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"ABSTRAKTujuan: Mengetahui status metabolisme penderita SHD rawat inap di rumah sakit, dan memperoleh rumus untuk menentukan kebutuhan energi yang sesuai dengan status metabolisme penderita.Tempat: Bagian Gizi dan Bagian Penyakit Dalam Rumah Sakit Sumber Waras, Jakarta.Metode Penelitian didisain Cross Sectional, pada 49 subyek SHD laki-laki atau perempuan 30-80 tahun yang diseleksi secara konsekutif, dan 40 kontrol sehat yang diseleksi secara random dari karyawan RSSW. Data REE diperoleh dari hasil pemeriksaan konsumsi O2 dan CO2 yang dikeluarkan tubuh, dengan mempergunakan Kalorimeler Indirek. Asupan makanan dicatat selama 3 hari berturut-turut sebelum pemeriksaan REE. Data antropometri (LLA, TLLBK, KAOLA, TB, dan BB) dan pengumpulan urin dilakukan satu hari sebelum pemeriksaan REE, pengambilan darah untuk pemeriksaan IGF-l dan GH dilakukan setelah pemeriksaan Kalorimetri Indirek. Uji Statistik: Univariat mempergunakan tes Kormogorov Smimov, Bivarial mempergunakan uji t tidak berpasang, uji Mann Whitney dan Korelasi Pearson. Uji multivariat mempergunakan uji regresi linier ganda.Hasil dari 49 subyek SHD yang masuk RS karena komplikasi: hematemesis (34,69%), malaria (46,94%), ikterus (55,1%), dan yang terbanyak asites (87,76%). Dari jumlah tersebut 67,35% tergolong Child C, sisanya Child B. Ditemukan 63,27 % subyek SHD mengeluh mual dan 75,52% anoreksia. Rerata asupan energi subyek SHD secara bermakna lebih rendah dari kontrol sehat (1282,04 ± 229,85 vs 1448,71 ± 325,56; p = 0,006), dan mempunyai korelasi dengan derajat penyakit. Proporsi asupan terhadap kebutuhan energi subyek SHD hanya mencapai 79,49% ± 17,60% REE. Proporsi asupan terhadap kebutuhan energi lebih besar pada subyek SHD yang tanpa keluhan mual dan anoreksia. Penelitian ini menemuken 73,57 % dari subyek SHD daiam keadaan malnutrisi, dan 58,26 % diantaranya (42,86% total subyek SHD) dalam keadaan muscle wasting (AOLA pada persentil < 5) dan menunjukkan korelasi dengan asupan energi (p=0,007). Meningkatnya mobilisasi lemak dan oksidasi substrat lemak ditandai oleh TLLBK pada lebih dari 67% subyek SHD pada persentil < 15 dan RQ = 0,7 ± 0,08, serta menunjukkan korelasi yang bermakna dengan kurangnya asupan energi (p = 0,005). Meningkatnya mobilisasi lemak dan lipolisis diduga mempunyai hubungan dengan rendah IGF-1 dan tingginya GH dalam darah. Walaupun oksidasi lemak diduga untuk mencegah berlanjutnya katabolisme otot, penelitian ini menunjukkan katabolisme otot berlanjut, hal ini ditandai dengan; imbang nitrogen negatif, rasio NUU/K.AOLA subyek SHD bermakna lebih tinggi dari kontrol sehat, dan RQ sekitar 0,43-0,86. Namun, pada penelitian ini tidak didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna REE subyek SHD dengan kontrol sehat; hal ini disebabkan oleh menurunnya massa otot, dan meningkatnya oksidasi substrat lemak sehingga konsumsi oksigen dan REE rendah. Data menunjukkan rasio REE/K.AOLA bermakna lebih tinggi dari kontrol sehat. Keadaan ini menujukkan subyek SHD dalam kondisi hipermetabolisme disertai penyimpangan metabolisme yang dapat ditandai oleh berlanjutnya mobilisasi lemak; oksidasi substrat lemak (tak sempurna); dan oksidasi substrat protein berlangsung bersama. Asupan nutrisi, komposisi tubuh, dan status metabolisme penderita SHD telab diidentifikasi merupakan acuan penting untuk menentukan REE. Dengan menggunakan variabel; rerata asupan energi, komposisi tubuh (TB, BB, AOLA, dan lainnya) dan derajat penyakit (skor Child-Pugh, albumin, dan NUU) sebagai variabel independen. Melalui uji regresi linier ganda (metode STEPWISE) penelitian ini menemukan 3 variabel merupakan determinan kuat REE yaitu TB, AOLA dan kadar albumin. Dan uji tersebut diperoleh persamaan model yang merupakan model REE estimasi SHD yang reliabel, sehingga dapat direkomendasikan sebagai rumus estimasi REE atau kebutuhan energi penderita SHD yaitu :kebutuhan energi = -270,40+17,26*AOLA - 217,83*Albumin + 11,42*TB. Kesimpulan Pada penderita SHD, keadaan hipermetabolisme tidak dapat ditentukan hanya dengan indikator REE. Hipermetabolisme pada subyek SHD menjadi nyata dengan menentukan REE/K.AOLA dan NUU/K.AOLA. Nasib oksidasi makronutrien pada SHD berbeda dengan pada starvasi. Pada subyek SHD lerjadi rangsangan mobilisasi lemak, oksidasi substrat lemak, katabolisme protein otol, dan oksidasi substrat protein secara bersama. Keadaan yang membuktikan adanya penyimpangan metabolisme. Dengan uji regresi limier ganda (metoda STEPWISE), AOLA, albumin dan tinggi badan ditemukan sebagai determinan kuat dari REE atau kebutuhan energi pada penderita SHD rawat inap di RS.

