[ABSTRAK
Affirmative Action (tindakan khusus sementara) untuk perempuan dibidang politik, pertama kali termuat dalam Undang Undang Nomor 31 Tahun2002 tentang Partai Politik dan Undang Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2003 tentangPemilu Anggota DPR RI, DPD dan DPRD. Regulasi tersebut berlanjut padaUndang Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2008 dan Nomor 2 Tahun 2011 tentang PartaiPolitik dan Undang Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 2008 dan Undang Nomor 8 Tahun2012 tentang Pemilu Anggota DPR,DPD dan DPRD (Legislatif). Ketentuantersebut merupakan hal baru di Indonesia karena mengatur keadilan gender dalamrekruitmen dan manajemen partai politik dan memasukkan 30% keterwakilanperempuan dalam pencalonan anggota legislatif, selain itu ada keharusan partaipolitik untuk memasukkan setidaknya 1 orang perempuan dalam setiap 3 bakalcalon Legislatif (zipper system).Politik hukum dianggap sebagai kebijakan hukum (legal policy) yangdiharapkan bisa membantu mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan masyarakat, karenapolitik akan mempengaruhi hukum dengan cara melihat konfigurasi kekuatanyang ada di belakang pembuatan dan penegakan hukumnya serta akandilaksanakan secara nasional oleh pemerintah. Politik Hukum adalah aktivitasmemilih cara yang hendak dipakai untuk mencapai suatu tujuan sosial dan tujuanhukum tertentu. Undang-Undang Paket Politik yang ada sejak Reformasimerupakan representasi dari keinginan masyarakat (perempuan) untukmempengaruhi pembuatan kebijakan di bidang Legislatif, dan hasilnya padaPemilu Legislatif pada Tahun 2004 jumlah keterwakilan perempuan sebesar 11,3%. Pada Pemilu Legislatif Tahun 2009, setelah Keputusan Mahkamah Konstitusitentang suara terbanyak, keterwakilan perempuan di DPR sebesar 18,04% , diDPRD Provinsi sebesar 16,0 % dan pada DPRD Kabupaten/Kota sebesar 12,0 %.Jumlah tersebut lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada masa sebelum diterapkannyaaffirmative action pada masa Orde Lama dan Baru yaitu pada Pemilu Tahun 1992(sebesar 12,50%).Penelitian dalam disertasi ini melihat hukum dalam konsepnya sebagainorma sekaligus perilaku dan implementasinya, metode yang digunakan adalahsosio legal research, dengan demikian teks yang mengatur partisipasi perempuandikaji dengan konteksnya di masyarakat. Permasalahan dalam penelitian iniadalah (1) bagaimana perkembangan politik hukum pengaturan partisipasiperempuan di bidang politik khususnya di Lembaga Legislatif (Perwakilan), (2)bagaimana implementasi pengaturan keterwakilan perempuan di bidang Legislatifsebagaimana diamanatkan Undang-Undang Partai Politik dan Undang-UndangPemilu Legislatif. Sedangkan permasalahan (3) adalah merumuskan bagaimana sebaiknya pengaturan partisipasi perempuan di Legislatif (Perwakilan) yang akandatang.Penelitian ini termasuk kedalam jenis penelitian kualitatif denganmengunakan teori dari Hans Kelsen, Teori Responsif Philippe Nonet dan PhilippeSelznick, Teori Hukum Progresif, Lawrence M Friedman dan William JChambliss dan Robert B Seidman, dan Teori Pembentukan Agenda dari J.M.OttoLokasi penelitian adalah Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Sumatera Barat dan Bali, denganperbandingan negara Swedia, The Netherlands dan Malaysia dan 3 Partai Politikyaitu PDI Perjuangan, Golkar dan PKB.Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah (1) perkembangan politik hukum terutamasejak era reformasi tahun 1998 mendorong meningkatnya partisipasi perempuandi bidang politik khususnya di lembaga Legislatif (Perwakilan), (2) Budayapatriarkhi yang masih berkelindan pada stakeholder termasuk partai politik danmasyarakat pemilih termasuk perempuan menjadi kendala belum optimalnyapartisipasi perempuan di Legislatif (Perwakilan) di Jawa Tengah, Sumatra Baratdan Bali. (3) pengaturan ideal keterwakilan perempuan di bidang politikkhususnya pada Legislatif (Perwakilan) memerlukan pengaturan yang bersifatresponsif dan progresif khususnya pada pembentukan Undang-Undang PartaiPolitik dan Undang-Undang Pemilu Legislatif yang akan datang.Partai Politik segera memasukkan program terkait dengan pendidikanpolitik dan pemberdayaan perempuan di dalam Anggaran Dasar/Anggaran RumahTangga. dengan demikian Partai Politik dapat melaksanakan program kaderisasi,rekruitmen, pendidikan politik bagi perempuan, sehingga akan tersedia cukupbanyak calon legislatif perempuan yang berkualitas. Hasil lainnya adalahmemaksimalkan lembaga suprastruktur, infrastruktur dan lembaga nondepartemen dalam meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas perempuan di bidangpolitik.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diatas, penelitian ini merekomendasikan agartetap memasukkam prinsip affirmatif action di dalam Undang-Undang PartaiPolitik dan Undang-Undang Pemilu Legislatif. Selain itu Partai Politik sebagaistakeholder utama diwajibkan memasukkan program pemberdayaan perempuandalam AD/ART sebagai syarat utama menjadi peserta pemilu Legislatif. Hal inidisebabkan karena dari 12 partai politik peserta pemilu tahun 2014 hanya 3 partaipolitik yang mempunyai program pemberdayaan perempuan di dalam AD/ARTyaitu (PKB, Gerindra, dan PAN). Partisipasi perempuan di Lembaga Legislatifakan meningkat sebagaimana diamanatkan Undang-Undang yaitu sebesar 30%jika pada Paket Undang-Undang Politik yang akan datang menggunakan sistemproporsional dengan daftar tertutup, dengan syarat partai politik mempunyaikomitmen yang kuat terhadap peningkatan partisipasi perempuan di lembagaLegislatif.
