Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Penelitian ini menganalisis kelimpahan serta bentuk mikroplastik pada saluran pencernaan dan insang ikan kerapu lumpur Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) di Tambak Desa Muara, Teluknaga, Tangerang. Pengambilan sampel ikan dilakukan ±4 jam setelah pemberian makan menggunakan alat pancing dengan kriteria sampel berukuran 300—400 g. Saluran pencernaan dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu lambung dan usus. Mikroplastik pada saluran pencernaan diamati dari air bilasan dan dinding permukaan masing-masing sampel. Setiap lambung dan usus dibedah untuk mengeluarkan isinya kemudian dibilas dengan 15 ml akuades. Sampel air bilasan diambil sebanyak 0,25 ml kemudian diletakkan pada gelas objek untuk diamati di bawah mikroskop. Saluran pencernaan yang telah dibilas selanjutnya dipotong menjadi 2 x 1 cm sampel lambung dan 3 cm sampel usus. Pengamatan insang dilakukan dengan memisahkan antar lembar insang dari lapisan terdalam hingga terluar. Partikel mikroplastik diukur menggunakan aplikasi ImageJ. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada saluran pencernaan sebanyak 1.384 ± 197,95 partikel ind-1 pada air bilasan lambung, 1.822 ± 292,79 partikel ind-1 pada air bilasan usus, 103,24 ± 19,72 partikel ind-1 pada dinding lambung dan 154,27 ± 26,42 partikel ind-1 pada dinding usus. Kelimpahan mikroplastik yang ditemukan pada setiap lembar insang yakni 16,35 ± 2,8 partikel pada insang 1; 20,05 ± 3,1 partikel pada insang 2; 21,9 ± 2,9 partikel pada insang 3; dan 26,7 ± 3,4 partikel pada insang 4. Kisaran ukuran mikroplastik yang ditemukan pada seluruh sampel yakni 9—4.800 µm dengan kelimpahan tertinggi pada bentuk fiber. Terdapat perbedaan kelimpahan mikroplastik antara kedua bagian saluran pencernaan serta antara masingmasing lembar insang.

---

This study analyzed the abundance and shape of microplastics in the digestive tract and gill of orange spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) in Muara Village Pond, Teluknaga, Tangerang. Fish sampling was carried out ±4 hours after feeding by using fishing line with weight criteria around 300—400 g. Digestive tract is divided into two parts which are stomach and gut. Microplastic in digestive tract was observed from rinsed water and the surface wall of each sample. Each stomach and gut were dissected to take out its content then they were rinsed with 15 ml distilled water. The rinse water sample was taken as much as 0,25 ml and then placed on object glass to be observed under a microscope. The digestive tract that has been rinsed with the distilled water then cut into 2 x 1 cm stomach sample and 3 cm gut sample. Gill observation was done by seperating gills from innermost to outermost layer. Microplastic particles were measured using the ImageJ application. The results showed the abundance of microplastic in digestive tract was 1.384 ± 197,95 particles ind-1 in stomach rinsed water, 1.822 ± 292,79 particles ind-1 in gut rinsed water, 103,24 ± 19,72 particles ind-1 in stomach wall and 154,27 ± 26,42 particles ind-1 in gut wall. Microplastics abundance which found in each gill were 16,35 ± 2,8 particles in 1st gill; 20,05 ± 3,1 particles in 2nd gill; 21,9 ± 2,9 particles in 3rd gill and 26,7 ± 3,4 particles in 4th gill. The range of microplastic sizes found in all samples was 9—4.800 µm with fiber as the most abundant shape. There was a difference in microplastic abundance between two parts of the digestive tract and between each gill."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis kelimpahan serta bentuk mikroplastik pada saluran pencernaan dan insang ikan kerapu lumpur Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) di Tambak Desa Muara, Teluknaga, Tangerang. Pengambilan sampel ikan dilakukan ±4 jam setelah pemberian makan menggunakan alat pancing dengan kriteria sampel berukuran 300—400 g. Saluran pencernaan dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu lambung dan usus.  Mikroplastik pada saluran pencernaan diamati dari air bilasan dan dinding permukaan masing-masing sampel. Setiap lambung dan usus dibedah untuk mengeluarkan isinya kemudian dibilas dengan 15 ml akuades. Sampel air bilasan diambil sebanyak 0,25 ml kemudian diletakkan pada gelas objek untuk diamati di bawah mikroskop. Saluran pencernaan yang telah dibilas selanjutnya dipotong menjadi 2 x 1 cm sampel lambung dan 3 cm sampel usus. Pengamatan insang dilakukan dengan memisahkan antar lembar insang dari lapisan terdalam hingga terluar. Partikel mikroplastik diukur menggunakan aplikasi ImageJ. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada saluran pencernaan sebanyak 1.384 ± 197,95 partikel ind^-1 pada air bilasan lambung, 1.822 ± 292,79 partikel ind^-1 pada air bilasan usus, 103,24 ± 19,72 partikel ind^-1 pada dinding lambung dan 154,27 ± 26,42 partikel ind^-1 pada dinding usus. Kelimpahan mikroplastik yang ditemukan pada setiap lembar insang yakni 16,35 ± 2,8 partikel pada insang 1; 20,05 ± 3,1 partikel pada insang 2; 21,9 ± 2,9 partikel pada insang 3; dan 26,7 ± 3,4 partikel pada insang 4. Kisaran ukuran mikroplastik yang ditemukan pada seluruh sampel yakni 9—4.800 µm dengan kelimpahan tertinggi pada bentuk fiber. Terdapat perbedaan kelimpahan mikroplastik antara kedua bagian saluran pencernaan serta antara masing-masing lembar insang.