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ABSTRACT

Objective: To study the metabolic status of the Decompensated Liver Cirrhotic (DLC) patients who were hospitalized, and to formulate the equation of energy requirements equal to their metabolic status.

Places: The Department of Nutrition and the Department of Internal Medicine at Sumber Waras Hospital (SWH), Jakarta.

The cross sectional study was carried out on 49 DLC subjects, aged 30-80 years, selected consecutively, and on 40 healthy control subjects, selected at random, from SWH staff. The REE data was determined by assessing the Oz consumption (V02) and CO2 production (VCO2] using an Indirect Calorimeter. Food intake was recorded for 3 consecutive days before determining REE. The anthropometrics data (AC, TSF, C.AMA, Height and Weight) and urine samples were assessed one day prior to determining REE. The blood samples for determining IGF-1 and GH were taken after the Indirect Calorimetric assessment (REE data). The statistical tests: Univarian (using Kormogorof-Smimov), Bivarian (using unpaired T-tests, Mann-Whitney and Pearson Correlation), Multivariate (using multiple linear regression).

Results The 49 DLC subjects were hospitalized mainly due to complications of ascites (87.76%); many also suffered with hematemesis (34.69%), melena (46.94%), or icterus (55.1%). Of the 49 subjects, 67.35% were classified as Child C, the rest were Child B. The subjective findings were nausea (63.27%) and/or anorexia (75.52%). The mean energy intake of DLC subjects was significantly lower than the control (healthy volunteers) (1282.74 229.85 vs. 1448.71 * 325.56; p = 0.006), and had a correlation to the degree of disease, Their intake had only been 79.49 17.60% of REE. The proportion of food intake to energy requirements was larger in the DLC subject who had no symptoms of nausea and anorexia. This study has proved that 73.57% of DLC subjects had malnutrition, and 58.26 % of them (42.86 % of all DLC subjects) were in a muscle wasting condition (the percentile of AMA < 5). Il showed a correlation to a decrease in the energy intake (p = 0.007). The increase of fat mobilization and lipid substrate oxidation were shown by the DLC subjects' TSF of more than 67% with a percentile of less than 15 and the mean RQ = 0.7 ± 0.08. This also had a significant correlation to a decrease in the energy intake (p = 0.005). The increase of fat mobilization and lipolysis was assumed to have a correlation with the low level of blood IGF-1 and the high levels of blood GH. The increase of lipid substrate oxidation was assumed to prevent the subsequent of muscle catabolism, however this study showed that the process of muscle catabolism does not end, which was marked by a negative nitrogen balance, a significantly higher the UNUIC.AMA than the control and a RQ of 0.43 - 0.86. In this study, there was no significant difference between the REE of the DLC subjects and the control; this was due to the decrease of muscle mass and the increase of lipid substrate oxidation. This caused a low V02 consumption and a low REE. This study showed REEIC.AMA of the DLC subjects was significantly higher than the control. This condition indicated that the subjects were hyper metabolic with several abnormalities in metabolism such as: continued stimulation causing lipid mobilization from adipose tissue; incomplete oxidation of fatty acid and protein substrate oxidation running together. Energy intake, body composition, the metabolic status of DLC patients was an important reference for the identification of the REE. By using variables which influenced REE, i.e. the mean energy intake, body composition (height, weight, C.AMA, etc.) and the degree of disease severity (Child-Pugh score, albumin, and UNU), which were tested by the multiple linear regression of STEPWISE method, the equation model has been formulated and tested The final equation for estimating energy requirement is:

