[ABSTRAK
Tesis ini membahas tentang pelayaran orang Biak di Teluk Cenderawasih Abad XIX. Orang Biak menjalankan aktivitas perdagangan barter, ekspansi, dan merompak masyarakat suku-suku di sekitar Teluk Cenderawasih, dan mendominasi aspek perdagangan dan politik di wilayah tersebut. Orang Baik-Numfor membangun hubungan dagang dengan para pelaut Ternate, Tidore, Halmahera-Flores-Gebe, Sulawesi, Buton, pelaut Cina dan Eropa. Sistim dagang orang Biak terbentuk melalui kongsi dagang antar sahabat yang disebut; Manibobi, dengan berlayar dan berdagang keliling. Jenis-jenis komoditi dagang yang dibarter bersama para manibobi-nya di Kepulauan Yapen-Waropen, Teluk Wondama, dan Teluk Doreri-Manokwari, Amberbaken adalah; Sagu, kulit kayu massoi, burung cenderawasih, dan budak serta lainnya. Sedangkan jenis-jenis komoditi dagang baru yang diperoleh melalui kontak dagang dengan para pelaut dari Ternate-Tidore, Buton, makasar, Cina dan Eropa, antara lain; porselin cina, manik-manik, parang, tombak gelang dari besi atau logam, serta berbagai jenis kain. Pelayaran dan perdagangan orang Biak-Numfor didorong oleh motif persaingan atau korfandi, lingkungan georafis dan ekonomi, perang antar suku, dan adat budaya. Aktivitas pelayaran ini dipimpin oleh Manseren Mnu atau Suprimanggun, dan ?Mambri? sebagai pemimpin perang, dengan menggunakan perahu layar tradisional; Wairon, Waimansusu dan Waipapan/Karures, yang dipandu oleh ilmu perbintangan, yaitu bintang Orion (Sawakoi) dan Scorpio (Romanggwandi). Kemampuan pelayaran dan perdagangan sampai ke Ternate-Tidore, menyebabkan orang Biak diberi gelar-gelar seperti; Mambri, Sangaji, Korano, dan Dimara. Dan melahirkan akulturasi budaya antara orang Biak-Numfor dengan suku-suku di daerah Yapen-Waropen, Teluk Wondama, dan Manokwari melalui perkawinan dan perdagangan.
ABSTRACT
This thesis discusses the shipping of Biak in the Gulf of Paradise XIX century. Biak people barter trading activities, expansion, and community merompak tribes around the Gulf of Paradise, and dominate the trade and political aspects in the region. People Well-Noemfoor establish trade relations with the sailors of Ternate, Tidore, Halmahera-Gebe-Flores, Sulawesi, Buton, Chinese and European sailors. Biak trade system formed through trade partnership between friends is called; Manibobi, with sailing and trade circumference. The types of commodity trade with the manibobi bartered his Yapen Islands-Waropen, Wondama Bay, and Gulf Doreri-Manokwari, Amberbaken; Sago, massoi bark, bird of paradise, and slaves, and others. While other types of trading commodity obtained through trade contacts with the sailors of Ternate-Tidore, Buton, Makassar, China and Europe, among others; Chinese porcelain, beads, machetes, spears of iron or metal bracelet, as well as various types of fabrics. Shipping and trade of Biak-Noemfoor driven by competition motive or korfandi, geographic and economic environment, inter-tribal warfare, and cultural customs. Shipping activity is led by Manseren MNU or Suprimanggun, and "Mambri" as a war leader, using traditional sailing boat; Wairon, Waimansusu and Waipapan/Karures, which is guided by astrology, the stars of Orion (Sawakoi) and Scorpio (Romanggwandi). Shipping and trading capabilities to the Ternate-Tidore, causing the Biak given titles such as; Mambri, Sangaji, Korano, and Dimara. And gave birth to acculturation between the Biak-Noemfoor with tribes in the area Yapen-Waropen, Wondama Bay, and Manokwari through marriage and trade.;This thesis discusses the shipping of Biak in the Gulf of Paradise XIX century. Biak people barter trading activities, expansion, and community merompak tribes around the Gulf of Paradise, and dominate the trade and political aspects in the region. People Well-Noemfoor establish trade relations with the sailors of Ternate, Tidore, Halmahera-Gebe-Flores, Sulawesi, Buton, Chinese and European sailors. Biak trade system formed through trade partnership between friends is called; Manibobi, with sailing and trade circumference. The types of commodity trade with the manibobi bartered his Yapen Islands-Waropen, Wondama Bay, and Gulf Doreri-Manokwari, Amberbaken; Sago, massoi bark, bird of paradise, and slaves, and others. While other types of trading commodity obtained through trade contacts with the sailors of Ternate-Tidore, Buton, Makassar, China and Europe, among others; Chinese porcelain, beads, machetes, spears of iron or metal bracelet, as well as various types of fabrics. Shipping and trade of Biak-Noemfoor driven by competition motive or korfandi, geographic and economic environment, inter-tribal warfare, and cultural customs. Shipping activity is led by Manseren MNU or Suprimanggun, and "Mambri" as a war leader, using traditional sailing boat; Wairon, Waimansusu and Waipapan/Karures, which is guided by astrology, the stars of Orion (Sawakoi) and Scorpio (Romanggwandi). Shipping and trading capabilities to the Ternate-Tidore, causing the Biak given titles such as; Mambri, Sangaji, Korano, and Dimara. And gave birth to acculturation between the Biak-Noemfoor with tribes in the area Yapen-Waropen, Wondama Bay, and Manokwari through marriage and trade., This thesis discusses the shipping of Biak in the Gulf of Paradise XIX century. Biak people barter trading activities, expansion, and community merompak tribes around the Gulf of Paradise, and dominate the trade and political aspects in the region. People Well-Noemfoor establish trade relations with the sailors of Ternate, Tidore, Halmahera-Gebe-Flores, Sulawesi, Buton, Chinese and European sailors. Biak trade system formed through trade partnership between friends is called; Manibobi, with sailing and trade circumference. The types of commodity trade with the manibobi bartered his Yapen Islands-Waropen, Wondama Bay, and Gulf Doreri-Manokwari, Amberbaken; Sago, massoi bark, bird of paradise, and slaves, and others. While other types of trading commodity obtained through trade contacts with the sailors of Ternate-Tidore, Buton, Makassar, China and Europe, among others; Chinese porcelain, beads, machetes, spears of iron or metal bracelet, as well as various types of fabrics. Shipping and trade of Biak-Noemfoor driven by competition motive or korfandi, geographic and economic environment, inter-tribal warfare, and cultural customs. Shipping activity is led by Manseren MNU or Suprimanggun, and "Mambri" as a war leader, using traditional sailing boat; Wairon, Waimansusu and Waipapan/Karures, which is guided by astrology, the stars of Orion (Sawakoi) and Scorpio (Romanggwandi). Shipping and trading capabilities to the Ternate-Tidore, causing the Biak given titles such as; Mambri, Sangaji, Korano, and Dimara. And gave birth to acculturation between the Biak-Noemfoor with tribes in the area Yapen-Waropen, Wondama Bay, and Manokwari through marriage and trade.] |
T43108-Albert Rumbekwan.pdf :: Unduh