ABSTRAK
Partai politik menjadi organisasi yang turut mendongkrak serta mempertahankan legitimasi kekuasaan bagi Lee Kuan Yew dan Soeharto di Singapura dan Indonesia. Melalui People Action’s Party (PAP) dan Golongan Karya (Golkar) kedua tokoh tersebut mendominasi kekuasaan hingga lebih dari 30 Tahun. Dengan alasan politis, yakni terciptanya stabilitas politik dalam proses pembangunan negara, PAP dan Golkar menjadi salah satu organisasi politik yang mengakar dan mendarah daging di dalam tatanan masyarakat maupun sistem tata kelola pemerintahan. PAP di era Kepemimpin Lee Kuan Yew dan Golkar di era Orde Baru, kepemimpinan Soeharto mampu mendominasi pembentukan perilaku budaya politik masyarakat, sistem kepartaian dan sistem politik karena didesain sedemikian rupa sehingga kedua partai tersebut dapat mengungguli partai oposisi di tiap periodesasi pemilu. Oleh karena itu, kedua negara tersebut, dinilai sebagai negara otoriter atau psedeou-demokrasi bagi beberapa pengamat politik pada era 1960-an hingga 1990-an.Teori yang digunakan didalam penelitian ini adalah teori partai politik menurut Prof. Miriam Budiardjo dan Alan Ware, teori pembangunan negara menurut Lucian Pye, Seymour Martin Lipset, Daniel Bell, dan Samuel P. Huntington, teori hegemoni oleh John Agnew, Afan Gaffar dan Dany Rodan, dan Otoritarianisme oleh Lucan Levitsky. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Penelitian ini akan menggunakan studi kepustakaan (literature review) yang digunakan sebagai sumber data primer maupun sekunder.Kesimpulan penelitian bahwa sebagai bentuk dominasi kekuasaan rezim otoriter di Singapura dan Indonesia di era Lee Kuan Yew dan Orde Baru Soeharto, maka dibutuhkan penguatan-penguatan kelembagaan politik, khususnya partai politik, yakni PAP dan Golkar. Sistem kepartaian, hegemonik sebagaimana disampaikan oleh Affan Gafar dilandasakan pada pemahaman dan landasan argumentasi bahwa sistem kepartaian yang tidka membuka ruang kompetisi formal dalam kekuasaan. Partai politik selain PAP di Singapura maupun Golkar di Indonesia diperbolehkan hidup akan tetapi peranya dimarginalkan. Selain dari pada itu, didalam proses pengukuhan dominasi kekuasaan, partai difungsikan untuk mendukung kebijakan di Parlemen yang berhubungan erat didalam konteks budaya politik, sistem politik dan sistem ekonomi sehingga menunjang otoritarianisme tersebut. Stabilitas politik menjadi propaganda untuk melanggengkan kekuasaan. Implikasi teoritis menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan hegemoni partai berkuasa, dan teori pembangunan negara berimplikasi positif didalam strategi PAP dan Golkar untuk memperkokoh kekuasaan politik Singapura dan Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
Political party as an organization was relied by Lee Kuan Yew and Soeharto to gain power legitimacy in Singapore and Indonesia. Through People's Action Party (PAP) and Golongan Karya (Golkar), both figures had dominated for over 30 years. For political reasons, political stability in the process of nation development, PAP and Golkar played an intensive role in the public society as part of the government. PAP during Lee Kuan Yew's leadership and Golkar in the New Order through Soeharto's leadership were able to shape up the political culture of the society, the party system and even the political system because of how they managed to adapt and designed their political and were able to hold on until several elections. This resulted to the forming of a authoritarian or some would say a psedeou-democracy in the year of 1960s to 1990s.Theories that were used, party politic by Prof. Miriam Budiardjo and Alan Ware, nation building by Lucian Pye, Seymour Martin Lipset, Daniel Bell, and Samuel P. Huntington, theory of hegemony by John Agnew, Afan Gaffar and Dany Rodan, and also theory of authoritarianism by Lucan Levitsky. This research were made through qualitative method and also consists of some literature review as a secondary data.Conclusion of the research showed that, PAP as a dominant force in Lee Kuan Yew era and Golkar on the other hand in Soeharto era needed strengthening through several political institutions. The hegemonic party system that was defined by Affan Gafar focused on the understanding and the argumentation that the parties were able to obstruct fair political competition in the country. Opposition parties in Singapore and Indonesia were allowed to operate but were marginally outcast in the political competition. Moreover, in the process of gaining political dominance, party was functioned to support public policies in the Parliament and that had a significant relation in the shaping of political culture, political and economic system in the country, so much so that they turned into authoritarian. Political stability is the key to retaining power in their (PAP and Golkar) propaganda.Theoritical implication showed that the hegemonic ruling party and the theory of national building had a positive impact in the strategical process of PAP and Golkar. |
T38706-Rico Valentino.pdf :: Unduh