Energy requirements = -270.40 + 17.26*AOLA - 217.83*Albumin + 11.42?Height.

Conclusion RITE is not the only indicator of hyper metabolism in DLC patients. Hyper metabolism can be identified in DLC patients using REFIC.AMA and UNUIC.AMA. This study has proved abnormalities in metabolism of DLC patients as follows: continued stimulation causing lipid mobilization from adipose tissue; oxidation of fatty acid; muscle protein catabolism; and protein substrate oxidation running together. Through multiple linear regression analysis (the STEPWISE method), AMA, albumin level and height have been found as strong determiners of REE or determiners of energy requirements for DLC subjects."

"Cardiovascular disease has become the first cause of death. Highest morbidity is found in the age, and among cardiovascular diseases, prevalence of hypertension is the highest. Many studies on the relationship between nutritional factors and hypertension have been done, but studies to observe determinants of hypertension in Indonesia are lacking. Therefore, there is an urgent need to elaborate information on various hypertension risk factors in the Indonesian elderly, which will allow the policy makers to provide appropriate intervention programs.

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate various determinants of hypertension in the Indonesian elderly with different nutritional status.

A cross sectional study was undertaken in Jakarta and 5 other cities with total sample of 1261 elderly using multistage random sampling. Subjects were recruited from elderly population in Jakarta, Padang, Bandung, Jogyakarta, Denpasar and Makasar. Data were collected through interview using structured questionnaires, anthropometrics measurements, biochemical blood and urine analysis, and blood pressure measurements. Daily nutrients intake was analyzed using WorldFood2 Dietary Assessment Program. Data were analyzed by using SPSS programs for Windows version 7.5; General Linear Model, Multiple linear regression and logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the predictive power of independent variables for outcome variables. Prevalence of hypertension found in the study was quite high, more than 50% of the study population for both men and women. This study showed significant differences of determinant and predictive factors of blood pressure between elderly with Body Mass Index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2 and BMI? 25 kg/m2. Prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension was higher in the elderly with BMI < 25 kg/lm2 than in the elderly with BMI 25 kg/m2. BMI was a significant determinant for diastolic blood pressure in elderly with BMI > 25 kg/m2. There was a positive association between blood pressure and Waist to hip ratio (WHR) irrespective of BMI value.

Plasma LDL cholesterol >160 mg/dl increased the risk of having systolic hypertension 1.5 to 2 times in the elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2 after the age of 65 years and increased the risk of having diastolic hypertension 1.5 times. Plasma triglycerides > 200 mg/dl increased the risk of having systolic hypertension 1.7 and 2.5 times in elderly with BMI 25 kg/m2 and in elderly with BMI? 25 kg/m2 respectively, after the age of 65 years and increased the risk of having diastolic hypertension Ft, 1.7 times. Ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol > 5 increased the risk of having hypertension 1.8 times in elderly with BMI? 25 kg/m2. Plasma HDL cholesterol < 35 mg/dl in elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2 increased the risk of hypertension approximately 2.4 times. In elderly with BMI < 25 kgmm2, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) had negative correlation (protecting effect) with diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) had positive correlation with diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure. Cholesterol intake had positive correlation with diastolic blood pressure. Multivariate analyses in this study did not find significant correlation between energy intakes with blood pressure. Although no significant correlation was found between protein intakes with blood pressure, this study showed that arginine intake had protecting effect against hypertension. The study also showed that calcium and potassium intake had negative correlation with DBP and SBP respectively in elderly with BMI > 25 kg/m2. In elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2 sodium intake had positive correlation with SBP. This study also demonstrated that sport index had negative correlation (protecting effect) with diastolic blood pressure.

