, USG, and serum albumin are methods used for monitoring dengue infection. Yet, those methods are still lack in detecting early plasma leakage. It is important to determine plasma leakage, thus early management and monitoring could be conducted before severe stage. Plasma leakage occurs at acute phase of infection and causes microcirculation disturbance, tissue hypoperfusion, and acidosis based on reduction of bicarbonate and base excess. Objective: To evaluate the role of vein bicarbonate and base excess in predicting and detecting plasma leakage in adult patients with dengue infection during end stage of acute phase and critical phase. Methods: It is a cohort retrospective study to evaluate the mean difference of vein bicarbonate and base excess during the end stage of acute phase and critical phase, between dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue fever (DF) groups. The data being used, derived from medical record and previous study of hospitalized patients diagnosed with DF and DHF in Internal Medicine Ward RSUP Persahabatan and RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo from March 2014 until April 2015. Results: From 66 samples, there was higher number of male patients with DHF (59.4 %) and most of them was in age group 21-30 years (p > 0.05). In DHF group, mean of hematocrit was higher compared to DF group at the end of prodromal phase (p 0.059), then tended to reduce at acute phase (p 0.308). Mean of thrombocyte ( p < 0.05) in DHF group were lower at the end of prodromal phase and critical phase than in DF group. Most of the serotype found was DENV2 (30.3 %). Mean of BE on the 3rd day (p 0.014) and 5th day (p 0.005) of fever was lower in DHF group than DF group. Mean of bicarbonate on the 3rd day (p 0.004) and 5th day (p 0.003) of fever was also lower in DHF vs DF groups. Conclusion: Mean of vein bicarbonate and base excess was lower in DHF group compared to DF group at the end of prodromal phase and critical phase. Moreover, bicarbonate and base excess can be used for predicting and detecting plasma leakage in dengue infection.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang : Perbedaan antara demam dengue ( DD ) dan demam berdarah dengue ( DBD ) adalah terjadinya kebocoran plasma pada DBD. Kebocoran plasma pada ruang interstitial ditandai dengan adanya efusi cairan di pleura dan peritoneal, hemokonsentrasi, serta hipovolemia intravaskular. Keadaan ini menyebabkan gangguan perfusi ke jaringan, sehingga menyebabkan metabolism anaerob. yang menimbulkan peningkatan kadar laktat dalam darah. Tujuan Penelitian: Mengetahui peran laktat sebagai prediktor prognosis dan diagnosis kebocoran plasma pada infeksi dengue pasien dewasa. Metode: Studi potong lintang, pada infeksi virus dengue pasien dewasa yang dirawat di bangsal penyakit dalam RS Cipto Mangunkusumo dan RS Persahabatan Jakarta. Jumlah subjek sebanyak 57 orang. Dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar laktat untuk melihat perbedaan rerata kadar laktat antara DD dan DBD dengan uji t-tes tidak berpasangan, dan nilai titik potong kadar laktat pada keadaan tanpa atau dengan kebocoran plasma dilakukan dengan menentukan sensitifitas dan spesifisitas terbaik dari kurva ROC yang sudah dibuat. Hasil: Rerata kadar laktat pada DBD secara bermakna lebih tinggi daripada DD. Nilai titik potong untuk prediktor prognostik pada hari ke-3 yang ditentukan dengan kurva ROC mendapatkan nilai kadar laktat ≥ 2,65 mmol/ L dengan AUC 0,626 ; IK 95% 0,480-0,772. Dan nilai titik potong untuk diagnostik pada hari ke- 5 mendapatkan nilai kadar laktat ≥ 2,55 mmol/L memberikan sensitivitas 66,6%% dan spesifisitas 54,2%. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna kadar laktat antara DD dan DBD. Nilai kadar laktat ≥ 2,65 mmol/L belum dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor prognostik adanya kebocoran plasma pada fase kritis. Nilai kadar laktat ≥ 2,55 mmol/L pada saat fase kritis dipakai sebagai petanda adanya kebocoran plasma dengan akurasi yang rendah.