ABSTRAK
Affirmative Action is temporary special measure for woman in politicalarea has regulated on Act of Political Party (UU Nomor 31 Tahun 2002) and Actof Parliament Election (UU Nomor 12 Tahun 2003), it is regulate further andrevised on Act Number 2 Year 2008 and Act Number 2 Year 2011 on PoliticalParty and Act Number 10 Year 2008 and Act Number 8 Year 2012 on ParliamentElection. Those regulation on affirmative action for woman are considered as a?new stuff? in Indonesia that specificly regulate about the gender equility onpolitical party recruitment and management thats include the 30% womanrepresentation on legislative candidate selection, it is also regulate that politicalparty have to included at least one woman in every three candidate of preliminarylegislative (zipper system).Legal policy are considered as a legal policy that expected to changepurpose on society because political will in law making process could make animpact on law from the basis of the configuration of political background processon law making process in legislative. The Act of Political Parties which had beenexist since reformation can be considered as reflaction of people will to influenceon policy making. The result from Legislative Election at 2004 has make womanrepresentation in parliament about 11,3% and Legislative Election at 2009, afterConstitutional Court Decree result 18,04 woman representation in Legislativeand 16% on Province Legislative and 12% on City Legislative , those numbersare higher if its compared to the legislative election on the new order regime(12,5% on the 1992 election).This doctoral research is trying to see the problem of womanrepresentation based on law as norm and also behavior include itsimplementation by using socio legal research method to actualize law on its textand context. The problem that appear on this research are : first, how thedevelopment of the legal policy on woman representation in the political fieldespecially in legislative, the second is how the regulation of womanrepresentation works in reality according to the Act of Political Parties and theAct of Parliament Election, and third is how to formulate the ideal regulation ofwoman political legislative participation in the upcoming election.This qualitative research using the theories from, Hans Kelsen, , LawrenceM Friedman and William J Chambliss and Robert B Seidman, Satjipto RahardjoProgressive Law Theories and Agenda?s Theories from JM Otto. This researchtook place in Central Java, West Sumatra and Bali, with the comparison three different nation state Swedia, Netherlands dan Malaysia, the study of politicalparty in Indonesia take place on PDI Perjuangan, Golkar and PKB.The results from this research are (1) the development of the legal policyespecially in reformation era after 1998 is very determining womanrepresentation in political field especially legislative field. (2) Patriarkhi cultureis still give an impact to the stakeholders such as political party and the votersinclude women it self become the main factor in the optimalization of womanparticipation number in Central Java, West Sumatra and Bali. (3) The idealwoman legislative representation should be regulate with progressive andresponsif laws which is required in the formulated of Political Party Acts shouldheld women empowering programme on their basic principles, so they could runand should be given on the party that doesnt obey the woman politicalrepresentation both on the recruitment or in the management of the party.Political parties as the main stakeholders that related to the womanparticipation especially political party should have a clear agenda to achieve theideal condition of woman representation in political field from the level ofcaderization, recruitment, political education for woman, that have a clear impactboth on the quality and quantity on the woman politician. The Maximalization ofthe suprastructure and infrastructure institution, and even the grassroot politicalmovement and woman movement from NGO?s.Based on these Research, I recommend that the future Political Party Actand Legislative Election Acts should maintain the affirmative action principles.On the other hand, all of the stakeholders that correlated with empoweringwoman, on political area, especially the Political Party to held an womanempowerement programmes. So far, there are only three among twelve party onthe 2014 election that has already have woman empowerement program on theirrule of conduct; PKB, Gerindra