Nutrition education to elderly group should emphasize healthy nutrients with protecting effect against hypertension and avoid nutrients with positive correlation to hypertension. Suggestion for sodium restriction especially in the elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2, and proper physical/sport activity as a protecting factor against hypertension is very important for the elderly. Regular check of blood pressure and plasma lipid should be conducted and Public Health Centers equipped with appropriate laboratory facilities, for early detection of hypertensive risk factors. BMI category should be considered in hypertension program since there were differences of determinant factors of hypertension between different categories of BMI. Future studies should be directed on public health and nutrition intervention to the elderly community."

"ABSTRACTUnder nutrition among Vietnamese children is still a serious health problem. Growth retardation starts as early as 4 to 6 months of life and the prevalence of stunting has remained high (46.9% in 1994). It is documented that growth retardation during early childhood works through in adolescence and is rarely made up; it could also affect cognitive development of children, which eventually influence economic and human development. A longitudinal study on growth and development of Vietnamese children in Hanoi from birth to 17 years old was carried out from 1981 up to 1999.Objectives: To investigate the physical growth, maturation age and academic performance of Vietnamese children on a longitudinal basis from birth to 17 years old and observe their secular trends.Study design: A longitudinal observational study with 2 main cohorts: cohort A and cohort B.Subjects of the study:- Cohort A: 300 newborns, who fulfilled the selection criteria (gestational age from 38 to 42 weeks, birth weight 2500g, normal singleton birth without physical abnormalities, "Kish" ethnic group. mother's age: 20 to 35 years, and apparently healthy parents were randomly recruited and followed-up from birth to 17 years old (1981-1999).- Cohort B. 200 children, who fulfilled above-mentioned criteria, were randomly selected and followed-up, from birth to 12 months; and 200 children were followed-up, from 12 to 24 months (1997-1999).Monitoring of physical growth: Weight, height, feeding practices and diseases were recorded monthly from birth w 12 months, three monthly from 12 to 36 months, six monthly from 36 to 72 months, and annually thereafter until 17 years of age.Results: Mean body weight and height of children from both cohorts at birth were lower than the NCHS reference. Then their weight and height during the first 3-4 months (cohort A) and 5-6 months (cohort B) were comparable to NCHS reference data. However, these trends were going down on subjects' aged above 6 months onwards. Physical growth of the children in cohort B, who have been in better living conditions, health care and more appropriate feeding practices, was better than the other counterparts (cohort A) comparable to French Vietnamese in Paris (1986).The most intense period of growth retardation was observed in children aged 12 10 24 months. Children who were stunted during early childhood were still shorter than those non-stunted ones over observed period from birth to 17 years of age; the children who were stunted during childhood matured later and had lower academic performance than the well-nourished ones.Birth weight, diarrhea and ARI were found to be the main determinants /or nutritional status of the children. Nutritional status of the parents in cohort B was also better compared to that of cohort A, - and the nutritional status of the children, whose mothers were undernourished, was worse than that those of well nourished mothers. Long term effect of exclusive breast feeding on nutritional status of children leas observed in cohort A, however, it was correlated with WAZ of the children in cohort B only during the first 3 months of age.Conclusions: There was a positive secular trend in growth of Vietnamese children over the last 2 decades. There was a partial catch-up growth among the snorted children during adolescence. Birth weight, diarrhea and ARI were the main determinants for nutritional status of the young children. Exclusive breast-feeding determined nutritional status of children in cohort A over the period from birth to 24 months old, however, it was correlated with WAZ of the children in cohort B only during the first 3 months (Ore. Nutritional status of both children and mothers can he used as an indicator for quality of life. The stunted children at preschool age matured later and had lower academic performance than the non-stunted ones."