---

This study analyzed the abundance and shape of microplastics in the digestive tract and gill of orange spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) in Muara Village Pond, Teluknaga, Tangerang. Fish sampling was carried out ±4 hours after feeding by using fishing line with weight criteria around 300—400 g. Digestive tract is divided into two parts which are stomach and gut. Microplastic in digestive tract was observed from rinsed water and the surface wall of each sample. Each stomach and gut were dissected to take out its content then they were rinsed with 15 ml distilled water. The rinse water sample was taken as much as 0,25 ml and then placed on object glass to be observed under a microscope. The digestive tract that has been rinsed with the distilled water then cut into 2 x 1 cm stomach sample and 3 cm gut sample. Gill observation was done by seperating gills from innermost to outermost layer. Microplastic particles were measured using the ImageJ application. The results showed the abundance of microplastic in digestive tract was 1.384 ± 197,95 particles ind^-1 in stomach rinsed water, 1.822 ± 292,79 particles ind^-1 in gut rinsed water, 103,24 ± 19,72 particles ind^-1 in stomach wall and 154,27 ± 26,42 particles ind^-1 in gut wall. Microplastics abundance which found in each gill were 16,35 ± 2,8 particles in 1^st gill; 20,05 ± 3,1 particles in 2^nd gill; 21,9 ± 2,9 particles in 3^rd gill and 26,7 ± 3,4 particles in 4^th gill. The range of microplastic sizes found in all samples was 9—4.800 µm with fiber as the most abundant shape. There was a difference in microplastic abundance between two parts of the digestive tract and between each gill.

 

 

"