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ABSTRACT
Background : The difference between dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is plasma leakage which occurs in DHF. The leakage of plasma into interstitial space is shown by pleura and peritoneal effusion, hemoconcentration, and intravascular hypovolemia. Anaerob metabolism will occur due to perfusion dysfunction which will cause increased serum lactate. Objectives : To determine the role of lactate as a prognostic predictor and diagnostic in plasma leakage which occurs in adult dengue-infected patients. Methods : This is cross-sectional study which is conducted in adult dengueinfected patients hospitalized in internal medicine ward of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and Persahabatan Hospital in Jakarta. There are 57 adult dengue-infected patients recruited. Serum lactate is examined to determine the mean difference between DF and DHF. The data is analyzed by t-test independent and cut-off point is identified in presence as well as absence of plasma leakage which is to determine the sensitivity and specificity based on ROC curve. Results : The mean of serum lactate in DHF is significantly higher compared to DF. The cut-off point of prognostic predictor in day three of fever which is determined based on ROC curve shows lactate serum ≥ 2.65 mmol/L with AUC 0.626; 95% CI 0.480-0.772. Moreover, the cut-off point of diagnostic factor in day five of fever is shown by serum lactate ≥ 2.55 mmol/L with sensitivity 66.6% and specificity 54.2%. Conclusion : There is difference of serum lactate in DF and DHF. Serum lactate ≥ 2.65 mmol/L could not be used as a prognostic predictor of plasma leakage in critical phase. Serum lactate ≥ 2.55 mmol/L during critical phase could be used as a marker of plasma leakage but low of accuracy, Background : The difference between dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is plasma leakage which occurs in DHF. The leakage of plasma into interstitial space is shown by pleura and peritoneal effusion, hemoconcentration, and intravascular hypovolemia. Anaerob metabolism will occur due to perfusion dysfunction which will cause increased serum lactate. Objectives : To determine the role of lactate as a prognostic predictor and diagnostic in plasma leakage which occurs in adult dengue-infected patients. Methods : This is cross-sectional study which is conducted in adult dengueinfected patients hospitalized in internal medicine ward of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and Persahabatan Hospital in Jakarta. There are 57 adult dengue-infected patients recruited. Serum lactate is examined to determine the mean difference between DF and DHF. The data is analyzed by t-test independent and cut-off point is identified in presence as well as absence of plasma leakage which is to determine the sensitivity and specificity based on ROC curve. Results : The mean of serum lactate in DHF is significantly higher compared to DF. The cut-off point of prognostic predictor in day three of fever which is determined based on ROC curve shows lactate serum ≥ 2.65 mmol/L with AUC 0.626; 95% CI 0.480-0.772. Moreover, the cut-off point of diagnostic factor in day five of fever is shown by serum lactate ≥ 2.55 mmol/L with sensitivity 66.6% and specificity 54.2%. Conclusion : There is difference of serum lactate in DF and DHF. Serum lactate ≥ 2.65 mmol/L could not be used as a prognostic predictor of plasma leakage in critical phase. Serum lactate ≥ 2.55 mmol/L during critical phase could be used as a marker of plasma leakage but low of accuracy]

Abstrak :