"ABSTRACTCoronary Heart Disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality rate is increasing dramatically in the last 15 years in Indonesia. Available data show that among the contribution factor changes in life style and demographic transition are prominent.A hypothetical risk factor for CHD is lipid peroxidation, a reaction between oxygen free radical and lipid parts of cell membranes and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Food habit is following a pattern of nutrient and non-nutrient intakes, including fatty acids and antioxidants. Fatty acid intakes determine the susceptibility of the lipid parts of eell membranes and LDL to peroxidation by free radicals. Theoretically, antioxidants will protect against oxidative damage caused by oxygen free radicals. Commercially available and advertised antioxidants such as vitamin E are widely used inspite of limited information on the interrelation between lipid peroxide levels in the Indonesian elderly with CHD risk factors such as food habits, dyslipidemia and obesity.A two-phase study on the elderly (55-85 years.) guided by the health centers was undertaken in Jakarta. Data for both phases were collected through interviews, anthropometric measurements, blood analysis and blood pressure measurements. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis were done using SPSS and WorldFood 2 programs.The first phase was a cross-sectional study to see the association between lipid peroxides and fatty acids, vegetables, fruits, tempe intakes, obesity, smoking, dyslipidemia and hypertension. The samples were 394 elderly. The variables found correlated with lipid peroxides were LDL, intake of mono and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, tempe, and vitamin E. The study showed an increase level of lipid peroxides with age and ethnic differences with the highest level of lipid peroxides among the Minangkabau.The second phase is a randomized double-blind trial giving 600 mg/day vitamin E supplementation or placebo for 12 weeks to 152 elderly with the high level of lipid peroxides found in the cross-sectional study. The objective was to see if there was a change of lipid peroxide levels after the intervention. The results showed a significant decrease of lipid peroxides level in the vitamin E group compared to placebo after being adjusted with age, waist-hip ratio (WHR), plasma cholesterol, and saturated fatty acids (SAFA) intake. The high density lipoprotein (HDL) was also increased significantly in the vitamin E group compared to placebo group.Randomized controlled trial taking into account the confounding variables such as age, sex, ethnic, waist-hip ratio, saturated fat intake, carbohydrate intake and plasma cholesterol might be able to elucidate the specific beneficial effect of vitamin E supplementation. Health education and information concerning foods that have effect on lipid peroxidation, such as tempe should be endorsed. More studies should be undertaken to find other food or beverage that have protecting effects against lipid peroxides."

