Latar BelakangPrevalensi asma meningkat dalam 30 tahun terakhir dan bervariasi di berbagai negara, komunitas, etnis yang berbeda. Penelitian di Indonesia melaporkan prevalensi asma pada anak dan orang dewasa 6-7 %. identifikasi faktor-faktor risiko seperti faktor keturunan, atopi, urutan kelahiran dalam keluarga, rokok, hewan piaraan, gizi, pola makanan, obesitas dengan kejadian asma perlu untuk menjelaskan variasi tersebut. Sampai saat ini studi prevalensi asma dan identifikasi faktor risiko di daerah pantai dengan jumlah sampel yang besar belum pernah dilakukan di Indonesia.TujuanMencari faktor-faktor risiko asma pada anak sekolah usia 13 hingga 18 tahun di Kepulauan Seribu.MetodologiUji potong lintang dilanjutkan dengan disain kasus kontrol bersarang. Pada responden dibagikan kuesioner yang dikelompokkan berdasar diagnosis asma, pernah asma dan bukan asma. Untuk kelompok asma dalam 12 bulan terakhir, pernah asma dan tidak asma (keiompok kontrol) dipilih secara acak untuk dilakukan uji tusuk kulitlskin prick test.HasilTelah dilakukan di 15 sekolah (SD, SLTP, SLTA) yang tersebar di Kepulauan Seribu sebanyak 1505 responden terdiri atas 713 laki-laki dan 792 perempuan. Distribusi responden menurut jenis kelamin pada kasus asma dan kontrol tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna (IK 95%; 0,54-1,47, p=0,66). Hubungan orang tua menyandang asma dengan kejadian asma pada responden menunjukkan hubungan bermakna. Pada ayah (IK 95%; 6,09-59,9, p=0,001). Pada ibu (IK 95%; 1,23-7,95, p=4,001), Berdasarkan hasil uji tusuk kulit pada kelompok mengi dan kontrol menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna (D. Pteronyssinus) dengan kejadian asma (p 0,0001). Sedangkan faktor risiko asma lainnya (urutan kelahiran dalam keluarga, rokok, hewan piaraan, dan obesitas) tidak menunjukkan hubungan bermakna dengan kejadian asma.SimpulanPrevaIensi gejala asma pads anak usia 13 hingga 18 tahun di Kepulauan Seribu berdasarkan riwayat mengi = 11,8%, mengi 12 bulan terakhir = 5,4 %. Didapat hubungan bermakna pada orang tua menyandang asma terhadap kejadian asma pada anak. Hasil uji tusuk kulit (D. pteronyssinus) menunjukkan hubungan bermakna dengan kejadian asma.
BackgroundThe prevalence of asthma has been increasing in the last 30 years and varied among different countries, communities and ethnic groups. Study in Indonesia had reported that the prevalence of asthma in children and adults was 6-7%. Identification of risk factors, atopy, smoking, pet, nutrition, dietary pattern, obesity and incidence of asthma are necessary to explain the variation. Up to now, study on the prevalence of asthma and risk factors identification with big sample size in maritime region has never been conducted in Indonesia.ObjectivesThe aim of the study is to determine risk factors of asthma in school children aged 13-18 years old in Kepulauan Seribu.MethodsA cross sectional study continued by nested case control was conducted in Kepulauan Seribu in June 2005. All respondents have to fill out questionnaire forms and were grouped based on diagnosis of asthma, history of asthma and no asthma. For the asthma group in last 12 months, history of asthma and no asthma (control group) were selected randomly for skin prick test.ResultsData was obtained from 1505 subjects in 15 schools (elementary school, junior high school, senior high school) consisted of 713 boys and 792 girls. The prevalence of asthma in adolescents aged 13 - 18 years old in Kepulauan Seribu based on symptom of wheezing (11.8%), wheezing in the last 12 months (5.4%). Distribution of respondents based on gender found no significant relation between asthma and control group (CI 95%; 0.54-1.47, p=4.66). Subjects with asthma associated significantly with their parents who also had asthma (fathers CI 95%; 6.09-59.9, p=0.04I and mothers CI 95%; 1.23-7.95, p=0.001). Based on skin prick test, we found there was significant relation between alergen (D. Pteronyssinus) with incidence of asthma (p=4.0001), while other risk factors (family size, smoking, obesity, pet) had not showed significant relation with asthma.ConclusionsThe prevalence of asthma in adolescent aged 13-18 years old in Kepulauan Seribu based on history of wheezing was 11.8%, while symptom of wheezing in 12 month was 5.4%. Subjects with asthma associated significantly with their parents who also had asthma. Skin prick test (D. pteronyssinus) had significant relation with incidence of asthma. |
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