ABSTRAK
Orangutan Asia?s great ape has relatively solitary style, which prevents amother for associating with two offspring. Since lactation is the most obviousuniquely maternal service, weaning is often seen as the essential transition to theability to survive. However, the mother serves multiple functions: in addition tonutrition, she provides transportation, shelter (against elements), and protection(against conspecifics and predators), and demonstrates numerous skills that theoffspring can learn, including knowledge of food species (diet competence),foraging techniques (foraging competence), and efficient use of the range (rangingcompetence). The offspring eventually has to reach independence in all theseaspects, but does not necessarily do so at the same time for all of them (vanNoordwijk and van Schaik, 2005).This study of two wild adolescence female orangutans (Kondor, 9.5 yearsold and Milo, 7.5 years old) and their mother (Kerry with 31 year old secondoffspring and Mindy with 24 year old second offspring) was conducted atsecondary forest the Tuanan Research Station, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Todescribe their development of independence, data on their activity budget, nestingbehavior, ranging strategies and social interaction (distance intensity with mother,feeding tolerance, and reproduction behavior) were collected during two periods(December 2006 to May 2007 and September 2008 to September 2009). Theviibehavior of a study animal was recorded using the instantaneous focal-animalsampling technique and ad libitum for social interaction, while vertical methodsfor nesting behavior, and GIS Arc View 3.3 for Day Journey Length (DHL) alsominimum convex polygon (MCP) for home range size.The proportion of time spent in moving and social are higher withadolescence females comparing their mother. The intensity of the distanceaffects the process of nest building. It showed by the differences in the durationof nest building and position of the nest. The day journey length and home rangesof adolescence females are longer and larger compared with their own mother.However, the overlapping still high (85-89%) and made them tend to spentfeeding tolerance often and longer with their own mother than other orangutans.Larger home ranges lead the offspring having interaction with other orangutans,especially with males. Sexual interactions (attempt copulation, intromission andforce copulation) between adolescence female orangutans more frequenthappened with unflanged males compared with flanged males. |