"Insiden dan prevelansi penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK) meningkat dari tahun ke tahun baik di negara maju ataupun sedang berkembang. Malnutrisi energi protein (MEP) sering dijumpai pada penderita PGK dengan dialisis (PGK-D) ataupun sebelum mendapat terapi dialisis (PGK-ND). Malnutrisi energi protein pada PGK-ND dapat menurunkan kualitas hidup, meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas serta merupakan prediktor yang kuat terhadap survival penderita PGK-D di kemudian hari. Tujuan penelitian untuk memperoleh parameter komposisi tubuh dan fungsi otot yang dapat mendeteksi kecenderungan terjadinya MEP pada penderita PGK-ND. Metode. Penelitian dilakukan di Bagian Penyakit Dalam RS Sumber Waras, RS PGI. Cikini, RS Islam Jakarta dan Universitas Tarumanegara dengan rancangan cross sectional. Subyek penelitian: 45 penderita PGK-ND (30 laki=laki, 15 perempuan) dan 45 subyek kontrol yang disepadankan jenis kelamin, usia (PGK-ND 48,2 ≠7,3 tahun, kontrol 47,7 + 6,2 tahun) tinggi badan (PGK-ND 159,4 ≠ 7,5 cm, kontrol 160,6 ≠ 7,6 cm) dan indeks massa tubuh (IMT) (PGK-ND 22,4 ≠ 3,4 kg/m2, kontrol 22,5 ≠ 3,1 kg/m2). Status nutrisi dikelompokkan dalam status nutrisi kurang, normal dan lebih berdasarkan IMT, WHO, 1995. Pada penderita dan subyek kontrol dilakukan penilaian asupan nutrisi (tanya ulang 2 X 24 jam dan pncatatan asupan makanan), pemeriksaan biokimiawi (darah dan urin), pengukuran komposisi tubuh (antropimetri dan bioelectric impedance analysis, BIA). dan fungsi otot (kekuatan genggam tangan). Hasil. Penderita dan subyek kontrol didapatkan 7 (15,6%) status nutrisi kurang, 28 (62,2%) normal dan 10 (22,2%) lebih. Rerata laju filtrasi glomerulus penderita PGK-ND sebesar 19,3 + 1,7 mL/men/1,73m2, 13 (28,9%) penderita stadium 3, 17 (37,8%) stadium 4 dan 15 (33,3%) stadium 5. Konsentrasi albumin, prealbumin dan insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) penderita PGK-ND tidak berbeda bermakna berdasarkan status nutrisi dan stadium PGK. Konsentrasi transferin didapatkan lebih tinggi bermakna pada penderita PGK-ND status nutrisi lebih dibandingkan dengan status nutrisi kurang dan normal. Konsentrasi C reactive protein (CRP) lebih tinggi bermakna pada penderita PGK-ND status nutrisi kurang dibandingkan dengan status nutrisi baik. Derajat asidosis metabolik (konsentrasi HCO3) penderita PGK-ND tidak berbeda berdasarkan status nutrisi dan stadium PGK. Secara antropometri massa bebas lemak (MBL), indeks-MBL (I-MBL), massa lemak (ML) dan persen (ML penderita PGK-ND tidak berbada bermakna dengan subyek kontrol. Berdasarkan BIA didapatkan MBL, dan I-MBL, persen ML penderita PGK-ND lebih tinggi bermakna dibandingkan subyek kontrol (p < 0,05). Massa bebas lemak (MBL), I-MBL dan ML mempunyai linearitas dengan klasifikasi status nutrisi berdasarkan uji trend analysis. Massa bebas lemak dan I-MBL berkolerasi dengan IMT. Massa bebas lemak, I-MBL, ML dan PGK-ND tidak berbeda dengan subyek kontrol dan berdasarkan status nutrisi serta stadium PGK. Status (KGT) penderita lebih rendah bermakna dibandingkan dengan kontrol, dan KGT penderita dengan status nutrisi kurang lebih rendah bermakna dibandingkan dengan status nutrisi baik. Kekuatan genggam tangan mempunyai korelasi dengan I-MBL dan IMT. Terdapat kesesuaian yang baik antara I-MBL dan KGT dengan IMT untuk penilaian status nutrisi penderita PGK-ND. Dengan uji Receiver Operating Curve didapatkan titik potong I-MBL sebesar 14,23 kg/m2 dan titik potong KGT sebesar 9,7 kg untuk membedakan status nutrisi kurang dan baik. Kesimpulan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan protein viseral (albumin, prealbumin, transferin dan insulin like growth factor-1) merupakan parameter status nutrisi yang lemah untuk penderita PGK-ND. Indeks massa tubuh mempunyai kolerasi positif dengan I-MBL dan KGT. Indeks-MBL dan KGT dapat membedakan derajat status nutrisi penderita (PGK-ND stadium 3,4 dan 5, dan dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor untuk skrining status nutrisi pada penderita PGK-ND."

"Cardiovascular disease has not only affected the quality of human resources, but also a primary cause of deathin Indonesia today. The high incidence of cardiovascular risk factors among diverse ethnicity in Indonesia have incurred a speculation that is closely related to the food consumption as well as nutrient intake patterns among ethnic group in Indonesia, such as Minangkabau, Sundanese, Javanese and Buginese.The general objective of this study is to study the importance of the ethnic factors for known risk factor of CVD. This study consists of three cross sectional studies. Each cross sectional study had its own objective and own sample size. The objectives of the first cross sectional study was to describe nutrient intake patterns and body mass index among the four ethnic group. The objective of the second cross sectional study was to describe lipid profiles among the four ethnic groups. While the objective of the third cross sectionl study were to assess the interplay between ethnics, nutrient intake patterns, body mass index and physical activity index as predictors determinant of lipid profiles in the study population and also to assess the association between nutrient intake patterns and lipid profiles among MInangkabau, Sundanese, Javanese and Bugines ethnic."