Latar belakang. Salah satu penentu manifestasi klinis dengue berat adalah kebocoran plasma. Limfosit dan monosit berperan dalam patogenesis kebocoran plasma infeksi dengue sehingga berpotensi sebagai prediktor kebocoran plasma. Tujuan. Menentukan kemampuan hitung jenis limfosit dan monosit demam hari kedua sebagai prediktor kebocoran plasma pada fase kritis infeksi dengue. Metode. Desain kohort retrospektif pasien rawat inap di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo, RSUP Persahabatan dan RSPAD Gatot Soebroto dari tahun 2010 ̶ 2015, memenuhi kriteria inklusi: berusia > 15 tahun; didiagnosis dengue menurut WHO 1997; dikonfirmasi pemeriksaan NS-1/pemeriksaan serologis anti dengue; memiliki data darah perifer lengkap dan hitung jenis mulai demam hari ke-2; USG abdomen, dan/atau albumin pada fase kritis. Dilakukan analisis Reciever Operating Characteristic Curves (ROC curve) dengan interval kepercayaan (IK) 95% dan multivariat regresi logistik untuk memperoleh model prognostik. Hasil. Terdapat 63 subjek dianalisis. Insidens kebocoran plasma 49%. Nilai absolut limfosit dan nilai absolut monosit demam hari ke-2 berpotensi menjadi prediktor kebocoran plasma pada fase kritis dengan AUC 0,65 dan 0,64. Titik potong optimal nilai absolut limfosit dan nilai absolut monosit yang berpotensi sebagai prediktor kebocoran plasma sebesar 1323 dan 770. Nilai absolut limfosit memiliki sensitivitas 90%, spesifisitas 16%. Nilai absolut monosit memiliki sensitivitas 94%, spesifisitas 34%. Model prognostik nilai absolut monosit dan persentase limfosit meningkatkan AUC menjadi 0,723. Simpulan. Kemampuan prediksi kebocoran plasma nilai absolut limfosit dan nilai absolut monosit demam hari kedua lemah. Namun kemampuan tersebut ditingkatkan menjadi sedang oleh model prognostik yang melibatkan persentase limfosit dan nilai absolut monosit. ......Background. The severity of dengue infection was determined by plasma leakage. Lymphocytes and monocytes played an important role in the pathogenesis of plasma leakage in dengue infection so they potentially used as predictors for plasma leakage in a critical phase of dengue infection. Aim. Determined the percentage and absolute number of lymphocytes and monocytes measured on the second day of fever as a predictors for plasma leakage in a critical phase of dengue infection. Method. The research was retrospective cohort study of inpatients at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Persahabatan General Hospital and Gatot Subroto Military Hospital Jakarta from 2010 ̶ 2015. The inclusion criteria: age > 15 years, suffering from dengue infection according to the diagnostic criteria of WHO in 1997, confirmed by examination of NS-1 or serological anti-dengue, peripheral blood count and differential leucocyte count during treatment from second day of fever, abdominal ultrasound, and / or albumin in the critical phase. Analyses were performed using ROC curve. Multivariate analysis was performed to elicit prognostic models. Results. We determined 63 subjects. The incidence of plasma leakage was 49%. Absolute number of lymphocytes and monocytes on second day of fever were potentially useful as predictors for plasma leakage. The AUC was 0.65 and 0.644. The optimal cut-off point for absolute number of lymphocytes were 1323, the sensitivity was 90% and the specificity 16%. The cut-off for absolute number of monocytes was 770, the sensitivity was 94%, specificity 34%. We found optimal prognostic model which include percentage of lymphocytes and absolute number of monocytes. It could increase the AUC until 0,723. Conclusion. The absolute number of lymphocytes and monocytes on second day of fever in dengue infections were potentially useful as predictors for plasma leakage in a critical phase of dengue infection. Predictive capability could be increased by prognostic model which include percentage of lymphocytes and absolute number of monocytes as predictors.

Abstrak :
Periodontitis merupakan penyakit inflamasi kronis dengan etiologi umum yaitu plak dan bakteri. Virus merupakan mikroorganisme yang diduga turut berperan dalam etiologi periodontitis. Faktor genetik yaitu polimorfisme IFN-γ +874T/A (rs2430561) juga dapat mempengaruhi kerentanan seseorang terhadap periodontitis. Kadar IFN-γ sebagai salah satu respon host terhadap virus, dapat meningkat pada subjek dengan periodontitis. Faktor prediksi periodontitis yang telah dikenal berperan dalam etiologi periodontitis adalah faktor sosiodemografis (usia, jenis kelamin), parameter klinis (body mass index (BMI), merokok dan kebersihan mulut). Polimorfisme +874T/A (rs2430561) diduga mempengaruhi kadar IFN-γ. Tujuan: menganalisis hubungan antara virus Epstein-Barr (VEB), polimorfisme gen interferon gamma (IFN-γ +874T/A (rs2430561), kadar