"ABSTRAK Anadara granosa dan Cerithidea obtusa merupakan sumber makanan yang penting bagi masyarakat di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi. Anadara granosa dan Cerithidea obtusa yang memiliki habitat di kawsan hutan mangrove, dapat menyebabkan organisme tersebut sangat rentan terkontaminasi berbagai bahan pencemar. Salah satu bahan yang dapat mencemari ekosistem mangrove yaitu mikroplastik. Fungsi hutan mangrove sebagai filter biologis alami marine debris yang berasal dari darat dan laut, dapat menyebabkan mikroplastik melimpah di kawasan hutan mangrove. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel kerang Anadara granosa, keong Cerithidea obtusa, sedimen dan air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 100% sampel mengandung mikroplastik. Jenis mikroplastik yang ditemukan pada sampel adalah fiber, film dan fragmen. Fiber adalah jenis mikroplastik yang paling banyak ditemukan pada sampel kerang dan air. Pada sampel kerang, fiber ditemukan sebanyak 180,6 ± 21,22 partikel/individu dan 4,1 ± 0,43 partikel/g kerang. Fiber ditemukan pada sampel air sebanyak 128,3 ± 0,15 partikel/L. Sungai di indikasikan sebagai sumber mikroplastik menuju laut. Stasiun 1 pengambilan sampel yang berada di dekat muara sungai memiliki konsentrasi mikroplastik yang lebih tinggi dengan jumlah 448,3 ± 53,92 mikroplastik/individu, dibandingkan dengan stasiun 3 yang hanya 420,3 ± 42,66 mikroplastik/individu. Berdasarkan uji korelasi, jumlah mikroplastik pada Anadara granosa berkorelasi dengan massa kerang. Korelasi juga ditunjukkan antara jumlah mikroplastik pada air dan kerang, serta mikroplastik pada sedimen dan kerang secara keseluruhan. Hasil penelitian pada keong Cerithidea obtusa ditemukan mikroplastik sebanyak 167 ± 16,01 partikel/individu. Film merupakan jenis mikroplastik yang paling banyak ditemukan pada keong sebanyak 5,4 ± 0,69 partikel/g keong. Film juga merupakan jenis mikroplastik yang paling banyak ditemukan pada sedimen yaitu 3,7 ± 0,28 partikel/g. Berdasarkan stasiun pengambilan sampel, stasiun 1 memiliki jumlah mikroplastik tertinggi 190 ± 37,74 partikel/stasiun. Hasil analisis korelasi menunjukkan bahwa massa Cerithidae obtusa berkorelasi terhadap jumlah mikroplastik yang mencemarinya. Korelasi juga ditunjukkan antara mikroplastik jenis film pada sedimen terhadap mikroplastik jenis film pada keong.

---

ABSTRACT

Anadara granosa and Cerithidea obtusa are important food sources for people in the West Tanjung Jabung District, Jambi. Anadara granosa and Cerithidea obtusa which have habitat in the mangrove forest area, can cause these organisms to be very susceptible to contamination with various pollutants. One ingredient that can pollute mangrove ecosystems is microplastic. The function of mangrove forests as a biological filter for marine debris that originates from land and sea can cause microplastic abundance in the mangrove forest area. This study used samples of Anadara granosa mussels, Cerithidea obtusa snails, sediment and water. The results showed that 100% of the samples contained microplastic. The types of microplastic found in the sample are fiber, film and fragments. Fiber is the type of microplastic that is most commonly found in mussels and water samples. In the mussels sample, fiber was found as much as 180.6 ± 21.22 particles/individual and 4.1 ± 0.43 particles/g mussel. Fiber is found in water samples of 128,3 ± 0.15 particles/L. The river is indicated as a microplastic source to the sea. Station 1 sampling near the river mouth has a higher microplastic concentration with 448.3 ± 53.92 microplastic/indiviual, compared with station 3 which is only 420.3 ± 42.66 microplastic/individual. Based on the correlation test, the number of microplastic in Anadara granosa correlated with the mass of mussel. Correlation is also shown between the number of microplastic in water and mussel, as well as microplastic in sediments and mussels as a whole. The results of the study on the Cerithidea obtusa snail were found microplastic as much as 167 ± 16.01 particles/individual. The film is a type of microplastic which is most commonly found in snails as much as 5.4 ± 0.69 particles/g snail. Film is also the most common type of microplastic found in sediments, namely 3.7 ± 0.28 particles/g. Based on the sampling station, station 1 had the highest microplastic number of 190 ± 37.74 particles/station. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the mass of the Cerithidea obtusa correlated with the number of microplastic contaminants. Correlation was also shown between microplastic types of films in sediments to microplastic types of films in snails."

"Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2015 sampai dengan bulan Mei 2016 terhadap ikan tenggiri yang didaratkan di Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara Sungailiat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sumberdaya ikan tenggiri pada kondisi MSY, MEY dan OAE dan mengevaluasi tingkat pemanfaatannya. Parameter ekonomi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah harga ikan dan biaya meliputi biaya bahan bakar, bahan pengawet (es dan garam) oli, dan pangan. Alat tangkap yang digunakan adalah jaring insang hanyut dan pancing. Metode pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive sampling dan data bioekonomi diolah menggunakan perangkat lunak microsoft excel 2013 dan Maple 18. Data tersebut meliputi jumlah trip kapal, jumlah produksi alat tangkap, nilai produksi alat tangkap dan jumlah logistik kapal. Biological overfishing dan economic overfishing diduga telah terjadi dalam pemanfaatan ikan tenggiri tersebut. Persentase rata-rata tingkat pemanfaatan sebesar 67,74 % dengan upaya penangkapan sebesar 150,28%.

---

This study was conducted in November 2015 until May 2016 to the mackerel landed in Sungailiat Fishing Port. This study aims to analyze resources of mackerel on condition MSY, MEY and OAE and evaluate the level of utilization. Economic parameters in this study were the price of fish and the cost includes the cost of fuel, preservatives (ice and salt) and food. Fishing gear used are drift gill nets and hand line. The sampling method is purposive sampling and the bioeconomy data was processed using software microsoft excel 2013 and Maple 18. The data includes the number of boat trips, the production of fishing gear, the production value and the number of logistics. Biological overfishing and economic overfishing alleged has occurred in the utilization of the mackerel fish. The average percentage utilization 67.74% and 150.28% of fishing effort."

"ABSTRAKFisheries resources management aimed to improve community welfare especially fishermen and to conserve the fisheries resources and its environment, to keep the capture fisheries business system sustainability efficient and profitable. Beside marketing guarantee, optimalization between fisheries resources stock and fishing effort in each of fishing area. The improvement of capture fisheries must be held based on the existing condition, i.e.: marketing in determining the priority commodity, maximum sustainable yield and fisheries resources utilization level to determine limit of fisheries resources utilization chance, fishing technology and socio-economic condition to identify the fishermen's earns and absorption of labors related to capture fisheries sector. Based on the marketing aspect analysis, it is determined that the kinds of priority commodity in Southern of West Java Province are lobster, shrimp, tuna, skip jack tuna, and layar. Hence, the potency (MSY) and fisheries resources utilization level of the priority commodity still has very large chance to improve, except lobster has large enough chance. Based on the scoring approach, combined from many technical aspects, financial aspects and social aspect and linear goal programming analysis can be concluded that the proper fishing technology in southern waters of West Java Province are: (1) Purse seine 80 unit, (2) Denish same 127 unit, (3) Lines 144 unit, (4) Gillnet 80 unit, (5) Trammel net 376 unit."

"ABSTRACTTaman Nasional Baluran merupakan taman nasional yang terletak di Kabupaten Situbondo Jawa Timur dan merupakan habitat alami dari Jalak putih-punggung abu. Jalak putih-punggung abu (Acridotheres tricolor Horsfield, 1821) merupakan burung berukuran sedang (23 cm) dari famili sturnidae. Populasi jalak putih umum dijumpai di savana, namun belum ada catatan mengenai populasi burung tersebut di habitat lain selain savana. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelimpahan relatif dan penggunaan habitat dari populasi jalak putih-punggung abu pada beberapa habitat di Baluran. Kelimpahan relatif populasi jalak putih dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus encounter rates, sedangkan penggunaan habitat akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan PCA. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Oktober hingga November 2018 di 6 habitat berbeda yaitu savana padang rumput, savana hutan, savana restorasi, hutan musim, hutan akasia, dan hutan pantai. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan encounter rates habitat savana padang rumput memiliki nilai encounter rates tertinggi sebesar 11,16; sedangkan habitat hutan pantai menjadi habitat dengan nilai encounter rates terendah sebesar 0. Hasil analisis PCA menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan habitat jalak putih-punggung abu cenderung ditentukan berdasarkan oleh struktur habitat dengan banyak Brachiaria reptans Acacia nilotica, gebang, (Corypha utan), terdapat batang pohon mati, dan pohon berdiameter besar, serta keberadaan pohon asam (Tamarindus indica) dan serasah yang sedikit.