and PAN. On the future,the rule of conduct thatconsist the woman empowerement and political agenda as one of the election?sverification reqruienment. The number of woman participation on Parliamentcould raised if on the future election act is using the Proportional Closed ListSystem, plus the commitment of political party to enhance the number of womanmember is a must.;Affirmative Action is temporary special measure for woman in politicalarea has regulated on Act of Political Party (UU Nomor 31 Tahun 2002) and Actof Parliament Election (UU Nomor 12 Tahun 2003), it is regulate further andrevised on Act Number 2 Year 2008 and Act Number 2 Year 2011 on PoliticalParty and Act Number 10 Year 2008 and Act Number 8 Year 2012 on ParliamentElection. Those regulation on affirmative action for woman are considered as a?new stuff? in Indonesia that specificly regulate about the gender equility onpolitical party recruitment and management thats include the 30% womanrepresentation on legislative candidate selection, it is also regulate that politicalparty have to included at least one woman in every three candidate of preliminarylegislative (zipper system).Legal policy are considered as a legal policy that expected to changepurpose on society because political will in law making process could make animpact on law from the basis of the configuration of political background processon law making process in legislative. The Act of Political Parties which had beenexist since reformation can be considered as reflaction of people will to influenceon policy making. The result from Legislative Election at 2004 has make womanrepresentation in parliament about 11,3% and Legislative Election at 2009, afterConstitutional Court Decree result 18,04 woman representation in Legislativeand 16% on Province Legislative and 12% on City Legislative , those numbersare higher if its compared to the legislative election on the new order regime(12,5% on the 1992 election).This doctoral research is trying to see the problem of womanrepresentation based on law as norm and also behavior include itsimplementation by using socio legal research method to actualize law on its textand context. The problem that appear on this research are : first, how thedevelopment of the legal policy on woman representation in the political fieldespecially in legislative, the second is how the regulation of womanrepresentation works in reality according to the Act of Political Parties and theAct of Parliament Election, and third is how to formulate the ideal regulation ofwoman political legislative participation in the upcoming election.This qualitative research using the theories from, Hans Kelsen, , LawrenceM Friedman and William J Chambliss and Robert B Seidman, Satjipto RahardjoProgressive Law Theories and Agenda?s Theories from JM Otto. This researchtook place in Central Java, West Sumatra and Bali, with the comparison three different nation state Swedia, Netherlands dan Malaysia, the study of politicalparty in Indonesia take place on PDI Perjuangan, Golkar and PKB.The results from this research are (1) the development of the legal policyespecially in reformation era after 1998 is very determining womanrepresentation in political field especially legislative field. (2) Patriarkhi cultureis still give an impact to the stakeholders such as political party and the votersinclude women it self become the main factor in the optimalization of womanparticipation number in Central Java, West Sumatra and Bali. (3) The idealwoman legislative representation should be regulate with progressive andresponsif laws which is required in the formulated of Political Party Acts shouldheld women empowering programme on their basic principles, so they could runand should be given on the party that doesnt obey the woman politicalrepresentation both on the recruitment or in the management of the party.Political parties as the main stakeholders that related to the womanparticipation especially political party should have a clear agenda to achieve theideal condition of woman representation in political field from the level ofcaderization, recruitment, political education for woman, that have a clear impactboth on the quality and quantity on the woman politician. The Maximalization ofthe suprastructure and infrastructure institution, and even the grassroot politicalmovement and woman movement from NGO?s.Based on these Research, I recommend that the future Political Party Actand Legislative Election Acts should maintain the affirmative action principles.On the other hand, all of the stakeholders that correlated with empoweringwoman, on political area, especially the Political Party to held an womanempowerement programmes. So far, there are only three among twelve party onthe 2014 election that has already have woman empowerement program on theirrule of conduct; PKB, Gerindra and PAN. On the future,the rule of conduct thatconsist the woman empowerement and political agenda as one of the election?sverification