IFN-γ, sosiodemografis dan parameter klinis dengan periodontitis dan mendapatkan indeks prediksi periodontitis. Tujuan kedua adalah mengetahui hubungan antara polimorfisme IFN-γ dengan kadar IFN-γ. Metode: Evaluasi dilakukan pada 136 subjek yang dilakukan pemeriksaan klinis jaringan periodontal yang telah memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Cairan krevikular gingiva (CGK) diperiksa dengan paper point kemudian dilakukan analisis kadar IFN-γ dengan metode ELISA dan dilakukan ekstraksi DNA dan diperiksa DNA VEB dengan metode qRT-PCR. Ekstraksi DNA dari darah perifer subjek kemudian dianalisis genotipnya dengan menggunakan teknik RFLP. Data sosiodemografis (usia, jenis kelamin) dan parameter klinis (BMI, merokok dan kebersihan mulut) diperiksa dan dianalisis. Uji multivariat regresi logistik dilakukan untuk memperoleh faktor yang paling berperan pada periodontitis. Hasil: Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara VEB dengan periodontitis (p>0,05), namun deteksi VEB lebih banyak ditemukan pada periodontitis sedang-berat dibanding periodontitis ringan. Polimorfisme IFN-γ +874T/A (rs2430561) genotip AT atau TT mempunyai hubungan bermakna dengan periodontitis (OR=2,70; p=0,036) dibandingkan dengan genotip AA. Hubungan bermakna ditemukan pada kadar IFN-γ (OR=2,87; p=0,034), jenis kelamin (OR=0,04; p< 0,001) dan kebersihan mulut (OR 9,03, p=0,002) dengan periodontitis. Hubungan polimorfisme IFN-γ +874T/A (rs2430561) dengan kadar IFN-γ ditemukan tidak bermakna (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Indeks prediksi periodontitis model satu didapatkan faktor prediksi jenis kelamin, kebersihan mulut, kadar IFN-γ dan polimorfisme +874T/A (rs2430561) yang mempengaruhi periodontitis. Indeks prediksi model dua didapatkan faktor prediksi jenis kelamin, kebersihan mulut dan kadar IFN-γ sebagai indeks prediksi periodontitis yang lebih aplikatif. Polimorfisme IFN-γ +874T/A (rs2430561) tidak mempengaruhi kadar IFN-γ pada subjek periodontitis. ......Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of periodontium that has a multifactorial origin. Dental plaque and bacteria widely known as the main etiology in periodontitis Viruses are microorganisms that are thought to play a role in the etiology of periodontitis. The IFN-γ genetic polymorphisms may cause an alteration in host immune response. IFN-γ cytokine has important roles toward virus and intracellular bacteria and the level of IFN- γ increased in periodontitis patients. Sociodemographic factors (age, gender), clinical parameters (body mass index (BMI), smoking, and oral hygiene) are associated with the increased risk and severity of periodontitis. The polymorphisms of IFN-γ +874T/A (rs2430561) may affect the production of IFN-γ. Objective: to analyze the relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) gene polymorphism +874T/A (rs2430561), IFN-γ levels, sociodemographic and clinical parameters with periodontitis and obtain a predictive index of periodontitis. The second objective was to determine the relationship between IFN-γ polymorphisms and IFN-γ levels. Methods: A total of 136 subjects who met the inclusion criteria were invited to participate in the study. Periodontal status was assessed by pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and number of teeth. The IFN-γ level obtained from gingival crevicular fluid were measured using Human IFN-γ ELISA kit. EBV DNA positivity was determined in GCF samples using quantitative real-time PCR. DNA for single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was extracted from the peripheral blood and the genotype was analyzed using the RFLP technique. Sociodemographic data and clinical parameters were examined and analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors associated with periodontitis. Results: The association between EBV and periodontitis was not significant (p>0,05), but the positive EBV detection was found higher in moderate-severe periodontitis than mild periodontitis. Statistically significant differences were found in IFN-γ +874T/A (rs2430561) polymorphism between genotype AA, AT, TT, and the protein expressions of severe and mild periodontitis samples (OR 2.70, p=0.036; OR 2.87, p=0.034, respectively). Gender and oral hygiene were showed significantly difference (OR 0.04, p < 0.001; OR 9.03, p = 0.002, respectively). The +874T/A (rs2430561) polymorphism association with IFN-γ levels was not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: The final predictive index of periodontitis consists of gender, oral hygiene, IFN-γ levels, and polymorphism +874T/A (rs2430561). The second model consists of gender, oral hygiene and IFN-γ levels which were more applicable in less lab facility. The +874T/A (rs2430561) polymorphism did not affect IFN-γ levels in periodontitis subjects.