---

ABSTRACTBaluran National Park (TNB) is a national park located in Situbondo Regency, East Java one of the natural habitats of the Grey-Backed Myna. Grey-backed myna (Acridotheres tricolor Horsfield, 1821) is a medium-sized bird (23 cm) from the family sturnidae. The population of grey-backed myna is common in savannahs, but there is no record of these bird populations in habitats other than savanna. This study aims to determine the relative abundance and habitat use of grey-backed myna populations in several habitats in Baluran. The relative abundance of the grey-backed myna population is calculated using the encounter rates, while the habitat use will be analyzed using PCA. The study was conducted in October to November 2018 in 6 different habitats: grassland savannah, woodland savannah, restoration savannah, dry minsoon forest, acacia forest, and beach forest. The results showed that grassland savannah had the highest encounter rates with score 11,16; and the beach forest is a habitat with the lowest encounter rates with score 0. The results of PCA analysis show that the habitat use of grey-backed myna tends to be determined by habitat structure with the abundant of Brachiaria reptans, Acacia nilotica, gebang (Corypha utan), dead tree stem, and trees with large diameter, also a habitat with fewer tamarind trees (Tamarindus indica) and detritus."

"Produksi lobster dalam 10 tahun terakhir mengalami penurunan akibat tekanan penangkapan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis aspek biologi, menganalisis potensi lestari, menganalisis status keberlanjutan dan menentukan strategi pengelolaan lobster secara berkelanjutan di Kabupaten Pacitan. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret-April 2018 di Kabupaten Pacitan. Analisis aspek biologi meliputi jenis, hubungan panjang berat, nisbah kelamin dan tingkat kematangan kelamin. Analisis potensi lestari dengan estimasi prediksi surplus. Analisis status keberlanjutan dengan RAPFISH (The Rapid Appraisal of The Status Of Fisheries), sedangkan penyusunan prioritas strategi pengelolaan dengan Proses Hierarki Analitik (AHP). Nilai b pada hubungan panjang berat Panulirus homarus sebesar 3,019; P. penicillatus 2,990; P. ornatus 3,025. Nisbah kelamin jantan dibanding betina pada P. homarus sebesar 1 :2,02; P. penicillatus 1,13 : 1; P. ornatus 1,3 : 1. Persentase lobster yang matang kelamin lebih banyak ditemukan pada bulan April dibandingkan dengan bulan Maret. MSY lobster di Pacitan sebesar 21.197 kg, Fmsy 4.390. Tingkat keberlanjutan multidimensi perikanan lobster 65,38. Prioritas utama strategi pengelolaan lobster secara berkelanjutan di Kabupaten Pacitan adalah Pengawasan pengelolaan sumberdaya kelautan dan perikanan.