reqruienment. The number of woman participation on Parliamentcould raised if on the future election act is using the Proportional Closed ListSystem, plus the commitment of political party to enhance the number of womanmember is a must.;Affirmative Action is temporary special measure for woman in politicalarea has regulated on Act of Political Party (UU Nomor 31 Tahun 2002) and Actof Parliament Election (UU Nomor 12 Tahun 2003), it is regulate further andrevised on Act Number 2 Year 2008 and Act Number 2 Year 2011 on PoliticalParty and Act Number 10 Year 2008 and Act Number 8 Year 2012 on ParliamentElection. Those regulation on affirmative action for woman are considered as a?new stuff? in Indonesia that specificly regulate about the gender equility onpolitical party recruitment and management thats include the 30% womanrepresentation on legislative candidate selection, it is also regulate that politicalparty have to included at least one woman in every three candidate of preliminarylegislative (zipper system).Legal policy are considered as a legal policy that expected to changepurpose on society because political will in law making process could make animpact on law from the basis of the configuration of political background processon law making process in legislative. The Act of Political Parties which had beenexist since reformation can be considered as reflaction of people will to influenceon policy making. The result from Legislative Election at 2004 has make womanrepresentation in parliament about 11,3% and Legislative Election at 2009, afterConstitutional Court Decree result 18,04 woman representation in Legislativeand 16% on Province Legislative and 12% on City Legislative , those numbersare higher if its compared to the legislative election on the new order regime(12,5% on the 1992 election).This doctoral research is trying to see the problem of womanrepresentation based on law as norm and also behavior include itsimplementation by using socio legal research method to actualize law on its textand context. The problem that appear on this research are : first, how thedevelopment of the legal policy on woman representation in the political fieldespecially in legislative, the second is how the regulation of womanrepresentation works in reality according to the Act of Political Parties and theAct of Parliament Election, and third is how to formulate the ideal regulation ofwoman political legislative participation in the upcoming election.This qualitative research using the theories from, Hans Kelsen, , LawrenceM Friedman and William J Chambliss and Robert B Seidman, Satjipto RahardjoProgressive Law Theories and Agenda?s Theories from JM Otto. This researchtook place in Central Java, West Sumatra and Bali, with the comparison three different nation state Swedia, Netherlands dan Malaysia, the study of politicalparty in Indonesia take place on PDI Perjuangan, Golkar and PKB.The results from this research are (1) the development of the legal policyespecially in reformation era after 1998 is very determining womanrepresentation in political field especially legislative field. (2) Patriarkhi cultureis still give an impact to the stakeholders such as political party and the votersinclude women it self become the main factor in the optimalization of womanparticipation number in Central Java, West Sumatra and Bali. (3) The idealwoman legislative representation should be regulate with progressive andresponsif laws which is required in the formulated of Political Party Acts shouldheld women empowering programme on their basic principles, so they could runand should be given on the party that doesnt obey the woman politicalrepresentation both on the recruitment or in the management of the party.Political parties as the main stakeholders that related to the womanparticipation especially political party should have a clear agenda to achieve theideal condition of woman representation in political field from the level ofcaderization, recruitment, political education for woman, that have a clear impactboth on the quality and quantity on the woman politician. The Maximalization ofthe suprastructure and infrastructure institution, and even the grassroot politicalmovement and woman movement from NGO?s.Based on these Research, I recommend that the future Political Party Actand Legislative Election Acts should maintain the affirmative action principles.On the other hand, all of the stakeholders that correlated with empoweringwoman, on political area, especially the Political Party to held an womanempowerement programmes. So far, there are only three among twelve party onthe 2014 election that has already have woman empowerement program on theirrule of conduct; PKB, Gerindra and PAN. On the future,the rule of conduct thatconsist the woman empowerement and political agenda as one of the election?sverification reqruienment. The number of woman participation on Parliamentcould raised if on the future election act is using the Proportional