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang. Penegakan diagnosis demam tifoid masih sulit dilakukan jika hanya menggunakan gejala klinis. Dibutuhkan skor klinis untuk dapat menegakkan diagnosis di awal dengan tepat. Variabel pada skor Nelwan merupakan data yang dapat diperoleh melalui anamnesis dan pemeriksaan fisik sehingga dapat membantu penegakan diagnosis secara dini. Penelitian nilai dignostik skor Nelwan untuk mendiagnosis demam tifoid belum pernah dilakukan sebelumnyaTujuan. Mendapatkan nilai titik potong dan nilai diagnostik skor Nelwan dalam penegakkan diagnosis demam tifoid dewasaMetode. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan pendekatan uji diagnosis. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara mengumpulkan data primer dari pasien poliklinik, IGD, dan rawat inap RSUP Persahabatan, RSUD Budhi Asih, RSUD Tanggerang Selatan, RS Hermina Ciputat, RS Metropolitan Medical Center dan Puskesmas di daerah Jakarta. Kriteria inklusi adalah pasien dengan keluhan demam selama 3-14 hari, mempunyai keluhan saluran cerna, dan bersedia mengikuti penelitian. Diagnosis demam tifoid didapatkan melalui kultur darah, kultur swab rektal dan PCR. Nilai titik potong skor Nelwan ditentukan berdasarkan kurva Receiver Operating Characteristic ROC . Titik potong tersebut kemudian dianalisis dan didapatkan sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai duga positif NDP , nilai duga negatif NDN , rasio kemungkinan positif RKP dan rasio kemungkinan negatif RKN .Hasil. Selama penelitian didapatkan 233 sampel dengan proporsi demam tifoid 4,72 . Titik potong skor Nelwan yang optimal adalah 10 dengan AUC 71,3 95 IK 65,9 - 88,7 . Skor Nelwan dengan nilai cut off 10 memiliki sensitivitas 81,8 , spesifisitas 60,8 , nilai duga positif 9,3 , nilai duga negatif 98,5 , rasio kemungkinan positif 2,086, rasio kemungkinan negatif 0,299.Kesimpulan. Skor Nelwan dengan titik potong 10 dapat digunakan sebagai screening pasien dengan klinis demam tifoid.Kata kunci : skor Nelwan, demam tifoid. ......Background. Typhoid fever can be complicated to diagnose if only clinical signs and symptoms are used. By using clinical scores, we can provide an early diagnosis precisel. Variables in Nelwan Scores are derived from history taking and physical examination. Evaluation of diagnostic value of Nelwan score has never been done before.Objectives. To get the cut off point and the diagnostic value of Nelwan score in diagnosing typhoid fever in adult patients.Methods. This study is a diagnostic test with a cross sectional method, involving subjects with fever 3-14 days and gastrointestinal complaints from policlinic, emergency department and hospital ward in Persahabatan Hospital, Budhhi Asih Hospital, South Tanggerang Hospital, HerminaCiputat Hospital, MMC Hospital, Jatinegara and Gambir Primary Health Centre. Diagnosis are confirmed by blood culture, rectal swab culture, and PCR. Cut off analysis was performed using Receiver Operating Characteristic ROC curve and diagnostic value was then analyzed to generate sensitivity, specificity, predictive value and a likelihood ratio.Result. This study involving 233 subjects with a proportion of typhoid fever is 4,72 . The optimal cut off point of Nelwan score is 10 with AUC 71,3 95 IK 65,9 - 88,7 . This cut off point has sensitivity 81,8 , specificity 60,8 , PPV 9,3 , NPV 98,5 , LR 2,086, and LR - 0,299.Conclusion. Nelwan score with cut off point 10 has a good diagnostic value as a screening tool for patients with typhoid fever clinical presentationKeywords :Nelwan score, typhoid fever