---

The production of spiny lobster in least 10 years is decreasing due to overfishing. The purpose of this research is to analyze the biological aspects, the stock, level of sustainability and the strategy of sustainable management of lobster fishery in Pacitan. The research was conducted during March -April 2018 in Pacitan. The biological aspects includes species biodiversity, the length-weight relationship, sex-ratio and sex maturity of lobster. The maximum sustainable yield and the level of sustainability were analyzed with the surplus production model and the RAPFISH application, meanwhile the priority of management strategy was analyzed with the analytical hierarchy process. Results of analysis showed the b value of length-weight relationship of P. homarus, P. penicillatus and P. ornatus are 3,019; 2,990; and 3, 025 respectively. The male to female ratios of P. homarus; P. penicillatus and P. ornatus are 1:2,02; 1,13:1 and 1,3:1 respectively. The sex maturity percentage of lobster in April is higher than in March 2018. The MSY and Fmsy of lobster in Pacitan is 21.197 kg, and 4.390 respectively. The multidimensional level of lobster is 65,38. The most priority of strategy of lobster management in Pacitan are surveillance of management of marine and fisheries resources."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian tentang potensi karbon dan valuasi ekonomi mangrove di Kecamatan Gerung, Kabupaten Lombok Barat. Tujuan pertama penelitian yaitu untuk menghitung dan menganalisis potensi penyimpanan dan penyerapan karbon mangrove di Kecamatan Gerung serta menentukan tumbuhan potensial yang memiliki kemampuan tertinggi dalam menyimpan dan menyerap karbon. Pengambilan sampel karbon dilakukan pada 14 stasiun pengamatan. Data karbon diestimasi dari potensi biomassa atas tanah, bawah tanah, tumbuhan bawah dan karbon organik tanah. Hasil analisis kandungan karbon diperoleh nilai biomassa sebesar 401,15 ton/ha, stok karbon sebesar 186,05 ton/ha dan serapan karbon sebesar 682,81 ton/ha. Spesies yang memiliki poteni penyimpanan dan penyerapan karbon tertinggi adalah S. alba. Tujuan lain dilakukannya penelitian yaitu untuk menghitung dan menganalisis nilai ekonomi mangrove termasuk nilai ekonomi yang diperoleh dari potensi karbon serta untuk mengetahui nilai ekonomi terbesar yang dihasilkan ekosistem mangrove. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara, observasi dan studi literatur. Data dianalisis secara kuantitatif untuk menjelaskan nilai ekonomi mangrove dan dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk menggambarkan kegiatan sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Nilai ekonomi yang diperoleh dari pemanfaatan langsung mangrove mencapai Rp. 675.140.000/tahun, dari manfaat tidak langsung mencapai Rp. 33.710.361.020/tahun, dari manfaat pilihan sebesar Rp. 78.120.000/tahun, dan dari manfaat eksistensi sebesar Rp. 124.000.000/tahun. Nilai ekonomi total yang diperoleh dari mangrove Kecamatan Gerung pada tahun 2018 yaitu sebesar Rp. 34.587.621.020/tahun (2.461.839  US$/tahun). Nilai ekonomi terbesar yang dihasilkan ekosistem mangrove diperoleh dari manfaat tidak langsung mangrove terutama potensi karbon.

 

---

Research regarding carbon potential and economic valuation of mangroves in Gerung District, West Lombok Regency has been conducted. This research was aimed to calculate and analyze carbon storage and absorption of mangroves in Gerung District and to determine potential plants that have the ability to store and absorb carbon. Carbon sampling was carried out on 14 observation stations. Carbon data is estimated from potential biomass on land, underground, understorey and soil organic carbon. The results of the analysis of the carbon content of the mangrove ecosystem in Gerung Subdistrict, obtained a biomass value of 401.15 tons/ha, a carbon stock of 186.05 tons/ha and carbon absorption of 682.81 tons/ha. The species that has the highest carbon storage and absorption potential is S. alba. The purposes of this research were to calculate and analyze economic value from mangrove ecosystem and to find out the largest economic value produced by mangroves. Data collection is done through interviews, observation and literature studies. Data were analyzed quantitatively to explain the economic value of mangroves and analyzed descriptively to describe socio-economic activities of the community. The economic value obtained from direct use of mangroves reaches IDR. 2,565,140,000/year, from indirect benefits with a value IDR. 33,710,361,020/year, option economic value reaching IDR. 78,120,000/year and from the existence benefits were IDR. 124,000,000/year. The total economic of  mangroves in Gerung District in 2018 were IDR. 36,477,621,020/year (2,492,826 US$/year). The biggest economic value produced by mangrove ecosystems is derived from the indirect benefits of mangroves, especially carbon potential.

 

"

"

---

ABSTRACTThe research was held from December 2010 up to February 2011 in Kerinci District, Jambi Province. The data collecting was doing by interview, direct observation, participation, and vegetation analysis in the field. The result shows that local community group the unit of land use in their area into 10, those are sawah or sawauh (rice fields), batang ayik or bati ayay (rivers), dusun or neghiw (villages), pelak or kandaw or cuguk (fields of vegetables and annual crops around the village), ladang pnanam mudo (annuals and vegetables crops fields), ladang pnanam tuo (complex agroforestry fields), bluka mudo (young secondary forest), bluka tuo (old secondary forest), imbo adat or imbew adaik (customary forest), and imbo lengang or imbew suwaw or imbo gano (primary forest). The people take multiple use strategy in using land and resources around them to complete their daily needs. Dual economy system makes them able to deal with the differences of ecological, social economy, cultural conditions, and the pressure of population growth. The social activity concerned with environmental antrophisation creates heterogeneity of ecosystem with the differences of floristic compositions and structures"