Closed ListSystem, plus the commitment of political party to enhance the number of womanmember is a must., Affirmative Action is temporary special measure for woman in politicalarea has regulated on Act of Political Party (UU Nomor 31 Tahun 2002) and Actof Parliament Election (UU Nomor 12 Tahun 2003), it is regulate further andrevised on Act Number 2 Year 2008 and Act Number 2 Year 2011 on PoliticalParty and Act Number 10 Year 2008 and Act Number 8 Year 2012 on ParliamentElection. Those regulation on affirmative action for woman are considered as a“new stuff” in Indonesia that specificly regulate about the gender equility onpolitical party recruitment and management thats include the 30% womanrepresentation on legislative candidate selection, it is also regulate that politicalparty have to included at least one woman in every three candidate of preliminarylegislative (zipper system).Legal policy are considered as a legal policy that expected to changepurpose on society because political will in law making process could make animpact on law from the basis of the configuration of political background processon law making process in legislative. The Act of Political Parties which had beenexist since reformation can be considered as reflaction of people will to influenceon policy making. The result from Legislative Election at 2004 has make womanrepresentation in parliament about 11,3% and Legislative Election at 2009, afterConstitutional Court Decree result 18,04 woman representation in Legislativeand 16% on Province Legislative and 12% on City Legislative , those numbersare higher if its compared to the legislative election on the new order regime(12,5% on the 1992 election).This doctoral research is trying to see the problem of womanrepresentation based on law as norm and also behavior include itsimplementation by using socio legal research method to actualize law on its textand context. The problem that appear on this research are : first, how thedevelopment of the legal policy on woman representation in the political fieldespecially in legislative, the second is how the regulation of womanrepresentation works in reality according to the Act of Political Parties and theAct of Parliament Election, and third is how to formulate the ideal regulation ofwoman political legislative participation in the upcoming election.This qualitative research using the theories from, Hans Kelsen, , LawrenceM Friedman and William J Chambliss and Robert B Seidman, Satjipto RahardjoProgressive Law Theories and Agenda’s Theories from JM Otto. This researchtook place in Central Java, West Sumatra and Bali, with the comparison three different nation state Swedia, Netherlands dan Malaysia, the study of politicalparty in Indonesia take place on PDI Perjuangan, Golkar and PKB.The results from this research are (1) the development of the legal policyespecially in reformation era after 1998 is very determining womanrepresentation in political field especially legislative field. (2) Patriarkhi cultureis still give an impact to the stakeholders such as political party and the votersinclude women it self become the main factor in the optimalization of womanparticipation number in Central Java, West Sumatra and Bali. (3) The idealwoman legislative representation should be regulate with progressive andresponsif laws which is required in the formulated of Political Party Acts shouldheld women empowering programme on their basic principles, so they could runand should be given on the party that doesnt obey the woman politicalrepresentation both on the recruitment or in the management of the party.Political parties as the main stakeholders that related to the womanparticipation especially political party should have a clear agenda to achieve theideal condition of woman representation in political field from the level ofcaderization, recruitment, political education for woman, that have a clear impactboth on the quality and quantity on the woman politician. The Maximalization ofthe suprastructure and infrastructure institution, and even the grassroot politicalmovement and woman movement from NGO’s.Based on these Research, I recommend that the future Political Party Actand Legislative Election Acts should maintain the affirmative action principles.On the other hand, all of the stakeholders that correlated with empoweringwoman, on political area, especially the Political Party to held an womanempowerement programmes. So far, there are only three among twelve party onthe 2014 election that has already have woman empowerement program on theirrule of conduct; PKB, Gerindra and PAN. On the future,the rule of conduct thatconsist the woman empowerement and political agenda as one of the election’sverification reqruienment. The number of woman participation on Parliamentcould raised if on the future election act is using the Proportional Closed ListSystem, plus the commitment of political party to enhance the number of womanmember is a must.] |
D1469-Ani Purwanti.pdf :: Unduh